Table of Contents
Izinhlangano zikahulumeni zisebenza njengesisekelo sokugcinwa kwamalungelo ezakhamuzi e-United States, zisebenza ngokungakhathali ukuze zivikele abantu ekucwaseni futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi ziphethwe ngendlela efanayo ngaphansi komthetho. Lezi zinhlangano zikahulumeni zimisa izimiso ezibanzi, zihlole ukwephulwa kwemithetho, zilandele amakhambi angokomthetho, futhi zithuthukise izinyathelo zemfundo ezisiza ekwakheni umphakathi olinganayo kuzo zonke izakhamuzi. Ngezindlela zazo eziningi zokuvikela amalungelo omphakathi, lezi zinkampani zisingatha ukucwasana phakathi kwezimo eziningi kuhlanganise nemisebenzi, izindlu, imfundo, ukuvota, ukuvota, ukunakekelwa kwempilo nezindawo zomphakathi.
Isimiso sokugcinwa kwamalungelo omphakathi eMelika simelela iqembu eliyinkimbinkimbi lezinhlangano ezikhethekile, ngayinye enemithwalo yemfanelo ehlukile nemibuso ehlukahlukene.Ukuqonda indlela lezizinhlangano ezisebenza ngayo, imithetho eziyisebenzisayo, nezinqubo ezizisebenzisayo ukuze zivikele amalungelo omphakathi kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda ukulingana nobulungisa eUnited States.
Isisekelo Samalungelo Omphakathi Asesifundazweni
Ukuzimisela kukahulumeni kumthetho wamalungelo omphakathi kuye kwaqala ngokuphawulekayo phakathi namashumi eminyaka, kutholwe umthetho wengqopha - mlando nezinhlangano zezenhlalo ezifuna ukulingana nobulungisa. Izakhiwo zanamuhla zokugcinwa kwamalungelo abantu zavela ngokuyinhloko eMthethweni Wamalungelo Abantu ka-1964, eSivumelweni sama-Voting Rights sango-1965, eSivumelweni se-Fair Howards sonyaka ka-1968, nase-Melika esinoMthetho woBukhubazeki ka-1990. Lemithetho yesisekelo yakha uhlelo olungokomthetho olugunyazisa izinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuba zilwe nobandlululo ngezindlela zazo ezihlukahlukene.
Isimiso sokugcinwa kwamalungelo abantu namuhla sisebenza emazingeni amaningi, izinhlangano zikahulumeni zisebenza ngokubambisana nohulumeni bendawo, izinhlangano zombuso, nababambi bezimali emphakathini. Lendlela yokubambisana iqinisekisa ukuthi isivikelo samalungelo omphakathi sifinyelela kubantu kuyo yonke imiphakathi, kungakhathaliseki indawo noma izici zenani labantu.
Izinhlangano Eziyinhloko Zezokuvikelwa Kwamalungelo Omphakathi
Izinhlangano eziningana zikahulumeni zinomthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko wokumisa imithetho yamalungelo abantu ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zomphakathi waseMelika.
UMnyango Wezobulungisa Wase - United States Wokwehlukanisa Amalungelo Ezakhamuzi
ISivumelwano siphoqelela ukuba kubekwe imithetho kahulumeni enqabela ukucwaswa ngenxa yohlanga, ibala, ubulili, ukukhubazeka, inkolo, isikhundla sobuzwe, nesikhundla sokuba izakhamuzi. Njengenye yezinhlangano ezinamandla kakhulu zokuphoqelela amalungelo omphakathi kuhulumeni, i - Civil Rights Division isingatha izimpikiswano eziningi ezisukela ekuphuleni amalungelo amaphoyisa ngenxa yokuziphethe kabi nobugebengu obunenzondo.
ISivumelwano sisiza wonke uhulumeni wohulumeni ukuba usebenze ndawonye ukuze uphoqelele imithetho ephathelene namalungelo abantu, futhi amaqembu awo asebenza nezinye izinhlangano ukuze zithuthukise indlela engaguquki yokusingatha imithetho ephathelene namalungelo abantu.
Imithetho yamalungelo ezakhamuzi ingavikela abantu ekucwaseni okungekho emthethweni, ukuhlukunyezwa, noma ukuxhashazwa ezimweni ezihlukahlukene njengezindlu, umsebenzi, isikole, ukuvota, ibhizinisi, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, izindawo zomphakathi, nezinye. Igunya leSivumelwano lidlulela ekuhloleni izikhalo ezihilela ukugcinwa komthetho umthetho ongafanele, ubugebengu benzondo, nokushushumbisa abantu, okwenza kube umthombo ogcwele kubantu ababhekene nokuphulwa amalungelo omphakathi.
I-Civil Rights Division yamiswa ngo - 1957 ukuze kuqiniswe imithetho kahulumeni elwela amalungelo abantu ngokuhleleka kakhulu. Kusukela lapho yadalwa, i-Repasion iye yaba nendima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni isivikelo samalungelo omphakathi, kusukela emizamweni yokususa izivumelwano ngawo - 1960 kuya ekuqinisekiseni inqubo yanamuhla yokucwasa kwamaphoyisa, imfundo, nomsebenzi.
Ukuthunywa Kwamathuba Omsebenzi Alinganayo
I - Aumement Opportual Commission (EOC) yase - United States inomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa imithetho kahulumeni eyenza kube okungemthetho ukuba umuntu acwase umuntu ocela umsebenzi noma isisebenzi ngenxa yohlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili (kuhlanganise nokukhulelwa, ukubeletha, noma izimo ezihlobene nakho, isikhundla sobulili, nethonya lobuzwe, ubudala (40 noma ngaphezulu), ukukhubazeka noma ukwaziswa kwezakhi zofuzo.
I - United States Aumement Obster Opportunity Commission (EOC) iyinhlangano kahulumeni kahulumeni wase - United States eyamiswa ngo - 1964 ukuze inikeze futhi iphoqelele imithetho yamalungelo omphakathi emelene nokucwaswa emsebenzini. I - EEOC iyisivikelo esibucayi sezisebenzi kulo lonke izwe, iqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo zemisebenzi zisekelwe ezicini ezifanele kunokuba zisekelwe ezicini zobugebengu.
