Umqondo wenqubo efanele isisekelo esiyisisekelo sesimiso somthetho waseMelika, esisekelwe ezinzibeni zesihlanu nezeshumi nane zomthetho womthetho. Iqinisekisa ukuthi akekho umuntu oyophucwa ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwenqubo elindelekile yomthetho. Izinkantolo zichaza lesi simiso ngezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko: inqubo efanelekile, ethinta ukulunga kwenqubo kahulumeni, kanye nenqubo efanelekile, evikela amalungelo athile ayisisekelo ekuphazameni kukahulumeni. Lezizincazelo ziveza ngemithetho engokomthetho futhi zimise izibopho zezakhamuzi zonke. Ukuqonda indlela izinkantolo ezichaza ngayo inqubo efanele kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukulinganisela kwenqubo yamandla phakathi kombuso nomuntu ngamunye.

Ukuqonda Inqubo Efanele: Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo

Inqubo elindelekile i-lick-ronal yomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo waseMelika, esebenza njengenhlolo-hlolo egunyeni likahulumeni. ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sisebenza kuhulumeni kahulumeni, kuyilapho iSichibiyelo seshumi nane sidlulisela iziqondiso ezifanele zenqubo yezenzo zikahulumeni. Zombili, ziqinisekisa ukuthi izenzo zikahulumeni ezithinta abantu ngabanye zilungile futhi zilinganiselwe ngokwesiko. INkantolo Ephakeme isekela njalo ukuthi inqubo efanele ayiyona inkambiso eqinile kodwa ingumqondo ovumelana nezimo zecala ngalinye.

Inqubo ejwayelekile

Inqubo efanelekile yokungandlululi igxila ezindleleni nasezimisweni uhulumeni okumelwe azilandele lapho ufuna ukuncisha umuntu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla. Ngaphakathi, kudinga ukuba abantu bathole isaziso ngesenzo esihlongozwayo kanye nethuba lokuzwakala phambi komenzi wesinqumo ongakhethi. Ukuhlelwa okuvamile kuvela ku `mathematies v. Eldridge' [ [1976], okwasungula ukuhlolwa okulinganiselayo kokulinganisela isithakazelo somuntu siqu esithintekile, ingozi yokuncishwa kwezimiso ezikhona, nesithakazelo sikahulumeni ngempumelelo. Izinkantolo ziye zasebenzisa lolu vivinyo olubanzi lwe-mongosimongo, kusukela ezinzuzo ezinhlahleni zemali nasezingeni lokulalela isikole.

  • Inothi: abantu ngabanye kumelwe baziswe ngamacala noma izenzo ezibekwe kubo ngendlela efike ngesikhathi, enomniningwane owanele wokulungiselela isivikelo.
  • [ I-Opportudit ezwakalayo: Lokhu kuhlanganisa ilungelo lokunikeza ubufakazi, ukubiza ofakazi, nokubhekana nobufakazi obungathandeki.
  • Inkantolo engakhethi: Izinqumo kumelwe zenziwe umenzi wesinqumo ongathathi hlangothi ngaphandle kobandlululo noma isithakazelo somuntu siqu.

Inqubo efanelekile yokudingidwa akuyona inqubo emisiwe yohlu; izimfuneko eziqondile ziyahluka ngokwesimo senqubo nezithakazelo ezibhekene nayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuqulwa kwecala lobugebengu kufuna ukuvikelwa okugcwele, kuyilapho ukuqulwa kwecala lokuxoshwa kwezindlu zomphakathi kungase kudinge inqubo engekho ngokomthetho. Izinkantolo ziqaphele futhi ukuthi inqubo efanele ihlanganisa ilungelo lokwelulekwa ezicabeni zobugebengu futhi, kwezinye izimo zomphakathi njengokuqedwa kwamalungelo abazali, usizo lweseluleko lungase ludingenzeki ngokomthetho.

