Table of Contents

Izinhlangano zikahulumeni zifeza indima ebalulekile ekuphileni kwansuku zonke kwezakhamuzi e-United States. Zikhipha amalayisense ezamabhizinisi ukuze zifake imithetho yendawo ezungezile, lezi zindikimba zikahulumeni zenza izinqumo eziningi ezithinta izinkonzo zomphakathi, ukuphepha nenhlalakahle. Ukuqonda indlela izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezenza ngayo lezi zinqumo, kanye nomthetho olawula izenzo zazo, zenza abantu ngabanye, amabhizinisi, nezinhlangano zilawule inqubo yokuphatha ngokuphumelelayo futhi zivikele amalungelo abo.

Lo mqondisi obanzi uchaza inqubo engokomthetho yokwenza izinqumo zezinhlangano zikahulumeni ngolimi olucacile, ehlanganisa yonke into kusukela emithethweni yesisekelo eqondisa izenzo zezinhlangano ezithile ezizimele okumelwe zilandelwe, futhi izakhamuzi ezinamalungelo kumelwe zihlanganyele futhi zivivinye lezi zinqumo.

Yini Imibandela Kahulumeni Futhi Yini Eyenzayo?

Izinkampani zikahulumeni ziyizindikimba zikahulumeni ezakhiwa izishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni ukuze zifeze imithwalo yemfanelo ethile futhi zinikeze imithetho emiswe yisishaya-mthetho. Ngokungafani nezinkantolo ezixazulula izingxabano noma izishaya-mthetho ezidala imithetho, izinhlangano zikhona ngokuyinhloko ukuze zisebenzise, zichaze, futhi ziphoqelele imithetho ezindaweni zazo ezimisiwe zegunya.

Izinhlangano eziphethe ngokuvamile zenzelwe ukuvikela isithakazelo somphakathi kunokulwela amalungelo abantu. Zisebenza ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene ezihlanganisa isivikelo sendawo ezungezile, impilo yomphakathi, ukuqashwa kwezisebenzi, ezokuthutha, ezemfundo, nezinkonzo zomphakathi. Inhlangano ngayinye inikwe igunya elikhethekile elichazwa yimithetho eyayidala.

Izinhlangano zikahulumeni zenza imisebenzi emithathu eyinhloko ebonakalisa amagatsha amathathu kahulumeni. Zihlanganyela ekwenzeni imithetho (uhlobo lomthetho), ukukhipha (umsebenzi wohlobo lokwahlulela), nokuphoqelela (umsebenzi wohlobo lwesikhulu),. Izinhlangano eziningi ezizimele zisebenza njengezinguqulo ezincane zikahulumeni we-trartite, negunya loku "wenza umthetho" ngokubeka, "umthetho" ngemigomo yokulawula, nangokusebenzisa "ukuqondisa" ngemigomo yokuphatha ngezisebenzi zezengamele.

Izinqumo Ze - Agency Enguhulumeni Ezingokomthetho

Izinhlangano zoMbuso azisebenzi ngamandla angenamkhawulo. igunya lazo licindezelwa izingqimba eziningi zezimfuneko ezingokomthetho eziqinisekisa ukulandisa, ukungalungi, nokunamathela ekubuseni komthetho.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo

Ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu, izinhlangano zikahulumeni kumelwe zisebenze phakathi kwemingcele ebekwe yi-United States Constitution nomthetho-sisekelo wazo. Isivikelo somthetho-mthetho njengenqubo efanele, isivikelo esilinganayo, nenkululeko yokukhuluma siyasebenza ezinyathelweni zezinhlangano. Naphezu kwemibuso emikhulu kakhulu yezinhlangano, izinhlangano zikahulumeni kumelwe ziqhubeke zisebenza ngaphakathi kwemingcele yoMthetho-sisekelo nemithetho.

I-Century Process Claus ibaluleke ngokukhethekile emthethweni wokuphatha. I-AtS Procession Claus yeSichibiyelo sesihlanu noma se-14 Isichibiyeli singadinga ukuba kuqulwe isithakazelo esifihlwayo uma sibaluleke ngokwanele noma uma, ngaphandle kokuzwa, kunethuba elinamandla lokuthi umceli uyophikwa ngokuyiphutha lesosithakazelo.

Izenzo Zokuqondisa KoMbuso

Inqubo yokuqondisa yoMbuso (i-APAs yangaphakathi) ilawula izinqubo zezinhlangano zokuphatha zikahulumeni ukuba zihlongoze futhi zikhiphe iziqondiso, zikhiphe izimpikiswano, futhi zinikeze ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kwezinqumo zezinhlangano. Wonke umbuso unendlela yawo siqu yenqubo yokuqondisa, nakuba isifundazwe i-APAs sifanekiselwa kumthetho-mthetho we-Administrative Procedure Act (AA), olawula izinqubo zokuphatha zezinhlangano zikahulumeni.

Le mibuso i-APAs isebenza njengomthetho wesisekelo omisa izinhlangano zemithetho eziyisisekelo okumelwe zilandelwe. I-Administrative Procedure Act imisa izinqubo zokushaya imithetho nezindinganiso zezinhlangano zikahulumeni, nezimfuneko eziklanyelwe ukunikeza umphakathi ithuba elibalulekile lokuhlanganyela ekuthatheni imithetho kahulumeni.

Nakuba amalungiselelo akhethekile ehluka kuye ngokwesifundazwe, isifundazwe esivamile i - APAs sikhuluma ngezihloko eziyinhloko ezifanayo kuhlanganise nezimfuneko eziyinhloko zemithetho ehlongozwayo, izinkulumo zomphakathi, izinqubo zokuzwa, izindinganiso zezinqumo zezinhlangano, nenqubo yokwahlulela izinhlelo zezinhlangano.

Imithetho Ephakeme Nezenzo Zokuhleleka

Izimiso ze-octives zenziwa ngemithetho yazo siqu ephilayo, emisa imithetho emisha, futhi ngokwenza kanjalo, idala izinhlangano ezizimele ukuze zichaze, ziqondise, futhi zisebenzise leyo mithetho emisha. Lezimiso ezenza ukuba kuchazwe izinga legunya lenhlangano, zikhankanye ukuthi inqubo ingathatha ziphi izenzo, futhi ngokuvamile zinikeze izinqubo ezithile ikhomishane okumelwe ilandelwe.

Igunya lezinhlangano zikahulumeni eziqondisayo lisuka emithethweni yazo engokwemvelo, futhi kumelwe livumelane nemithetho elawulayo kanye nemithetho yegunya enikezwa ngomthetho. Isimiso esifanayo sisebenza ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni, kodwa zingasebenzisa amandla anikwe yisishayamthetho kuphela.