Abaqashi abaningi abanezisebenzi ezingaba ngu - 15 bahlanganiswa imithetho ye-EEOC (izisebenzi ezingu - 20 ezisezimweni zokucwaswa kwabantu abadala), izinyunyana eziningi zezisebenzi nezinhlangano zemisebenzi nazo ziyahlanganiswa, futhi imithetho isebenza kuzo zonke izimo zomsebenzi, kuhlanganise nokuqashwa, ukudutshulwa, ukukhushulwa, ukuqeqeshwa, iholo, nezinzuzo. Lokhu kukhokhelwa okuningi kuqinisekisa ukuthi izisebenzi eziningi zaseMelika ziyakwazi ukuthola isivikelo sombuso sokucwaswa kwemisebenzi.
I-EEOC inegunya lokuhlola ukumangalelwa kobandlululo kwabaqashi abahlanganiswa umthetho, futhi indima yenxusa ekuhlolweni iwukuhlola ngokunembile futhi ihlole ngokunembile izinsolo ezibekwa kulowo mphathi bese ithola. Ngaphandle kokuphenya izikhalo zabantu ngabanye, i-EEOC futhi inikeza isiqondiso ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni, ithuthukise izinto zokufundisa, kanye nokuqeqeshela ababambi beminyango abaqeqeshiwe kulo lonke isigaba semisebenzi.
UMnyango Wezemfundo Wamalungelo Omphakathi
I-Derrement of Education’s Office for Civil Rights (OCR) isebenza njengenhlangano eyinhloko ephoqelela imithetho yamalungelo abantu ezimisweni zemfundo. I-OCR ihlola ukukhononda kobandlululo ezikoleni, emakholijini, nasemayunivesithi athola izimali zikahulumeni, ukusingatha izindaba ezihlobene nohlanga, ibala, imvelaphi yobuzwe, ubulili, ukukhubazeka, nokucwaswa kobudala.
I-OCR ihlanganisa ukugcinwa kwe-Word IX, enqabela ukucwaswa kwezocansi emfundweni, i-Title VI, enqabela ukucwaswa kwezinhlanga, ne-Develoption Act engu-504 ye-Develoption, evikela abafundi abakhubazekile. Ihhovisi lihlola izikhalo kusukela ekuhlukunyezweni ngokobulili nasekuhlaseleni nasekuhlaseleni, ukukhutshwa kwezeluleko ezingekho emthethweni, nokunqatshelwa kwemfundo kubafundi abakhubazekile.
Ngokuhlola ukulalela, ukukhononda, nosizo lobuchwepheshe, i-OCR isebenza ukuze iqinisekise ukuthi bonke abafundi bayakwazi ukuthola amathuba alinganayo emfundo kungakhathaliseki ukuthi banezici ezivikelekile. Ihhovisi lingaxoxa ngezivumelwano zesinqumo nezinhlangano zemfundo, lidinga izinyathelo zokulungisa, futhi, ezimweni zokungavumelani okuphikelelayo, kuqale imizamo yokuqeda ukuxhaswa kwemali kukahulumeni.
UMnyango Wezindlu Nentuthuko Yasemadolobheni
I-Derrement of House and Urban Development (UUD) iphoqelela ukuba kufakwe umthetho weFair House Act, owenqabela ukucwaswa kwezindawo zokuhlala ezihlobene nemisebenzi esekelwe ebuntwini, ebala, ezweni, enkolweni, ebulilini, ubulili, nokukhubazeka. I-Office ye-Hud of Fair House and Expliture Option ihlola ukucwasana kwezindlu, ukubukeza ukukhomba ukuvuna, futhi inikeza imfundo nokungenela ukuze kuthuthukise imikhuba elungile yezindlu.
Le nhlangano ihlola ukukhononda okuhilela ukwenqaba ukuqasha noma ukuthengisa indlu, ukuqasha izindlu ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nezindlu zokuqashisa, ukuthenga izikweletu, nomshuwalense.
Ngaphandle kokukhononda, i - HUD inikeza izinhlelo ezisekela izinhlangano zezindlu ezilungile, izama ukubona imikhuba yobandlululo, futhi isebenza nezinhlangano zikahulumeni nezindawo ukuze iqinise ukugcinwa ngokufanelekile kwezindlu kuwo wonke amazinga kahulumeni.
Izimpi Zesifunda Nezikhungo Zomphakathi Ezinemithwalo Yemfanelo Yamalungelo Omphakathi
Ezinye izinhlangano zikahulumeni eziningi zinamahhovisi alwela amalungelo omphakathi noma ukuhlukana okunomthwalo wokuqinisekisa ukungahlaziyi kwezindawo zazo zohlelo. UMnyango Wezempilo Nezinkonzo Zomphakathi umisa imithetho yamalungelo abantu ezimisweni zempilo, uMnyango Wezokuthutha ukhuluma ngokucwasa ezinkonzweni zokuthutha, futhi uMnyango Wezisebenzi uphoqelela izimfuneko ezingadingeki zezokwakha zikahulumeni futhi unikeze abamukelayo.
Ngayinye yalezi zikhungo ifaka isandla ezisekelweni ezisekelweni eziyisisekelo zokugcinwa kwamalungelo omphakathi, iqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlelo zikahulumeni nemisebenzi exhaswa uhulumeni isebenza ngaphandle kokucwaswa. Le ndlela ehloniphekile ivumela ukuba kube nobuchwepheshe obukhethekile kuyilapho ukulondoloza izindinganiso ezingaguquki zamalungelo omphakathi kulo lonke uhulumeni.
Imithwalo Yemfanelo Yamalungelo Omphakathi
Izinhlangano ezilwela amalungelo omphakathi zifeza imithwalo yemfanelo eminingi ehlangene esetshenziswa njengeqembu ekuvimbeleni, ekutholeni, nasekulungiseni ubandlululo.
Ukucwaninga Nokunquma Okukhonondayo
Lapho abantu bekholelwa ukuthi baye babandlululwa, bangabhala izikhalo zabo nenhlangano kahulumeni efanele, bese behlola ukuthi kwenzeka yini ukwephulwa kwemithetho.
Inqubo yokuhlola ihilela ukuqoqa ubufakazi kokubili kokhonondayo nophendulayo, ukubukeza izincwadi ezifanelekile, ukuxoxa nofakazi, nokuhlaziya amaqiniso ngokumelene nezindinganiso ezingokomthetho ezisebenzayo. Abasekeli bezimali kumelwe bahlale bengakhethi, bahlolisise bonke ubufakazi ukuze bafinyelele iziphetho eziqondile nezinembile ngokuthi ubandlululo lwenzekile yini.