Inqubo Engeyona Inkinga

Inqubo efanelekile enqubweni eyisisekelo ivikela amalungelo athile ayisisekelo ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni, ngisho noma izinqubo ezisetshenziswayo zilungile. Lemfundiso inqabela uhulumeni ukuba angawaphuli amalungelo "asekelwe ngokujulile "emlandweni nasesikweni sesizwe" kanye "ekusekelweni enqubeni yenkululeko emisiwe," njengoba ibekwe ekwakhekeni kwe i-Yahington v. [ [[FLT]] [1997]. INkantolo Ephakeme ibone isilinganiso isilinganiso esilinganiselwe samalungelo abalulekile ngaphansi kwenqubo efanelekile, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokushada, ilungelo lokukhulisa abantwana, ilungelo lokudla, ukukhokha ngokukhululekile, nobuqotho ebuqothweni. Uma umthetho umthwalo oyinhloko, ufaka imvume eqinile, udinga inzuzo eqinile, inzuzo ewugunyaza umthetho futhi uveza inzuzo engokomthetho. Izivumelwano ezingokomthetho zisebenzisa isisekelo esiqinile kuphela isisekelo somthetho.

  • [[NTL:0] Isokudla ukushada:[ Obergefell v. Hodges (2015] inqubo efanele nesivikelo esilinganayo emshadweni oxhunyiwe.
  • ngakwesokudla sokukhulisa abantwana:[ Troxel v. Granville [2000] waqinisekisa isithakazelo esiyisisekelo sabazali sokuqondisa ukukhuliswa kwezingane zabo.
  • unelungelo lokufihla imfihlo:[ [[FLT]] Griswold v.Connecticut [65] waqaphela ilungelo lokwethulwa komshado, kamuva elinwetshwe [[FLT:]ROE v. [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [197] [7][197]] kanye [[FLT]]
  • kwesokudla ukwenqaba ukwelashwa: Cruzan v. UMqondisi, uMnyango wezempilo waseMissouri (1990) waqaphela ilungelo lomuntu ofanelekayo lokwenqaba ukwelashwa okungakhokhelwa ukuphila.

Inqubo eyisisekelo eyisisekelo isengenye yezindawo eziphikiswana kakhulu zomthetho - sisekelo, futhi abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ivumela abahluleli ukuba bafunde lokho abakuthandayo eMthethweni.

Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo Okungokomlando Kwenqubo Efanele

Umsuka wenqubo efanele ungalandelelwa emuva eMagna Carta (1215), eyaqinisekisa ukuthi akukho muntu okhululekile ozophucwa amalungelo ngaphandle "komthetho wezwe" Lomqondo washintshela eMthethweni wesiNgisi futhi wafakwa enqubeni kahulumeni wakuqala. Izifemu zenqubo efanelekile ye-U.S. zahlanganisa isivikelo esifaneleyo eSigqini seSigqi seNguqulo sesihlanu, futhi ngemva kweMpi Yombango, iSiphendulo seshumi Nesine sadluliselwa kohulumeni. Izinqumo zakuqala zeNkantolo ephakeme, njengendlela yokuvikela Scott v. [D [FLT]] [185], itolika inqubo efanelekile ekuvikelweni kokugqizwa kwempi, kodwa ngemva kwe-Onke i-junicristrial Reconstrudectic yaqala ukuqaphela inqubo elungiselelwe umuntu ngamunye.

Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 nelama-20 kwavela inqubo edingayo yezezomnotho," izinkantolo ezazivame ukumisa imithetho yezisebenzi njengeholo eliphansi nezimiso zamahora anjenge Lochner v. INew York [1950]. [1950]. Lenkathi iphele ngenqubo efanelekile yezezomnotho [[FLT:]] West Coast Hotel v. Parrish [1977], ngemva kwalokho iNkanto ethatha isisekelo esiqinile semithetho yezentengiselwano. Kusukela lapho, inqubo efanelekile edingayo i-inqubwele i-intengiselwayo igxile ekufuneni inkululeko yomuntu siqu, nakuba inqubo efanelekile yokuphatha, ikhuphucuthelwe umthetho, inzuzo, nemfundo.

Icala Eliyinhloko Lenkantolo Eliyisihluthulelo Lilahla Inqubo Emisiwe

Izinqumo eziningana eziphawulekayo zibonisa indlela izinkantolo eziyichaza ngayo inqubo efanele nalokho okushiwo yiyo ezakhamuzini.