Inxusa elenza okungaphezu kwegunya lalo elingokomthetho kuthiwa lenza "ama - lustra vires" (angaphezu kwamandla alo), futhi izenzo ezinjalo zingalethwa izehlulelo lapho zibukezwa.

Imithetho Elawulayo Nemithetho Yangaphakathi

Izimo zikahulumeni ngokwazo zikha imithetho enamandla emithetho esendaweni yazo yegunya. Izinhlangano eziningi zikahulumeni wase-U.S. zinegunya lombuso lokukhipha imithetho, nezimiso ezichaza izinga legunya lenhlangano lokubusa, izinqubo okumelwe zilandelwe ekubuyiseleni imithetho egunyani, negunya lenhlangano lokugunyaza. Izinhlangano zikahulumeni zisebenza ngendlela efanayo phakathi kwemibuso yazo.

Imithetho elawulayo yenqubo ihlukile engosini ngayinye futhi iyafana nemithetho yeNkantolo, ibusa izinqumo ze-arhente nezinye izenzo. Lemithetho yangaphakathi inikeza imininingwane eyengeziwe mayelana nendlela inkampani eqhuba ngayo ibhizinisi layo, nakuba kumelwe ivumelane nenqubo yokuphatha kahulumeni neminye imithetho esebenzayo.

Izenzakalo Zokwahlulela

Izinqumo zenkantolo ezichaza umthetho wokuphathwa nazo ziyingxenye yesimiso somthetho. Uma izinkantolo zihlola izinqumo zezinhlangano, izinqumo zazo zimisa izenzakalo eziqondisa izenzo zezezomthetho zesikhathi esizayo kanye nokubukeza kokwahlulela okulandelayo. Lezi zenzakalo zicacisa ulimi lwemithetho olucacile, zichaza imingcele yegunya lezinhlangano, futhi zimisa izindinganiso zalokho okuyinqubo efanelekile yezomthetho.

Izinhlobo Ezimbili Eziyinhloko Zesinqumo Se - agency

Umthetho wezisebenzi uvame ukuhlukaniswa ube yizihloko ezintathu eziyinhloko: ukubusa, ukufushanisa, nokuhlola ukwahlulela. Ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kokwenza imithetho nenkani kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela izikhungo ezenza ngayo izinqumo.

Ukubusa: Ukwakha Izindinganiso Ezivamile

Ukubekwa kwemithetho kuyinqubo lapho izinhlangano zikha khona imithetho esebenza kabanzi ezigabani zabantu noma izimo. Lemithetho inamandla omthetho futhi imisa izindinganiso ezivamile ezilawula ukuziphatha kwesikhathi esizayo. Ngokwesibonelo, inxusa lendawo ezungezile lingase libeke amazinga okungcoliswa avunyelwe izimboni ezithile, noma ibhodi elikhokhela ukungcoliswa kwemvelo lingase limise izimfuneko zemfundo zokuthola ilayisense.

IAdministrative Procedura Act ibusa inqubo lapho izinhlangano zikahulumeni zisungula futhi zikhipha khona imithetho, zisingatha izenzo ezinjengokulahla izimemezelo zenqubo, amalayisense, nemvume. Izinhlangano zikahulumeni zilandela izinqubo ezifanayo ngaphansi kwenqubo yazo yokuqondisa elandelanayo.

Ukwenza ukubusa ngokwethukela (ihele-ye-menusence no-Comment)

Indlela evame kakhulu yokushaya imithetho ukwenza imithetho ngokwethukela, eyaziwa futhi njengokubekwa kwezaziso ne-common. I-APA inemininingwane yezindlela ezisetshenziswayo ezivamile zemithetho ehleliwe kanye nezimfuneko zokushaya imithetho ngokwethukela, lapho kukhishwa khona imithetho eminingi yezinhlangano.

Ngaphansi kwencazelo kahulumeni yeAPA neyokwahlulela yeAPA, izinhlangano ezithi zihileleke emsebenzini wokwenza umthetho kumelwe ziqaphele ukushaya umthetho okuhlongozwayo ngaphambi kokwamukela umthetho wokugcina, futhi umthetho wokugcina kumelwe ulandele ukukhula okunengqondo komthetho ohlongozwayo futhi kumelwe zibonise ukucabangela kwezinhlangano zonke izinkulumo ezitholayo nezibukeziwe.

Inqubo evamile yokushaya imithetho ihlanganisa nalezi zinyathelo:

  1. Isaziso sokubekwa kwemithetho ehlotshisiwe: Inhlangano ikhipha isaziso esimemezela inhloso yaso yokwamukela, ukuthumela, noma ukubuyisa umthetho. Lesaziso sihlanganisa umbhalo womthetho ohlongozwayo, igunya elingokomthetho lomthetho, nokwaziswa ngendlela umphakathi ongahlanganyela ngayo.
  2. Inkathi yamaPublic Nolution[: Lenhlangano inikeza inkathi lapho abantu abathakazelayo bekwazi ukunikeza khona amazwi abhaliwe ngomthetho ohlongozwayo. Lenkathi yokuhlanganyela komphakathi ingaba ingeyizinsuku ezingaphansi kwezingu-60 kwezinye izindawo, nakuba ubude buhluka ngokwezwe.
  3. I-Agency Review and Resolution: Isethi ibukeza konke ukukhulumela okufunyenweyo futhi icabangele ukuthi ingawuguqula yini umthetho ohlongozwayo osekelwe ekufakeni.
  4. Ukubusa okuPhakathi: Inhlangano ikhipha umthetho wokugcina kanye namazwi achaza isisekelo nenjongo yokubusa nokusabela emazwini abalulekile atholwe.
  5. Usuku oludala [: Umthetho usebenza ngosuku olucacisiwe, ngokuvamile ngemva kwesikhathi sokulinda uvumela abantu abathintekile ukuba balungiselele ukulalela.

Ukwenza Imithetho Esemthethweni

Eminye imithetho idinga amaqembu ukuba aqhube umthetho ohleliwe, ohlanganisa ukuqungatha kobufakazi obufakazelwayo nokuhlola okunganqamuki. Ukufushaniswa kuhlanganisa ukuzwa okunjengobufakazi, ubufakazi obubhaliwe, nesinqumo sokugcina. Nokho, ukwenza imithetho esemthethweni akuvamile ukusetshenziswa ngoba kuhambisana nesikhathi futhi kuyabiza.