Izinhlangano eziningi zinikeza ezinye izindlela zokuxazulula izimpikiswano, njengokuxazulula izikhalo, ezinganikeza izikhalo ezisheshayo nezingaxazululi izikhalo. Ukukhipha izikhalo kuvumela abantu ukuba basebenze ngokubambisana ezixazululweni ezamukelekayo, ngokuvamile kulondoloze ubuhlobo futhi kufinyelele imiphumela eyanelisa kokubili abakhonondayo nabaphenywayo.
Ukuphoqelelwa Nokukhishwa Kwezinsimbi
Lapho uphenyo lwembula ukwephulwa kwemithetho yamalungelo abantu, izinhlangano zinamathuluzi ahlukahlukene okuqinisekisa ukunqanda ukucwaswa nokunqanda ukuphulwa kwesikhathi esizayo.
Izinkampani zingase zizwane ngezivumelwano ezidinga ukuthatha izinyathelo zokulungisa, zinikeze usizo lwemali ezisulwini, zisebenzise izinguquko, futhi ziqaphe ukuze ziqinisekise ukuthi ziyalalela. Ezimweni lapho ukuxoxa ngezinqumo kungaphumeleli noma ukwephulwa kwemithetho, izinhlangano zingafuna ukuphoqelelwa enkantolo kahulumeni, zifune ukukhululeka okungathandeki, umonakalo, kanye namanye amakhambi.
Inqubo yokuqinisekisa ukuthi kugcinwa umthetho ifeza izinjongo eziningi: inikeza usizo kubantu ngabanye ababandlululwayo, ibeka izenzakalo ezingokomthetho ezicacisa isivikelo samalungelo omphakathi, ivimbela ukuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu esikhathini esizayo ngosongo lwemiphumela engokomthetho, futhi ithuthukisa izinguquko ezingokwesimiso ezizuzisa imiphakathi ebanzi.
Ukuthuthuka Kwezimiso Nesiqondiso
Izinhlangano ezilwela amalungelo omphakathi zakha izimiso, izimiso, neziqondiso ezichaza imithetho yamalungelo abantu futhi zinikeze izimfuneko ezingokomthetho ezicacile.
Izincwadi eziqondisayo zidingida izindaba ezivelayo, zicacise izimpikiswano ngolimi olungokomthetho, futhi zinikeze izibonelo ezingokoqobo zokulalela nokungahambisani. Ngokunikeza isiqondiso esicacile, izinhlangano zikhuthaza ukuzithoba ngokuzithandela futhi zinciphisa amathuba okuphulwa ngamabomu.
Izinhlangano zihlanganyela futhi ekumiseni izinqubo zokubusa ukuze kumiswe imithetho ebophayo esebenzisa imithetho elawula amalungelo omphakathi.
Imfundo Nokungenela
Izinhlangano zezokuphoqelela ziqhuba izinhlelo ezibanzi zokufinyelela amalungelo abantu neziklanyelwe ukuvikela umphakathi ngelungelo lomphakathi, zisize izinhlangano ezihlanganisayo ziqonde izibopho zazo ezingokomthetho, futhi zithuthukise amasiko okuhlanganyela nokungahlukanisi.
Izinyathelo zokufundisa zinezinqubo ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nezinhlelo zokuqeqesha, ama - webinar, izincwadi, ama - toolkit, nezintshumayelo zomphakathi.
Imizamo yokulwa ihilela nokwakha ubuhlobo nezinhlangano zomphakathi, amaqembu okuphatha izigebengu nababambi bezimali abangasiza ekusakazeni ukwaziswa okuphathelene nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo omphakathi futhi baxhumanise abantu nemithombo yokuqinisekisa ukunqandwa komthetho lapho kuvela ukuphazanyiswa kwemithetho.
Ukuhlola Nokuhlaziya
Ngaphandle kokusabela ezikhalweni zomuntu ngamunye, izinhlangano ezilwela amalungelo omphakathi zihlola ukuvuma ukuvumelana kwezimiso ukuze zihlole ukuthi izinhlangano ezihlangene zihlangabezana yini nezibopho zazo ezingokomthetho. Lokhu kuhlola kungase kubangelwe ukuhlaziywa kokwaziswa okusikisela ukubandlululwa, ukukhononda okubonisa izinkinga ezingokwesimiso somphakathi, noma ukukhetha okungahleliwe njengengxenye yokuhlola okuvamile.
Ukuhlaziya okusekelwe kuhilela ukuhlola okubanzi kwezimiso, imikhuba, nemiphumela yokuthola izindlela zobandlululo noma imingcele yamathuba alinganayo.
Le ndlela yokuzilibazisa ivumela izinhlangano ukuba zibone futhi zilungise ubandlululo olungokwesimiso olungase lungaveli ngokukhononda komuntu ngamunye kuphela, okungase kuzuzise inani elikhulu labantu okungenzeka ukuthi abangazange bakhononde.
Inqubo Yokuphoqelelwa Kwamalungelo Omphakathi: Kusuka Ekukhonondeni Kuya Esinqumweni
Ukuqonda indlela izinhlangano ezisingatha ngayo izikhalo eziphathelene namalungelo abantu kunikeza ukuqonda okuwusizo ngokusebenza kokugcinwa kwamalungelo omphakathi.
Ukukhononda
Inqubo yokuqapha iqala lapho kufakwa isikhalo sokucwasa. Izinhlangano eziningi zinikeza izindlela eziningi zokudlulisa izikhalo, kuhlanganise nezindawo ze-inthanethi, iposi, ucingo, nokufaka izicelo emahhovisi ezinhlangano. Izinhlangano ngokuvamile zifuna ukuba kubekwe izikhalo ezibekwe ezindlini ezithile zezikhathi ezithile ngemva kobandlululo oluthiwe, nakuba le mithetho yemithetho ihluka ngokwezisekelo nangemithetho.
Ukukhononda kumelwe kuqukethe ukwaziswa okuthile okuyisisekelo, kuhlanganise nokwazi komkhonondi, ukuthi ungubani umphikisi omangalelwe ngokubandlululwa, incazelo yokuziphatha kobandlululo, nesisekelo sobandlululo (njengohlanga, ubulili, noma ukukhubazeka). Izimo zomphakathi ngokuvamile zinikeza usizo kwabakhonondayo ekulungiseleleni nasekukhonondeni okuqedayo, ziqaphela ukuthi abantu abaningi bangase bangajwayelene nezinqubo ezingokomthetho.
Ukubukeza Kokuqala Nokuthatha Indima
Lapho zithola isikhalo, izinhlangano zihlola okokuqala ukuze zinqume ukuthi lesi sikhalo sisezandleni zazo yini futhi zisho ukuthi singaphansi kwemithetho esebenzayo yamalungelo abantu. Lenqubo ihilela ukuhlola ukuthi lesi sikhalo sihilela yini isici esihlangene, ukucwasa okusekelwe esicini esivikelekile, futhi zichaza ukuziphatha okungase kubangele ukwephulwa.
Uma isikhalo sihluleka ukumiswa noma sihluleka ukugunyaza, inxusa likhipha isikhalo kodwa lingase libhekisele kuleyo ekhonona kwezinye izinto ezifanele. Uma ukukhononda kuhlangabezana nezimfuneko eziphetheyo nezingalawuleki, inxusa liyasamukela ukuze liphengulule.
UKUFUNDWA
Isigaba sophenyo simelela inqubo yokuqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo iyasebenza. Abalindi bazisa ophendulayo futhi bacele impendulo ephendula izikhalo. Inhlangano ibuye iqoqe ubufakazi bazo zombili, obungase buhlanganise izincwadi, izitatimende ezibhaliwe, izingxoxo, nokuhambela kwezezingosi.
Lokhu kuhlaziya kudinga ukuhlolwa okuqondile kobufakazi obuqondile benhloso yokulahla, ubufakazi obungokwezimo obubonisa izisusa zobandlululo, nobufakazi obungokwezibalo obuveza izindlela zokungalingani kwezimiso, izimiso zomthetho, imithetho nemiphumela.
Kulo lonke ucwaningo, izinhlangano zigcina imfihlo ngezinga okungenzeka ngalo, zivikela ukufihla imfihlo kwabakhonondayo nabaphendulayo kuyilapho ziqoqa ukwaziswa okudingekayo ukuze zifinyelele iziphetho eziqondile.
Ukuthola Nesinqumo
Lapho ziqeda uphenyo, izinhlangano zikhipha imibiko enquma ukuthi ukwephulwa kwemithetho kwenzekile yini. Uma lenhlangano ingatholakali iphulwa, ngokuvamile iyalivala icala, nakuba abakhonondayo bengase babe nezindlela zokufuna ukuqulwa kwamacala ngasese kuye ngomthetho osebenzayo.
Lapho izinhlangano zithola ukwephulwa kwemithetho, zisebenzela ukuxazulula ngezinqubo ezihlukahlukene. Amacala amaningi axazululwa ngezingxoxo zokuxazulula izingxabano, lapho ababambene bevumelana khona ngezinyathelo zokulungisa ngaphandle kokuqhubeka nokukhipha isigwebo. Izivumelwano zokuhlala zingahlanganisa ukukhululeka kwemali kwezisulu, izinguquko zesimiso, izimfuneko zokuqeqesha, kanye namalungiselelo okuhlola.
Uma izingxoxo zokuxazulula impikiswano zihluleka, izinhlangano zingase ziphishekele ukuqulwa kwezindaba zombuso noma ukuphoqelelwa kwemithetho yamalungelo omphakathi ukuze kuphoqelelwe ukuba kubekwe imithetho engokomthetho ehilela ukunikeza ubufakazi, ukuhlola ofakazi, nokuthola iziyalezo ezibophayo ezingokomthetho ezidinga ukuthotshelwa nokunikeza usizo ezisulwini.
Ukugada Nokulandela
Isinqumo sesikhalo asiphelisi ukuhileleka kwenhlangano. Ezimweni ezihilela izivumelwano zokubuyisana noma imithetho yemvume, izinhlangano zivame ukuqondisa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abaphenywa bayavumelana nezinyathelo ezivunyelwanayo noma ezihlelwe yinkantolo. Lokhu kuhlola kungaqhubeka izinyanga noma iminyaka, kuye ngokuthi ukuphulwa kwendlela engakanani kanye nobunkimbinkimbi bamakhambi adingekayo.
Imisebenzi yokuhlola ingase ihlanganise ukubukeza imibiko eshiwo yilabo abaphendula, ukuhambela ingosi, ukuhlaziya ukwaziswa nokuhlola izikhalo zabangavumelani nemithetho yenkantolo.
Imithetho Enkulu Yamalungelo Abantu Ephoqelelwa Izinkonzo Zezombangazwe
Ukuqonda le mithetho kunikeza umongo obalulekile wokuqonda izinga nemingcele yokugcinwa kwamalungelo omphakathi.
Isihloko esithi VII Somthetho Wamalungelo Omphakathi Ka - 1964
Isihloko VII soMthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1964 senza kube okungekho ngokomthetho ukucwasa umuntu ngesisekelo sohlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili (kuhlanganise ukukhulelwa, ukuthatheka ngokobulili, noma imvelaphi yobuzwe). ISihlokwana VII sisebenza kubaqashi abanezisebenzi ezingu - 15 noma ngaphezulu futhi sihlanganisa zonke izici zemisebenzi, kuhlanganise nokuqasha, ukudubula, ukukhokhela, ukukhushuliswa, nokukhushulwa kwemisebenzi.
Lo mthetho wenqabela kokubili ukuphathwa ngokungeyikho (ukucwaswa ngenhloso) kanye nethonya elihlukanisayo (izimiso zokungathathi hlangothi ezilimaza ngokungenakulinganiswa amaqembu avikelwe ngaphandle kokugunyazwa kwebhizinisi).
Abantu BaseMelika Abanokukhubazeka
AmaMelika anoMthetho (ADA) wokukhubazeka anqabela ukucwaswa kwabantu abakhubazekile emsebenzini, ezinkonzweni zomphakathi, izindawo zokulala zomphakathi, nezokuxhumana ngemishini.
Amalungiselelo ezindawo zomphakathi ze-ADA adinga amabhizinisi nezinhlangano ezingazuzisi ezisiza umphakathi ukuba zisuse izithiyo zokuthola nokunikeza usizo nezinkonzo zokuqinisekisa ukuxhumana okuphumelelayo nabantu abakhubazekile. Uhulumeni nohulumeni bendawo kumelwe baqinisekise ukuthi izinhlelo zabo, izinkonzo, nemisebenzi yabo kutholakala abantu abakhubazekile.