Ukwahlulela: Ukunquma Icala Eliyedwa

Nakuba ukubeka imithetho kumisa izindinganiso ezivamile, ukufushaniswa kuhilela ukusebenzisa imithetho nezimiso kubantu abathile noma ezinhlanganweni ezithile ezimweni ezithile.

Izinhlangano eziningi zikahulumeni waseU.S. zinamandla okufushanisa, ngokuvamile abusa ngezicelo ukuze kuzuze okuthile noma kunikezwe imvume, noma aphoqelele imithetho engokomthetho ezingxenyeni zazo ezithile zokubusa eziphathisiwe.

Izibonelo zezinhlangano zihlanganisa ukunquma ukuthi kufanele yini inikezwe iphepha - mvume lebhizinisi, ukunquma ukuthi kufanele yini izuziswe ukuze izuziswe umphakathi, ukujezisa okuphoqelelayo ngokwephula imithetho, noma ukuxazulula izingxabano phakathi kwamaqembu alawulwayo.

Ukuqeda Isimilo

Izifungo ezingokomthetho zibuswa uMthetho we-Administrative Procedure, 76 554, 556-557, futhi zibonisa inqubo engokwesiko yokunikeza ubufakazi, umbhalo olotshiwe, nesinqumo sokugcina esikhishwa umahluleli womthetho ophethe ("ALJ").

Izimemezelo ezingokomthetho zidinga izinyathelo ezifanayo nezingokomthetho zokushaya imithetho, kuhlanganise nobufakazi obalethwa emlandweni, nesaziso esinikezwa umuntu ngamunye esimweni esingokomthetho sokunqunyelwa, kuhlanganise nesikhathi, indawo, nesimo sokuthethwa kwecala, igunya elingokomthetho nokulawula, nezindaba zamaqiniso nomthetho okugodliwe.

Izimemezelo zinikeza isivikelo esibalulekile esihlanganisa nelungelo lokunikeza ubufakazi, ofakazi be-examine, imelelwe ngeseluleko, futhi ithole isinqumo esilotshiwe esisekelwe embhalweni. Izindlebe zomthetho (nokwenza imithetho) zenganye yenganyelwe uMahluleli woMthetho (ALJ).

Ukuqeda Imbubhiso Ngokwethukela

Iziphakamiso ngokwethukela zingezinye izinto ezingaphikelelwanga futhi ezingacatshangelwe kalula noma zibonakale zilingisa izigijimi ezihleliwe, nakho konke okuphakathi kwazo.

I - APA ayimiseli imithetho yokuzinqumela ngokwethukela, iyishiyele engosini ngayinye ukuba inqume izinqubo zayo.

Inqubo yesinqumo sokuqondisa ingase ihlukane nenqubo ehleliwe, enjengeyokuqulwa kwezindlebe ephumela emininingwaneni ebhalwe phansi, ukuya emihlanganweni ehleliwe phakathi kwabantu abathintekile nezisebenzi zezinhlangano eziphumela ekukhulumeni okufushane ngalokho okunqunyiwe.

Inqubo yokuhlolwa Okulandelanayo Yokwenza Isinqumo

Nakuba izinqubo eziqondile zihlukahluka kuye ngohlobo lwesinqumo nenhlangano ethile ehilelekile, eziningi zezinhlangano zenza izinqumo ngendlela evamile eklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kulungile, ukuthi kwenzekile futhi kunamathele ezimfuneko ezingokomthetho.

Isinyathelo Sokuqala: Ukubona Isidingo Sokuthatha Isinyathelo

Inqubo yokwenza izinqumo iqala lapho inxusa liveza isidingo sokuthatha isinyathelo. Lokhu kungenzeka ngoba umthetho ufuna ukuba inxusa lenze imithetho, ngoba inkampani ithola isicelo sephepha-mvume noma imvume, ngoba inkampani ithola ukwephulwa komthetho okungase kwenzeke, noma ngenxa yokuthi ukushintsha kwezimo kudinga ukushintshwa kwemithetho ekhona.

Inqubo eminingi yokuqondisa yenza noma ubani acele inxusa ukuba athathe, ashintshe noma athathe umthetho.

Isinyathelo Sesibili: Ukuqoqa Ulwazi Nokucwaninga

Ngaphambi kokwenza isinqumo, izinhlangano zingase ziqoqe ukwaziswa okuhlobene nalokhu, kungase kuhilele ukuhlola ukuhlola ucwaningo lwesayensi, ukuhlaziya imininingwane yezomnotho, ukuxhumana nochwepheshe, ukuhlola imikhuba esetshenziswa kwezinye izindawo, noma ukuphenya amaqiniso athile ahlobene nendaba yomuntu ngamunye.

Ukuze kubekwe imithetho, izinhlangano zivame ukwenza ucwaningo olunzulu ukuze ziqonde inkinga ezizama ukuyixazulula, zihlole amakhambi azo, futhi zihlole imiphumela engase ibe khona ezindleleni ezihlukahlukene zokuqondisa.

Isinyathelo 3: Ukunikeza Ukuqaphela Komphakathi

Ukubona bhabha kuyisisekelo somthetho wokuqondisa. Izimo zomthetho kudinga ukunikeza isaziso kumalungu athintekile nakumphakathi ngaphambi kokuba wenze izenzo ezibalulekile. Indlela nesikhathi sokuqaphela kuyahluka kuye ngokuthi isiphi isenzo.

Ukuze izivumelwano zithinte abantu abathile, izinhlangano zinikeza isaziso esiqondile kubantu abahilelekile. Isaziso kumelwe sihlanganise ukwaziswa okwanele ukuze abantu abathakazelayo baqonde ukuthi inkampani ihlongozani nokuthi bangahlanganyela kanjani kule nqubo.

Isinyathelo 4: Ukuvumela Ukuhlanganyela Kwasobala

Ukuhlanganyela komphakathi kubalulekile ekwenzeni izinqumo ezisemthethweni zezezikhungo. I-APA igcizelela indima yayo ekuvikeleni ilungelo lomphakathi lokuhlanganyela enqubweni yokushaya i-ace.

Ekubekeni imithetho, lokhu kuvame ukusho ukunikeza ithuba lokusho okubhaliwe ngemithetho ehlotshaniswayo. Ezinye izinhlangano ziveza futhi ukuqulwa kwamacala obala lapho abantu benganikeza khona ubufakazi ngomlomo. Ngemva kokukhipha isaziso sokwenza iPreaced Regamente kodwa ngaphambi kokuzithoba eKomitini Ehlangene, inxusa kumelwe liqhube isaziso somphakathi ukuze lamukele ubufakazi obubhalwe ngomlomo nababhali ukuze bufakwe embhalweni kwezinye izifunda.