Ukucwaswa Kweminyaka Eyinkathi Ethatha Isinyathelo Semisebenzi
IAge Discide in Act ka-1967 (ADEA) ivikela abantu abaneminyaka engu-40 noma ngaphezulu ukuba bangacwaswa ngenxa yobudala. I-ADEA isebenza kubaqashi abasebenzayo abangu - 20 noma ngaphezulu futhi inqabela ukucwaswa kobudala kuzo zonke izinqumo zemisebenzi, kuhlanganise nemithetho engokomthetho yokuthatha umhlalaphansi (ngaphandle kwesilinganiso esilinganiselwe).
Njengo - VII, i - ADEA ivimbela kokubili ukucwaswa ngenhloso nezimiso ezinethonya eliphambene ezisebenzini esezikhulile.
Isinyathelo Esifanele Sezindlu
I-Fair House Act inqabela ukucwasana ezithengisweni ezihlobene nezindlu ezisekelwe ngokohlanga, ibala, umsuka wesizwe, inkolo, ubulili, isikhundla sobulili, nokukhubazeka. Lo Mthetho uhlanganisa izindlu eziningi, kuhlanganise nezindlu zokuqasha, ukuthengisela indlu, ukuboleka izikweletu, kanye nabanikazi bezindlu.
I-Fair House Act idinga abanikazi bezindlu ukuze bakhe indawo yokuhlala efanelekile kubantu abakhubazekile futhi bavumele ukushintshwa okunengqondo kwezindawo zokuhlala.
Isinqumo Samalungelo Abantu
IVoing Rights Act ka-1965 inqabela ukucwaswa kohlanga ekuvoteni futhi iqukethe amalungiselelo akhethekile aklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukucwaswa kwezindawo zokuvota ngemithetho engokomthetho wokukhipha icala. I-Act inqabela ukuhlola ukufunda nokubhala, intela yokuvota, nezinye izisetshenziswa ezisetshenziselwa ukulahla abavoti abambalwa.
Ingxenye 2 yoMthetho weVoting Rights inqabela inqubo yokuvota nezindlela ezihlukanisayo ngesisekelo sohlanga, ibala, noma amalungu eqembu lolimi oluncane. Le lungiselelo liyasebenza ezweni lonke futhi liye lasetshenziselwa ukubekela inselele ukuvuselelwa komthetho wobandlululo, ezimisweni ezinkulu zokuvota, nemithetho ye-ID yovoti.
Isihloko VI Somthetho Wamalungelo Omphakathi
Isihloko se - VI senqabela ubandlululo olusekelwe ohlwini lohlanga, ibala, noma imvelaphi yobuzwe ezimisweni nasemisebenzini enikezwa usizo lwezimali lukahulumeni.
Inhlangano ngayinye kahulumeni enikeza usizo lwezimali inomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa iSihlokwana VI ngokuqondene nabasitholayo.
Isihloko I - IX Seziphendulo Zemfundo
Lo mthetho uhlanganisa ukugunyazwa kwezingane, ukubuthelwa empini, usizo lwezimali, imidlalo yokugijima, ukuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili nokucwaswa kwabantwana.
Isihloko IX siye saba esibaluleke kakhulu ekukhuthazeni ukulingana kwabesilisa nabesifazane emidlalweni, okudinga izikole ukuba zinikeze abafundi besilisa nabesifazane amathuba alinganayo okugijima. Lo mthetho ubuye ukhulume ngokuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili nobudlova bobulili ezimisweni zemfundo, kufune izikole ukuba zithathe isinyathelo ngokushesha nangempumelelo emibhalweni yokuziphatha okubi kobulili.
Ingxenye 504 Yomthetho Wokulungisa Isimo
Ingxenye 504 inqabela ubandlululo olusekelwe ekukhubazekeni kwezinhlelo nasemisebenzini ethola usizo lwezimali lukahulumeni.
Ingxenye engu - 504 isebenza ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni, ezisebenzini zikahulumeni zokwakha, nakwabathola usizo lwezimali zikahulumeni, iqinisekisa ukuthi abantu abakhubazekile bayakwazi ukuthola izinhlelo nezinkonzo ezixhaswa uhulumeni.
Izinselele Ezibhekene Namalungelo Omphakathi
Naphezu kokuhlelwa kwemithetho ehlanganisa konke ephathelene namalungelo abantu nezinhlangano eziqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwamalungelo abantu, izinselele ezinkulu ziyaqhubeka zivimbela ukuqashelwa ngokugcwele kwesivikelo samalungelo omphakathi kubo bonke abantu baseMelika.
Ukuvinjelwa Kwemithombo Yezinto
Izinhlangano ezilwela amalungelo ezakhamuzi zivame ukubhekana nezithiyo ezinkulu ezilinganisela amandla azo okusebenza. Ukulinganiselwa kohlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali kulinganisela inani labaphenyi, abameli, nezisebenzi ezisekelayo elikhona ekuqedeni izikhalazo, ukuphenya, nokufuna ukuqulwa. Lemigoqo ingaphumela ekutheni ibekeni imingcele, ukuphenya okubambezelekile, nezinqumo ezinzima ezimayelana namacala okumelwe abekwe phambili.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwemithombo elinganiselwe nezimfuno ezandayo ezinhlanganweni kudinga inqubo ehlelwe ngokucophelela nehlelekile yokuqinisekisa ukuthi imithombo yengcebo isetshenziswa ngokuphumelela kakhulu ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi izimali ezikhona zinikelwa emizamweni engenza kube nenzuzo enkulu kakhulu ekufinyeleleni ithuba elilinganayo lomsebenzi.
Izinhlobo Eziguqula Ubandlululo
Ubandlululo luyaqhubeka luzivelela, luthatha izindlela ezintsha futhi ngezinye izikhathi ezicashile okunzima ukuzibona nokuzifakazela. Ukubandlululwa kwanamuhla ngokuvamile kuboniswa ngobandlululo olusobala, ubandlululo, nezimiso ezingathathi hlangothi ezikhuthaza ukungalingani komlando. Izinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi kumelwe ziqhubeke zivumelanisa amacebo azo okuqinisekisa ukuthi ziyasebenza ukuze zixazulule lezi zinselele ezivelayo.
Ukwanda kwezimiso zokwenziwa kanye nokwenza izinqumo ezizisebenzelayo kuletha izinselele ezithile, njengoba imiphumela yokukhipha ubandlululo ingabangelwa yimithetho exekethile kunokuba ithathe ikhethelo lomuntu ngamabomu. Imishini isebenzela ukuthuthukisa izindlela zobuchwepheshe nokuphoqelela ezingase zixazulule ukucwasana ngokuphumelelayo kulemikhakha yezobuchwepheshe.