Isivumelwano sokuthatha isinyathelo, amalungelo okuhlanganyela axhomeke ekutheni inqubo ihlelwe noma ithunyiwe yini. Izifungo zinikeza amalungelo anwetshiwe okuhlanganyela kuhlanganise nethuba lokunikeza ubufakazi nofakazi be-eximine. Izivumelwano zesikhashana zinganikeza amathuba alinganiselwe kakhulu okuhlanganyela.

Isinyathelo 5: Ukubukeza Nokuhlaziya Ukukhishwa

Izimo zikahulumeni kumelwe zicabangele ngobuqotho ukuqondisa ezikuthola emphakathini. Azikwazi ukumane zithathe izinkulumo ngokunganaki bese zingazinaki. Izinkantolo ezihlola izinqumo zezinhlangano zihlola ukuthi inkampani yazicabangela kahle yini izinkulumo ezibalulekile nezikhathazayo eziphakanyiswa phakathi nenqubo yokuhlanganyela komphakathi.

Lenqubo yokubukeza ingase iholele izinhlangano ukuba zishintshe izenzo zazo ezihlongozwayo ukuze ziphendule ukwaziswa komphakathi, noma zinikeze izincazelo zesizathu sokuthi kungani ziqhubeka naphezu kokukhathazeka okuphakanyiswa abakhulumeli.

Isinyathelo 6: Ukwenza Isinqumo Sokugcina

Ngemva kokucabangela konke ukwaziswa okuhlobene nomphakathi, le nhlangano yenza isinqumo sayo sokugcina. Le sivumelwano siyoqedwa ngombiko obhaliwe oqukethe amaqiniso neziphetho zomthetho, kokubili esigabeni sombuso nohulumeni.

Ukuze kumiswe imithetho, le nhlangano ikhipha umthetho wokugcina kanye namazwi achaza isisekelo nenjongo yawo.

Izinqumo zobupotimende kumelwe zisekelwe ngokucabanga okwanele nobufakazi. Ku-Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe, iNkantolo Ephakeme yaphikisa ngokuthi ukuze kutholakale izinqumo zezezinhlangano ezizinqumela ngokwethukela, izinkantolo kumelwe kuqala zicabangele "ukuthi lesi sinqumo sasisekelwe ekucabangeleni izici ezihlobene nokuthi bekukhona yini iphutha elicacile lokwahlulela".

Isinyathelo Sesi - 7: Ukusebenza Nokuphoqelelwa

Uma nje sekunqunywe isinqumo, inxusa lenza isebenzise futhi liqikelele.

Amalungelo Angokomthetho Nezivikelo Enqubweni Yokuphatha

Ukuqonda la malungelo kungaqinisekisa ukuphathwa kahle futhi kunikeze amathuba ezenzo ezingafanele ezibekela inselele.

Ilungelo Lokuqaphela

Abantu banelungelo lokwamukela isaziso esanele ngaphambi kokuba inhlangano ithathe isinyathelo esithinta bona. Ukubusa, lokhu kusho ukuqashelwa umphakathi ngemithetho ehlongozwayo. Kusho ukufushanisa, lokhu kusho ukuqaphelisa abantu abathile abahilelekile abahlanganisa ukwaziswa okuphathelene nendlela okuqhubeka ngayo, igunya elingokomthetho okuqhutshwa ngalo, isikhathi nendawo yokulalela.

Isaziso kumelwe sanele ukuze kuvunyelwe abantu abathintekile ukuba balungiselele ukusabela okwanele. Ukungaqapheli ngokwanele kungaba izizathu zokungasisebenzisi isenzo senhlangano.

Ilungelo Lokuhlanganyela

Umphakathi unelungelo lokuhlanganyela ezinqubweni zokwenza izinqumo zezenhlangano. Ukubusa, lokhu kuhlanganisa ilungelo lokufaka amazwana abhaliwe ngemithetho ehlongozwayo. Ukufushaniswa, amalungelo okuhlanganyela ayahluka kuye ngokuthi inqubo ihleliwe noma ithunyiwe nokuthi umuntu ofuna ukuhlanganyela ungumuntu obizwa ngegama noma ungumuntu wesithathu onesithakazelo.

Lapho umuntu othile efuna ukudlulisa isinqumo, bayoba nelungelo lokungenela ekukhipheni isigwebo.

Ilungelo Lokumelela

Kuzo zonke izinqubo, amaqembu anelungelo lokumelelwa ummeli noma omunye ofanelekayo. leli lungelo liqinisekisa ukuthi abantu bangaliveza ngokuphumelelayo icala labo futhi bavikele izithakazelo zabo, ikakhulukazi lapho besingatha izindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi zomthetho nezezobuchwepheshe.

Ilungelo Lokuzwa

Kunezindlela ezimbili umuntu angafinyelela ngazo ilungelo lokulalela ngokuqhubekayo: I - Accomment Claus ingadinga ukuba kuthethwe isithakazelo uma isithakazelo sibaluleke ngokwanele, noma ukulalelwa kungadingeka uma umthetho othile ugunyaza ukuba inxusa ligcine ukuqulwa kwamacala okungokomthetho lapho likhipha izindaba ezithile.

Uma kudingeka icala, kumelwe lihlolwe ngokungakhethi futhi lingabi nacala futhi lingabi nasigxobo somuntu siqu.

Ilungelo Lesinqumo Esinengqondo

Izinhlangano kumelwe zinikeze izincazelo ezinengqondo zezinqumo zazo, azikwazi ukwenza ngokuthanda kwazo noma ngokuzumayo. Lesisinqumo kumelwe sisekelwe ebufakazini obusembhalweni futhi kumelwe sichaze indlela lenhlangano eyafinyelela ngayo iziphetho zayo.

Lemfuneko ifeza izinjongo eziningi: iqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlangano zicabanga ngempela ngezinqumo zazo, ivumela abantu abathintekile ukuba baqonde ukuthi kungani kwenziwa isinqumo, futhi inikeza isisekelo sokubukeza uma isinqumo sibekelwe inselele.

Ilungelo lokuthola ukwaziswa

Imibuso eminingi inenkululeko yokwaziswa enikeza umphakathi ilungelo lokuthola amarekhodi kahulumeni, kuhlanganise nezincwadi eziningi zezinhlangano.

Kukhona okungakhethwanga kakhulu ezinhlotsheni ezithile zokwaziswa, njengokwaziswa komuntu siqu, izimfihlo zezohwebo, amarekhodi okugcinwa komthetho, kanye nezinto ezilula. Nokho, isimiso esivamile siwukuthi ukwaziswa kukahulumeni kufanele kutholakale emphakathini.