Ukulinganiselwa Kweziqu Zamagama
Imithetho elawula amalungelo ezakhamuzi inemingcele ehlukene evimbela izinhlangano ezithile nabantu ngabanye. Abaqashi abancane, izinhlangano zenkolo, kanye nezindawo zomphakathi zingakhululwa kweminye imithetho elwela amalungelo abantu, idala igebe ekuvikeleni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izinhlobo zobandlululo, njengokucwaswa okusekelwe ekufuneni ubulili noma ubulili, zisanda kuqashelwa ngokomthetho kahulumeni futhi zingase zingakhulunyelwa ngokuqondile kuyo yonke imithetho elwela amalungelo abantu.
Ukubonisa Ukubandlululana
Ukuveza ubandlululo kungaba nzima kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezimweni ezihilela ubandlululo olucashile olufihleke ngokucophelela. Ubufakazi obuqondile benhloso yokukhipha icala buyivelakancane, budinga ukuba abakhonondayo nezinhlangano bathembele ebufakazini obungokwezibalo nasebuhlaziyweni. Iziphetho ngokuvamile zinikeza izincazelo ezingokomthetho, ezingenacala ngezenzo eziphikiswayo, ezidinga ukuhlaziywa ngokucophelela ukuze kutholakale ukuthi lezincazelo ziwumbhalo osuhlelwe kusengaphambili.
Izindinganiso ezingokomthetho zokubonisa ubandlululo ziye zavela emashumini eminyaka ezinqumo zenkantolo, ngezinye izikhathi okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ngabakhonondayo ukuba banqobe.
Ukuphindisela Nokwesaba Ukubika
Naphezu kokuvinjelwa umthetho ngokumelene nokuphindisela, izisulu zingase zibhekane nezindlela ezicashile zokuphathwa kabi okunzima ukuzibonakalisa noma okungase kumane nje kwesabe imiphumela yezinhlangano noma abaqashi abanamandla abafuna ukubhekana nazo.
Lokhu kwesaba ukuphindisela kusho ukuthi izenzakalo eziningi zobandlululo azibikwa, zilinganisela ikhono lezinhlangano lokubona nokulungisa ukuphulwa. Imishini isebenza ukusingatha lenselele ngokuqinisekisa ukunqanda ukubuya kwe-athoria, imfundo yomphakathi ngokuvikela, nemizamo yokusungula izindlela zokubika eziphephile.
Intuthuko Yamuva Ekusebenzelani Kwamalungelo Omphakathi
Ukugcinwa kwamalungelo omphakathi kuyaqhubeka kushintsha ngenxa yokushintsha kwezimo zezenhlalo, intuthuko engokomthetho, nezinto eziza kuqala.
Ukwanda Kwezivikelo
Izinhlangano zikahulumeni ziye zandisa isivikelo samalungelo abantu ukuze zikhulume ngezindlela zokucwasa ezazingaziwa ngaphambili. i - EEOC iyakwazi ukwandisa isivikelo samaqembu ayengakahlanganisiwe ngaphambili, futhi ngo - 2012, i - EEOC yanquma ukuhlanganisa ukugqashuka kweziqu zabesifazane kanye nokufaneleka kwabesilisa ngaphansi kwesivikelo esanikezwa i - Thit VII, eyasekelwa iNkantolo Ephakeme.
Izinhlangano ziyaqhubeka zichaza imithetho ehlanganisa amalungelo abantu ukuze zixazulule izinhlobo ezintsha zobandlululo futhi zinikeze isivikelo kubantu abasengozini.
Gxila Ekucwaseni
Izinhlangano zizimisele ukusebenzisa imithombo elinganiselwe yamaphoyisa ngokuhlola izimiso nokuphoqelela.
Lezi zinyathelo zingahlanganisa ukuhlola kwezimiso zokugcinwa komthetho, ukubukeza ngokuvumelana nabaqashi abakhulu noma izifunda, nokuphikisa imithetho yokulahla imingcele ehlasela yonke imiphakathi. Ngokugxila ekukhetheni izimiso, izinhlangano zingabhekana nezimbangela eziyinhloko zokungalingani futhi zifinyelele izinguquko zezakhiwo.
Ukushintsha Kwezobuchwepheshe
Izimiso zokufaka izikhalo eziyimfihlo ezingosini ze - Internet zenza kube lula ngabantu ukuba babike ukucwaswa, ukwaziswa okuphathelene nokucwasa okusikisela ukubandlululwa, nokuthola izinhlelo zemfundo ezingokwezinombolo kuthuthukise ukufinyelela kwezinhlelo zemfundo.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinhlangano zilwa nobandlululo olulula ngenxa yobuchwepheshe, kuhlanganise nobandlululo, ukuhlukunyezwa nge - Internet, nemingcele yokuthola imvume yamanani. Ubuchwepheshe kulezi zindawo buyindawo yokuqala ebaluleke kakhulu ekuqikelweni kwamalungelo abantu kwanamuhla.
Ukuvumelana
Izinhlangano zikahulumeni ziqinisa ukubambisana ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi amalungelo omphakathi agcinwa ngokungaguquki nangokubanzi.Ukwaziswa okubonisa ukuqonda, ukuhlolwa kweqembu kanye nokuqeqeshwa okuhlangene kuthuthukisa izindlela ezibumbene zokuvikela amalungelo omphakathi kuwo wonke uhulumeni.
Lokhu kubambisana kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi izinhlobo eziningi zobandlululo ezinqamula imingcele. Ngokwesibonelo, ukucwaswa kwabantu abakhubazekile kungase kubangele i-EEOC, uMnyango wobulungisa, uMnyango Wemfundo, ne-HUD, kuye ngomongo. Ukubambisana okuphumelelayo kuqinisekisa ukuthi abantu bathola isivikelo esibanzi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiyiphi inxusa elithola ukukhononda kwabo ekuqaleni.
Indima Kahulumeni Nezimo Zomphakathi
Nakuba izinhlangano zikahulumeni zifeza indima ebalulekile ekuqinisweni kwamalungelo abantu, izinhlangano zikahulumeni nezindawo nazo ziye zanikela ngokuphawulekayo ekuvikeleni amalungelo omphakathi.
Izinhlangano zikahulumeni namalungelo abantu zendawo, izinhlangano zemisebenzi engakhethi, namahhovisi alwela amalungelo omphakathi zihlola izikhalo, ukuphoqelelwa kwezwe nemithetho yendawo, futhi ngokuvamile zisebenza ekuxhumaneni nezinhlangano zikahulumeni ngezivumelwano ezisekela umsebenzi. Lezivumelwano zivumela izinhlangano zikahulumeni nezokuhlala ukuba zihlole izikhalo ezithi futhi zeqe umthetho kahulumeni, zinciphise amandla okusebenza nokugcinwa kwamanani ayandayo.
Ubuhlobo phakathi kokugcinwa kwamandla kahulumeni nohulumeni budala isimiso sokubambisana lapho abantu bengafuna khona isivikelo emazingeni amaningi kahulumeni.
Indlela Abantu Abangathola Ngayo Isivikelo Samalungelo Omphakathi
Ukuqonda indlela yokuthola isivikelo samalungelo omphakathi kubalulekile kubantu abacwaswayo.
Ukubona Umhloli Ofanelekayo
Isinyathelo sokuqala ekufuneni isivikelo samalungelo omphakathi sihilela ukuhlukanisa inhlangano efanele yokusingatha isikhalo. Isimo sobandlululo nomongo okwavela kuwo kunquma ukuthi yiyiphi inkampani ephethe. Ukukhononda komsebenzi ngokuvamile kuya ku-EOC, ukukhandleka kobandlululo olusemthethweni ku-Hud, ukucwaswa kwezemfundo eHhovisini Lezemfundo, ukukhononda ngezemfundo eMnyango Wezemfundo esebenzela uhulumeni, nokukhononda okuhilela ukuvota, ukuvota, ukuphatha, noma okunye ukwephula amalungelo omphakathi kuMnyango wobulungisa.
Izinhlangano eziningi zinikeza amathuluzi asebenza nge-inthanethi nezingcingo ukuze zisize abantu babone ukuthi izikhalazo zabo zihamba ngokomthetho we-oda. Uma izikhalazo zihilela izinhlobo eziningi zobandlululo noma imingcele enqamule i-oda, izinhlangano zinganikeza izikhombo kwezinye izinhlangano ezifanele zokuphoqelela ukugcinwa.
Ukuqonda Izici Ezifile
Lezi zikhalo zezinsuku ezimisiwe zihluka ngokomthetho nenhlangano, kusukela ezinsukwini ezingu - 180 kuya eminyakeni eminingana kuye ngomthetho osebenzayo. Ukungaqiniseki ngalezi zikhathi kungaphumela ekulahlekelweni kwelungelo lokuphoqelelwa kwemithetho noma ukugcinwa.
Abantu abakholelwa ukuthi baye babhekana nobandlululo kufanele bathathe isinyathelo ngokushesha ukuze balondoloze amalungelo abo, bathintane nenhlangano efanelekayo ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze baqonde izimfuneko ezisebenzayo ezimisiwe nezidingekayo.
Ukuqoqa umnikeli
Ukukhononda okunamandla kusekelwa yimibhalo ephelele egciniwe yalokhu okuthiwa ukucwaswa. Abantu ngabanye kufanele baqoqe futhi balondoloze ubufakazi obuhlanganisa ama-imeyili, izincwadi, ukuhlaziya umsebenzi, izitatimende zobufakazi, nanoma yiziphi ezinye izinto ezisekela lokho abakushoyo.
Nakuba izinhlangano zingaphenya izikhalo ngisho noma zingazitholi izincwadi eziqinile, ukuba nobufakazi obuqinile kwandisa amathuba esinqumo esiphumelelayo futhi kusize abaphenyi ukuba baqonde ngokugcwele ukuthi lokhu kucwaswa okushiwo ukuthi kuyini.
Ukufuna Usizo
Abantu ngabanye akudingeki baqondise inqubo yokugcinwa kwamalungelo omphakathi bebodwa. Izinhlangano eziningi zinikeza usizo lwesihle noma oluphansi ekukhanseni izikhalo, kuhlanganise nezinhlangano zosizo olungokomthetho, amaqembu alwela amalungelo omphakathi, nezinhlangano ezisekelwe emphakathini. Ezinye izinhlangano zinikeza usizo ngokulungiselela ukukhononda futhi zingaphendula imibuzo ngenqubo.
Abantu abafisa ukuphishekela ukuqulwa kwamacala okungasese ngaphezu kwezikhalo zokuphatha noma esikhundleni sazo, ukuxhumana nommeli osebenza ngomthetho wamalungelo abantu kunganikeza isiqondiso esiwusizo ngokuphathelene nezinqumo namasu angokomthetho.
Umphumela Wamalungelo Omphakathi
Ukugcinwa kwamalungelo abantu kuye kwafinyelela intuthuko enkulu ekulweni nobandlululo nokukhuthaza ukulingana phakathi namashumi eminyaka ambalwa adlule. izenzo ezinkulu zokuphoqelela ukugcinwa kwemithetho ziye zasusa ubandlululo ezikoleni, zavula amathuba emisebenzi, zaqinisekisa ukuthi kutholakala indawo yokuhlala, amalungelo okuvota avikelwe, futhi zamisa izenzakalo ezibalulekile ezingokomthetho eziqhubeka zihlela amalungelo omphakathi.
Ngaphandle kwezenzakalo ngazinye, ukugcinwa kwamalungelo abantu kuye kwanezela ekushintsheni kwamasiko esimweni sengqondo ngobandlululo nokulingana.
Nokho, umsebenzi obalulekile usalokhu uzuzisa ukufinyelela ukulingana okuphelele nokuqeda ubandlululo kuzo zonke izinhlobo. Ukungalingani kwemisebenzi, imfundo, izindlu nezinye izindawo kubonisa ukuthi ubandlululo luyaqhubeka lulinganisela amathuba abantu abaningi baseMelika. Izinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi kumelwe ziqhubeke zivumelanisa futhi ziqinise imizamo yazo yokuqinisekisa ukuthi ziyakwazi ukusingatha izinhlobo zobandlululo ezikhona isikhathi eside nezisanda kuba khona.
Ukubheka Phambili: Ikusasa Lokuphoqelelwa Kwamalungelo Omphakathi
Ikusasa lokugcinwa kwamalungelo abantu liyololongwa izici eziningi, kuhlanganise noshintsho kwezobuchwepheshe, ukushintsha kwenani labantu, ukuchaza imithetho nezimiso eziza kuqala.