Ilungelo Lokukhanga Noma Lokufuna Ukubukeza

Uma inkampani yenza isinqumo, amaqembu athintekile ngokuvamile anelungelo lokufuna ukubukezwa kwalesosinqumo. Kwezinye izinhlangano, kungaba namazinga amaningi okwenza izinqumo nokubukeza; ngokwesibonelo, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukulondeka kwezenhlalo, kungaba namazinga amane okubukezwa phakathi kwezenhlalakahle yezenhlalo phambi kokuba ummeli acele ukunxusa enkantolo.

Ngemva kokudlulisa izikhalo ezikhathazayo, amaqembu avame ukufuna ukuhlolwa enkantolo.

Ukubukezwa Kokwahlulela Izinqumo Zokuhlola

Izinkantolo zinendima ebalulekile yokwengamela umthetho wokuqondisa ngokubukeza izinqumo zezinhlangano ukuze ziqiniseke ukuthi zivumelana nezimfuneko ezingokomthetho.

Zingavinjelwa Nini Izinqumo Ze - agency Enkantolo?

Akuzona zonke izinyathelo zenhlangano ezingabekelwa inselele ngokushesha enkantolo. Ngokuvamile, iqembu kumelwe likhiphe amakhambi akhona okuqondisa ngaphambi kokuba lifune ukuhlolwa kokwahlulela. Lokhu kusho ukudlulisa noma iziphi izinqubo zokudlulisa icala zangaphakathi ngaphambi kokufaka icala.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkantolo zihlola kuphela izenzo ze-'feral" ze-authority" `imemo eqinisekile ye-authority' nenemiphumela engokomthetho yamalungu ahilelekile. Izinyathelo ezingaphambili noma eziphakathi enqubweni yokwenza izinqumo ngokuvamile azixhomekile ekubukezweni kokwahlulela okusheshayo.

Umngane ofuna ukubukezwa kumelwe futhi abe "imi"" qha, ugobe olwanele ukuze athethelele ukuphatha icala. Lokhu kusho ukuthi lowo ozolinywa yinhlangano noma uzolithintwa yiyo ngokuqondile.

Yini Ebukezwa Izinkantolo?

Lapho zihlola izinqumo zezinhlangano, izinkantolo zihlola izici eziningana:

  • Ikhampasi ye-Procedical: Isethi yazilandela izinqubo ezidingekayo? Yanikeza isaziso esanele? Yavumela yini ukuba abantu bahlanganyele? Yaphatha ukunakwa uma kudingeka?
  • Sta Officey Office iGunya: Ingabe ummeli wayenegunya elingokomthetho lokuthatha isinyathelo elisithathayo? Ingabe wenza ngokuvumelana namandla anikeziwe?
  • I-Concitualicance: Ingabe isenzo senhlangano saphula amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo?
  • Ukusekela kokusekela [: Ingabe isinqumo se-ace sisekelwe ubufakazi obufanele embhalweni?
  • Ukuvumelana[: Ingabe isinqumo sinengqondo futhi sinengqondo? Isethi yacabangela yini izici ezihlobene nalokhu? Ingabe yanikeza ukucabanga okwanele?

Izindinganiso Zokubukeza Kokwahlulela

Kunezindinganiso ezintathu zokubukeza: (1) ubufakazi obuqand ’ ikhanda; (2) ukuthatha izinto ngokungenangqondo; (3) nokuchaza imithetho.

Indinganiso Ewubufakazi Obuqand ’ ikhanda

Ukuze kuthathwe izenzo ezingokomthetho, izinqumo zenhlangano kumelwe zisekelwe "ubufakazi obungenakuqhathaniswa" ngemva kokuba inkantolo ifunde i "umlando wonke," ongathatha izinkulungwane zamakhasi, nobufakazi obuqinile obunika izinkantolo ithuba lokuhlola ukuthi izinqumo zenhlangano eziyiqiniso nezezimiso zadingeka yini uma kucatshangelwa konke ukwaziswa phambi kwesikhathi sesinqumo.

Ukuthola amaqiniso ezinqumo zokuqondisa akubophi ngaphandle kokuba kusekelwe ubufakazi obuqand ’ ikhanda, ngokubukeza kokwahlulela kulinganiselwe emibuzweni yomthetho kuphela.

Indinganiso Eyingozi Neyingozi

I-APA ifuna ukuba ibeke eceleni izenzo zenhlangano ezingavumelani nezinqubo ezingokomthetho ezinjengezokuqulwa kwecala (ukwenza umthetho), inkantolo kumelwe iphethe ngokuthi umthetho "umthetho owenqabayo nongalawuleki, ukusetshenziswa kabi kokuhlakanipha, noma kungenjalo okungavumelani nomthetho".

Indinganiso "yokwahlulela nokuguquguquka" isetshenziswa kakhulu ekumiseni imithetho ngokwethukela. Ngaphansi kwalendinganiso, izinkantolo zihlola ukuthi inkampani ibheka izici ezihlobene nalendaba, ukuthi lalinaphutha elicacile lokwahlulela, nokuthi inxusa lanikeza incazelo enengqondo yesinqumo sayo.

Ukubukeza I - novo

Ezimweni ezilinganiselwe, izinkantolo zingahlola izinqumo zezinhlangano zomthetho-mthetho de novo, okusho ukuthi zizenzela ukuzimisela ngaphandle kokubhekisa isahlulelo senhlangano. Lokhu kuvame ukwenzeka lapho kubukezwa imibuzo emsulwa yezindaba zomthetho noma zomthetho-sisekelo.

Izindlela Zokwelapha Ziyatholakala Ngokubukeza Kokwahlulela

Uma inkantolo ithola ukuthi inxusa elithile liye lenza ngokungafanele, linganikeza amakhambi ahlukahlukene. Inkantolo ebukezayo kumelwe iphoqelele ukuthatha isinyathelo senhlangano "esigwegwesi noma esithathelwe isikhathi ngokungenamthetho" futhi ithole ukuthi ayivunyelwe ngokomthetho futhi "ibeke eceleni isenzo senhlangano, okufunyenweyo, neziphetho" eziwubuqaba, ngokuphambene nelungelo lomthetho-sisekelo, ngokungeqisi, ngaphandle kokugcinwa kwenqubo efunwa umthetho, noma ukungasekelwa ubufakazi obuqinisekile.

Izinkantolo zingachitha imithetho yezinhlangano, ziphendule izinqumo zokujezisa, ziyale ukuba izinhlangano zithathe isinyathelo ngokungemthetho ziye zenqaba ukuthatha isinyathelo, noma zilungise izindaba engosini ukuze kuqhutshwe ezinye izinqumo ezivumelana nesinqumo senkantolo. Ngokuvamile, lapho ukuthatha izinhlangano kulula ngaphansi kwendinganiso yokuzihlola ewufunayo nongaqondi kahle, lesi senzo sibuye sibekwe enxuseni ukuze kuqinisekiswe umbhalo.

Izibonelo Ezivamile Zezinqumo Zokuhlola Uhulumeni

Ukuqonda izibonelo ezivamile kungabonisa indlela le nqubo yokuqondisa esebenza ngayo.

Ukunikeza Imvume Nokuvumela Izinqumo

Izinhlangano eziningi zikahulumeni zikhipha izincwadi zemvume futhi zivumele abantu namabhizinisi ukuba bahlanganyele emisebenzini elawulwayo.

  • Ilayisense yemisebenzi yempatho : amabhodi kahulumeni agunyaza odokotela, abameli, abahlengikazi, abagcini-mali, onjiniyela, onjiniyela, ochwepheshe abaningi. Lezi zikhungo zimisa izimfuneko zokufundisa nokuhlangenwe nakho, zinikeze iziphetho, zihlole izikhalo, futhi zingakhipha izimvume zokuziphethe kabi.
  • Ilayisense yezentengiselwano: Imishini yokukhipha amalayisense ezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zamabhizinisi kuhlanganise nezindawo zokudlela, izitolo, izikhungo zokunakekela izingane, nezinye eziningi. Inqubo yokulungisa ihilela ukubukeza izicelo, ukuhlola, nokuqinisekisa ukuhambisana nempilo, ukuphepha, nezinye iziqondiso.
  • [ Imvume ezithi threatrikings: Izinhlangano zendawo ezungezile zivumela imisebenzi engase ithinte izinga lomoya, izinga lamanzi, indawo ebandayo, noma ezinye imithombo yendawo ezungezile. Lezi zinqumo zihilela ukuhlolwa okuyinkimbinkimbi kobuchwepheshe nokulinganisela ukucatshangelwa kwezezomnotho nendawo ezungezile.
  • Imvume yokuhlela : iminyango yokwakha kanye nohlelo lwezinhlangano lokuhlela kuvumela imisebenzi yokwakha, ukuqinisekisa ukuvumelana nemithetho yokwakha, imithetho yokuhlanganisa indawo, kanye namapulani.

Zuza Ukuzimisela Ukuba Oqotho

Izinhlangano zikahulumeni ziqondisa izinhlelo eziningi ezizuzisa umphakathi futhi zenze izinqumo zokuthi ubani ofanelekela ukuthola izinzuzo:

  • Izinhlelo ze-Public Ahelps: Izimo zokuhlola zinquma ukuba ngcono kwezinhlelo ezinjenge-Medicaid, usizo lokudla (SNAP), usizo lwemali lwesikhashana (TTANF), nezinye izinkonzo zomphakathi. Lezi zinqumo zihilela ukubukeza izicelo, ukuqinisekisa inzuzo nempahla, kanye nokusebenzisa imithetho eyinkimbinkimbi yokuzinza.
  • Izinzuzo zokungasebenzi[: Izinhlangano zikahulumeni zokungasebenzi zinquma ukuthi abantu ngabanye bayakufanelekela yini ukukhokhelwa ukuswela umsebenzi, banqume inzuzo, futhi izingxabano eziphikwayo phakathi kwezisebenzi nabaqashi.
  • Inkampani yabasebenzi: amabhodi enkokhelo ezisebenzi anquma ukuthi ukulimala emsebenzini kuyasebenziseka, kunqume izinga lokukhubazeka, futhi kuxazululwe izimpikiswano ngokwelashwa nezinzuzo.
  • Izinzuzo ezingalungiseka[: Izimemezelo zihlola izicelo zezinzuzo zokukhubazeka, ukunquma ukuthi abafaka isicelo bahlangabezana yini nencazelo engokomthetho yokukhubazeka futhi banelungelo lokuthola usizo.

Izenzo Zokuphoqelela

Izinhlangano zikahulumeni zimisa imithetho nezimiso ezingxenyeni zazo zegunya, zithathe isinyathelo ngokumelene nokwephulwa komthetho:

  • [[NT:0] Ukuchaphaza kwezentengiselwano nokuphepha : Iminyango yezempilo ihlola izindawo zokudlela, izibhedlela, amakhaya asebekhulile, nezinye izakhiwo, ikhipha imishwayelo nesijeziso esibanzi sokwephulwa kwemithetho yempilo nokulondeka.
  • Ukungqubuzana okungokwesayensi [: Izinhlangano zendawo ezungezile zihlola izenzakalo zokungcola, izimpawu zokwephulwa, futhi zingaphoqa inhlawulo noma zidinge isinyathelo sokulungisa ukwephulwa kwemithetho yendawo ezungezile.
  • Imposiso yokuziphatha : Amabhodi e-licending ahlola izikhalo ezimelene nochwepheshe abagunyaziwe futhi angaphoqa isiyalo kusukela ekukhuzeni kuya ekugunyazeni ukunqanyulweni kwezindinganiso zobuchwepheshe.
  • [ Umthetho owephula umthetho : Izinhlangano zezisebenzi zimisa iholo nemithetho yamahora, izimfuneko zokuphepha emsebenzini, nezinye izivikelo zezisebenzi, ukuphenya izikhalo kanye nokubeka izijeziso zokwephulwa.

Ukuthuthukiswa Kwezinga Nokubuyiselwa Kwezomnotho

Ezinye izinhlangano zikahulumeni zilawula amazinga akhokhelwa abathengisi abangochwepheshe nezinye izimboni ezilawulwayo:

  • Izinga lokusebenza : Imishini yezenzuzo yomphakathi ihlela amazinga kagesi, igesi engokwemvelo, amanzi, nezinkonzo zokuxhumana, ilinganisa isidingo sezinto ezisetshenziswayo ukuze kubuyiselwe izindleko futhi ithole ukubuya okulinganiselwe nesidingo sokuvikela abathengi emazingeni eqile.
  • [[NTL:0] Izinga lokuncitshiswa [: Iminyango yomshuwalense ibukeza futhi ivume amazinga ezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zomshuwalense, iqinisekisa ukuthi yanele, ayiqiqi, futhi ayiphathi mthetho ngokungafanele.