Ukusingatha Ukucwaswa Kwemithetho Yomthetho
Njengoba izimiso zokwenziwa zokuhlakanipha kanye nokwenza izinqumo ezizisebenzelayo zikhula kakhulu emsebenzini, ezindaweni zokuhlala, ekubolekeni izikweletu, nezinye izindawo, izinhlangano zamalungelo abantu kumelwe zithuthukise ikhono lokubona nokulungisa ukucwasana okungokwenqubo yomthetho. Lokhu kuyodinga ubuchwepheshe obusha, izindlela ezintsha zokuhlola, kanye nezinqubo ezintsha ezingokomthetho zokusingatha ukucwaswa okusekelwe ekhonweni nasemininingwaneni.
Ukusondela Kwezindawo Ezingefani
Ukuqaphela ukuthi abantu ngokuvamile babhekana nokucwaswa okusekelwe ekuboneni ukuthi bangabantu baziphi izinqubo eziningi, kuholela ezindleleni eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuqinisekisa ukuthi uhlanga, ubulili, ukukhubazeka nezinye izici kuhlangana kanjani ukuze kubangele izinhlobo eziyingqayizivele zobandlululo.
Ukubambisana Okunethonya
Kunokuba zithembele kuphela ekuqikelweni kwemithetho yokukhononda, izinhlangano zigcizelela kakhulu ukuthatha izinyathelo zokulalela ezisiza ekuhlanganiseni izinhlangano ezivimbela ukucwaswa ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke. Lezi zinyathelo zihlanganisa usizo lobuchwepheshe, izinhlelo zokulalela ngokuzithandela, kanye nokubambisana namaqembu ezimboni ukuze kuthuthukiswe imikhuba emihle.
Ukuphoqelelwa Kwemininingwane
Imininingwane ethuthukisiwe ibangela ukuba izinhlangano zibone izindlela zobandlululo ezingase zingabonakali ngokukhononda komuntu ngamunye kuphela. Ngokuhlaziya imininingwane emikhulu, izinhlangano zingahlasela imithombo yokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwezindawo lapho ubandlululo lubonakala ludlangile futhi lulinganise ukuphumelela kokungenela kokuphoqelela.
Imithombo Ebalulekile Yokwaziswa Ngamalungelo Omphakathi
Izinhlangano ezizimele zinama - webhsayithi agcwele anemininingwane ephathelene nokukhononda, ukuqonda amalungelo nokuthola usizo.
I-University of Justice Livil Rights Division yewebsite inikeza ukwaziswa ngemithetho ehlukahlukene yamalungelo abantu kanye nezinyathelo zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwamalungelo abantu e-https /wwww. jahirol.gov/crt. I-EOC inikeza imithombo eminingi ephathelene nokucwaswa kwemisebenzi https.httvs. //wwww.eoc.gov[.]. Umnyango weH.Ihhovisi lezemfundo yezemfundo ye-Politiki yezentetion for Civil Rights ulondoloza ulwazi ngemfundo ngezemfundo, kuyilapho inikeza imithombo yezindawo zendlu nesaziso esithembekile.
Ngaphandle kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni, izinhlangano ezinjenge-American Civil Liberies Union, iNaACP Legal Defense Fund, iNational Women’s Law Center, kanye nezinye izinhlangano eziningi zezempango zamalungelo esizwe zinikeza ukwaziswa, usizo, kanye nokumelelwa kwabantu ababhekene nokuphulwa kwamalungelo omphakathi. Izinhlangano zosizo ezingokomthetho zendawo zinikeza izinkonzo ezingokomthetho ezisiza abantu abathola imali ephansi.
Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okuvamile ngezinhlangano zikahulumeni namalungelo azo omphakathi, i-USA.gov igcina ikhodi elibanzi e- http://www.usa.gov elingasiza abantu ukuba babone isikhungo esifanele sezinkinga zabo.
Isiphetho
Izinhlangano zikahulumeni zikhonza njengabagcini ababalulekile bamalungelo omphakathi e - United States, zimisa imithetho enqabela ubandlululo futhi ithuthukise amathuba alinganayo kuzo zonke izigaba zomphakathi.
Nakuba kuye kwafinyelelwa intuthuko enkulu ekuthuthukiseni ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu, izinselele eziqhubekayo zidinga ukuqapha nokuzivumelanisa nokuqhubeka.Imigoqo yemithombo yengcebo, izinhlobo ezixazulula ubandlululo, nokungalingani okuqhubekayo kuphoqelela ukuba izinhlangano ezilwela amalungelo omphakathi ziqhubeke zilungisa izindlela zazo zokuqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo ezakhamuzi akhona futhi zandise ikhono lazo lokusingatha ukucwaswa kwazo ngazo zonke izindlela ezibonakala kuwo.
Ukuphumelela komthetho wokuqinisekisa amalungelo omphakathi ekugcineni kuxhomeke ezicini eziningi: imithombo eyanele yezinhlangano eziqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwamalungelo abantu, izimiso eziqinile ezingokomthetho ezikwenqabela ngokucacile ukubandlululwa, ukuhola okuwenzile okubeka phambili ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo omphakathi, nokuhlongoza izakhamuzi eziwaqondayo amalungelo azo futhi ezizimisele ukuwagcizelela lapho kwephulwa.
Njengoba umphakathi uqhubeka uguquka, izinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi kumelwe ziqhubeke zisabela ekuqubukeni kwezinselele kuyilapho zilondoloza isibopho sazo esiyisisekelo sokulingana nobulungisa. Ngokuqonda indlela lezizinhlangano ezisebenza ngayo, imithetho eziyisebenzisayo, nezinqubo ezikhona zokubika nokulungisa ubandlululo, abantu bangawavikela kangcono amalungelo abo futhi basize emsebenzini oqhubekayo wokwakha umphakathi olinganayo.
Isimiso sokugcinwa kwamalungelo omphakathi sikahulumeni simelela isici esibucayi sentando yeningi yaseMelika, sihlanganisa ukuzinikela kwesizwe ekuphathweni ngokulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho. Nakuba umsebenzi wokufinyelela ukulingana okuphelele uhlala ungaphelele, ukuba khona kwezimiso eziqinile kunikeza amathuluzi abalulekile okulwa nobandlululo nabaphula umthetho ukuba balandise. Ngokusekela ngokuqhubekayo izinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi kanye nokuzibophezela okuqinile ezimisweni zokulingana nobulungisa, intuthuko ebheke emphakathini olinganayo ngempela isalokhu ingenakuguqulwa.