Ukusebenzisa Izwe Nokulungisa Izinqumo

Izinhlangano zikahulumeni nezindawo zenza izinqumo ngendlela indawo engasetshenziswa ngayo:

  • [ Ukuveza iMariances: Amabhodi okuhloba anquma ukuthi anganikeza yini abanikazi bezindawo ukuba basebenzise indawo yabo ngezindlela ezingavumelani nemithetho yokuhlela.
  • [ I-Subdivessive Revisions: amanxusa ahlelayo ahlola futhi avumele amasu okuhlukanisa indawo ibe amaphasela amancane okuthuthukisa.
  • Isivumelwano sokusebenzisa imvume: I-Acters zinquma ukuthi zingavumela noma zivumele ukusetshenziswa okuthile ezindaweni lapho zingavunyelwe khona njengelungile kodwa zingavunyelwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile.

Izenzakalo Zamuva EMthethweni Oqondisayo

Umthetho ophethe uyaqhubeka ushintsha ngezinguquko zemithetho, izinqumo zenkantolo, kanye nokushintsha endleleni izinhlangano ezisebenza ngayo. izenzakalo eziningana zamuva zisho okukhulu ngendlela izinhlangano zikahulumeni zenza ngayo izinqumo.

Izinguquko Ekulahleni Ukwahlulela

ELoper Bright, iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi uChevron antenence wedlula iziqondiso ezibekwe eMthethweni Wombuso, izinkantolo ziqhubeke zingakuvumeli ukuzithoba okungaqondile ezincazelweni ezingokomthetho zezinhlangano zokuqondisa, kodwa esikhundleni sokuwuchaza ngokuzimele umthetho futhi ukhiphele imingcele yentando yeSishaya - mthetho.

Nakuba icala leLoper Bright libhekiswe ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni, lingase lithonye nendlela izinkantolo zikahulumeni ezihlola ngayo izinqumo zezinhlangano zikahulumeni.

Ukugxila Ekwandiseni Ukubona Imibala

Izinhlangano eziningi manje zinyathelisa ukwaziswa okwengeziwe kuyi - Internet, zinikeza imishini yokubeka imikhumbi yezomthetho futhi zisebenzise ezobuchwepheshe ukuze umphakathi uhlanganyele.

Imizamo Yokuqondisa Izinguquko

Imibuso eminingi iye yathatha imizamo yokulungisa izinqubo zayo zokuphatha, ngokuvamile inomgomo wokunciphisa imithwalo yokuqondisa kuyilapho igcina isivikelo esidingekile. Lezinguquko zingahlanganisa izimfuneko zokuhlaziya izindleko, amalungiselelo okushona kwelanga, noma ukuqondisa ukumiswa kwemithetho.

Amacebiso Awusizo Okuqondisa

Ukuqonda uhlelo lomthetho kubalulekile, kodwa ukwazi indlela ephumelelayo yokusebenzisa inqubo yokuqondisa kungaba nomehluko omkhulu. Nanka amacebiso asebenzayo:

Hlala Uzazi Izenzo Zokuhlola

Ukuthumela lezi zincwadi noma amawebhusayithi ezinhlangano njalo kungakusiza ukuba uhlale wazi ngezenzo ezingase zikuthinte.

Izinkampani eziningi zilondoloza nezinhlu zokuthumela noma uhlu lwe - email zabantu abanesithakazelo ezindabeni ezithile.

Hlanganyela Enqubweni

Ukuhlanganyela komphakathi kungathonya izinqumo zezinhlangano. Ukunikeza izinkulumo ezicatshangelwe kahle, ezicatshangelwe kahle ngemithetho ehlongozwayo kungaholela izinhlangano ekulungiseni izihlongozo zazo. Ukuhlanganyela emacaleni kungasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi umbono wakho uzwakala.

Lapho unikeza izimpendulo, chaza ngokuqondile ukuthi isenzo esihlongozwayo singakuthinta kanjani, sinikeze ukusekela okungokoqobo kwezikhundla zakho, futhi sisikisele ezinye izindlela zokhonkolo uma uphikisa isihlongozo senhlangano.

Ukuqonda Izindlela Ezifile

Izinqubo zokuphatha zilawulwa ngezikhathi ezimisiwe, ukungafaki isikhathi sokufaka isicelo noma sokunikeza izimpendulo kungaholela ekulahlekelweni kwelungelo lakho lokuhlanganyela noma ukubekela isinqumo inselele.

Uma udinga isikhathi esengeziwe, izinhlangano eziningi ziyonezela uma uzicela ngaphambi kokuba isikhathi esimisiwe siphele futhi zinikeze isizathu esihle.

Gcina Umlando Omuhle

Uma kudingeka udlulisele isinqumo noma ufune ukubukezwa kokwahlulela, kubalulekile ukuba irekhodi eliphelele libe khona.

Izingxoxo zezincwadi nezisebenzi zenhlangano, eziphawula usuku, isikhathi, umuntu okhuluma naye, nalokho okuxoxwe ngaye, nakuba ukuxhumana okungahleliwe kungase kungabi ingxenye yerekhodi elingokomthetho, amaphuzu akho angakusiza ukuba ukhumbule ukwaziswa okubalulekile.

Yazi Isikhathi Sokufuna Usizo Olungokomthetho

Nakuba izinqubo eziningi zokuphatha zingasetshenziswa ngaphandle kommeli, ezinye izimo zidinga usizo lomthetho olungochwepheshe. Cabangela ukuxhumana nommeli uma:

  • Le ndaba ihilela izikweletu ezinkulu zezimali noma amalungelo abalulekile
  • Izindaba ezingokomthetho noma ezingokwesivumelwano ziyinkimbinkimbi
  • Ubhekene nokubhucungwa okungokomthetho nezinqubo ezifana nokulingwa
  • Ucabangela ukufuna ukubukezwa kokwahlulela ngesinqumo senhlangano yezomthetho
  • Le nhlangano inamanxusa amelela isikhundla sayo

Izinkampani eziningi zezomthetho zinikeza abameli izinkonzo, futhi ezinye izinhlangano zosizo ezingokomthetho zinikeza usizo mahhala noma oluphansi kubantu abafanelekela ukufaneleka ngenxa yemali abayitholayo.

Sebenzisa Imicebo Etholakalayo

Izinhlangano eziningi zinikeza izincwadi eziqondisayo, zibuza imibuzo njalo nezinye izinto ukuze zisize abantu baqonde izinqubo zazo.

Ezinye izifundazwe zinamahhovisi asebenza nge-ombusts angasiza ekuxazululeni izingxabano nezinhlangano noma izinqubo zokuqondisa eziyinkimbinkimbi. La mahhovisi angaba imithombo ewusizo uma unenkinga yokuthola ukwaziswa noma ukuxazulula izindaba ngezindlela ezivamile.

Ukubaluleka Komthetho Olawulayo Ekubuseni Kwentando Yeningi

Umthetho wokuphatha wanda kakhulu phakathi nekhulu lama - 20, njengoba izindikimba zemithetho emhlabeni wonke zakha izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezengeziwe ukuze zilawule izici zezenhlalo, zezomnotho nezezombangazwe zokusebenzelana kwabantu. Namuhla, izinhlangano zokuqondisa zithinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwanamuhla, kusukela ekulondekeni kokudla namanzi kuya ekuvimbeleni ochwepheshe, kusukela ekuvikeleni indawo ezungezile kuya ekulawuleni kwezomnotho.

Isimiso esingokomthetho sokulawula isinqumo senhlangano esenzayo sifeza imisebenzi eminingana ebalulekile esimisweni sethu sentando yeningi. Iqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlangano zisebenzisa amandla azo eziwaphathisiweyo ngokukhomba nangomthetho. Inikeza ukuba kube sobala ukuze izakhamuzi ziqonde ukuthi izinqumo ezizithintayo zingenziwa kanjani. Iveza amathuba okuhlanganyela komphakathi, ivumela labo abathintekayo ngezimiso ukuba babe nezwi ekukhuleni kwazo. Futhi ifaka izinqubo zokuziphendulela ngokunxusa kokuqondisa nokuhlola kokwahlulela.

Emthetho wokuqondisa, ukulinganisela okubucayi kulondolozwa phakathi kwegunya lezinhlangano zikahulumeni namalungelo abantu namabhizinisi, asekelwa ngezinqubo ezinjengokubukeza kokwahlulela, okunikeza isixwayiso ngezenzo zezinhlangano zokuqondisa futhi kuqinisekise ukuthi izinqumo zezinhlangano, kuhlanganise nalezo zezinhlangano eziqondisayo, zinamathela ezimisweni zokungakhethi nokulunga okungokomthetho.

Ukuqonda indlela izinqumo zikahulumeni ezenza ngayo kunika izakhamuzi amandla okuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo enqubweni yokuqondisa, ukuvikela amalungelo azo nokubeka icala likahulumeni.

Imicebo Eyengeziwe Yokufunda Okwengeziwe

Kulabo abafuna ukufunda okwengeziwe ngomthetho wokuphatha nokwenza izinqumo zezinhlangano, kunemithombo eminingi ekhona:

  • I-Government Websites ye-State Government: Ohulumeni abaningi bamazwe bagcina amawebhusayithi agcwele anokwaziswa okuphathelene nezinhlangano, imisebenzi, nendlela yokusebenzelana nazo. Bheka amawebhusayithi ombuso wakho asemthethweni omnyango we-ctec noma we-sethi yomnyango ngamunye.
  • Inkulumo yezobuphathi zincwadi zemisebenzi: Ukufunda inqubo yakho yokuphatha kahulumeni kunganikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ngezinhlangano zemithetho okumelwe zilandelwe. Lezimiso zitholakala kakhulu kuyi-inthanethi ngamawebhusayithi omthetho kahulumeni.
  • [[[QURT:0] Izinhlangano ze-Aid Aid : Izinhlangano eziningi zosizo olungokomthetho zinikeza ukwaziswa nosizo oluhlobene nezindaba zomthetho wokuphatha, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezithinta abantu abathola imali ephansi njengenzuzo yomphakathi, indawo yokuhlala, kanye nosizo lwezempilo.
  • Imitapo yezincwadi engokomthetho: imitapo yezincwadi yomthetho, kuhlanganise naleyo esezikoleni zomthetho neminye imitapo yomphakathi, inezincwadi, iziqondisi zemfundo, neminye imithombo yomthetho elawulayo. Abaqondisi abaningi bomthetho bayajabula ukusiza amalungu omphakathi athole izinto ezifanele.
  • Izinhlangano ze-Governament Accounting akhawunti [: Izinhlangano ezihlukahlukene ezingaphumeleli zihlola izinhlangano zikahulumeni futhi zinikeze ukwaziswa ngezinqubo zokuphatha namalungelo ezakhamuzi.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngomthetho wokuqondisa nokwembukwa kukahulumeni, ungathola lemithombo iwusizo: Cornell Legal Information Istitute yoMthetho we-Administrative , i-EPA's ukufingqa kwe-Adminitive Procture Act , kanye [FLT] neqoqo lezeluleko zenqubo yokuphatha kwezwe .

Isiphetho

Izinhlangano zikahulumeni zinamandla aphawulekayo okwenza izinqumo ezithinta abantu ngabanye, amabhizinisi, nemiphakathi. Isimiso somthetho esilawula lezi zinqumo − kuhlanganise nezimfuneko zomthetho-sisekelo, inqubo yokulawula, ukwenza imithetho, kanye nokwengamela kokwahlulela — ukuqinisekisa ukuthi lamandla asetshenziswa ngokungakhethi, ngokusobala, nangokuvumelana nomthetho.

Ngokuqonda indlela izinhlangano ezenza ngayo izinqumo, ukuthi yiziphi izinqubo okumelwe zizilandele, namalungelo onawo enqubweni yokuqondisa, ungaphumelela kakhulu ekuxhumaneni nezinhlangano zikahulumeni, uhlanganyele ngokunenjongo ekuthuthukeni kwezimiso, futhi uvikele izithakazelo zakho lapho izinqumo zezinhlangano zithinta wena.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ufaka isicelo selayisense, ukhulumela ngemithetho ehlongozwayo, ukhansela ukuphika okuzuzisayo, noma uzama nje ukuqonda indlela uhulumeni esebenza ngayo, ulwazi lwenqubo yokuphatha lubalulekile. Isimiso siklanyelwe ukulinganisela isidingo semithetho kahulumeni ephumelelayo kanye nesivikelo samalungelo omuntu ngamunye nesimiso sombuso wentando yeningi. Nakuba kungase kubonakale kuyinkimbinkimbi ngezinye izikhathi, izimiso zaso eziyisisekelo, ukuthatha isinyathelo, ukuthatha isinyathelo, nokulandisa okusekelwe ekuqondiseni kwezimiso zobulungisa nokulunga nomthetho.

Njengezakhamuzi emphakathini wentando yeningi, sonke sinecala ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izinhlangano eziqondisayo zisebenza kahle futhi zisiza isithakazelo somphakathi. Ngokuhlala zinolwazi, ngokuhlanganyela lapho amathuba ephakama, nangokuqonda amalungelo ethu, singasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi umbuso ophethe usebenza ngendlela okufanele usebenze ngayo: njengendlela yokusebenzisa umthetho ngokufanelekile nangempumelelo kuyilapho uhlonipha amalungelo nezithakazelo zawo wonke amaqembu athintekayo.