[[IQULT:0] Roe v. [ [1973] kanye [[QUL:2] namaDobb v.Jackson Women’s Health Organization [2022]

, iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuthi ilungelo lokungafihliwe, elisekelwe enqubweni efanelekile, lihlanganisa isinqumo sowesifazane sokuqeda ukukhulelwa. INkantolo yamisa uhlelo olulinganiselwe olulinganisela inkululeko yowesifazane empilweni kamama nasempilweni yokuphila. [[FLT:], iphethe ukuthi ukukhishwa kwesisu okungangeni-mfashini eminyakeni engu-50 kamuva, amaDobbs v. iNhlangano yezempilo yabesifazane yeJackson i- ibuye i-e phezu kwenqubo yokukhishwa kwezisu.[FLT:] [[FLT]]] [5]], iphethe ukuthi ukukhishwa kwesokudla akusekelwe kakhulu emlandweni futhi ayivikelwe yinqubo efanelekile yokukhishwa komcimbi.

[[UMTH:0] Miranda v. Arizona[ (1966)

iMiranda enwetshwe ngokuphawulekayo] ngokufuna ukuba abanyabeli bomthetho bazise abasolwayo ngamalungelo abo ukuba bathule futhi banikeze iseluleko phakathi nokuphenywa kwelungelo lokuthola ilungelo. INkantolo yacabanga ukuthi ngaphandle kwalezi zixwayiso, isimo sobungane obungokwemvelo bamaphoyisa siphula ilungelo leSichibiyelo seFite seSimende ngokumelene nokuzilahla, esisebenza ezizweni ngenqubo efanelekile yeSiphendulo seNyakatho se - 14.

[[UMTL:0] Shashington v. Glucksberg (1997)

Ku Glucksberg, iNkantolo yenqaba inqubo eyisisekelo enzima enzima eWashington ekuvimbeleni ukuzibulala. Isinqumo saveza indlela elinganiselwe: ukuze kube nelungelo eliyisisekelo ngaphansi kwenqubo edingayo, kumelwe kube "ngokungaqondiseki, okusekelwe ngokujulile emlandweni namasiko" kanye "nobufakazi emqondweni wenkululeko ehleliwe". INkantolo ayitholanga isiko elinjalo lokusiza ukuzibulala nokuhlola okunengqondo, isekela ukuvinjelwa. Lokhu kubonisa indlela yeNkantolo yanamuhla yokuqapha ekhutshwe.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

[INkantolo] ye-Obergefell, iNkantolo ePhakeme yathi ilungelo eliyisisekelo lokushada lisebenza kwimibhangqwana engokobulili obufanayo ngaphansi kwakho kokubili ukumiswa kwenqubo efanelekile kanye nokuvikelwa okulinganayo kweSichibiyelo seshumi Nane leMibulundaniso. INkantolo yathola ukuthi ilungelo lokushada liyisithakazelo esiyinhloko esiyinhloko esiyinhloko ekuzilawuleni komuntu ngamunye, futhi ukukhipha imibhangqwana efanayo emishadwebeni kwayenza ingabina isithunzi. Lokhu kubonakalisa amandla aqhubekayo enqubo efanelekile efanelekile evikela ubuhlobo bomuntu siqu, naphezu kovivinyo oluqinile oluvela

Izimfunezelo Zezakhamuzi: Amalungelo Namaqiniso

Izincazelo zokwahlulela zenqubo efanele zinemiphumela eshintshashintsha kakhulu ekuphileni kwansuku zonke kwezakhamuzi, ezithonya yonke into kusukela ekwahluleleni kobugebengu kuya emthethweni womkhaya nakumathuba ezindaba zomuntu siqu.

Isivikelo Ekukhiqizweni Okungalungile

Inqubo efanelekile ivikela izakhamuzi esenzweni sikahulumeni esizimele. Ngokwesibonelo, ngaphambi kokuba isikole somphakathi simbekezele umfundi izinsuku eziyishumi noma ngaphezulu, iNkantolo Ephakeme ebekwe ku Gos v. Lopez [1897] ukuthi umfundi kumelwe athole isaziso nethuba lokuqulwa. Ngokufanayo, emqondweni wezinzuzo ze-Social Security, uhulumeni kumelwe anikeze ukuqulwa ngaphambi kokuba anqume izinzuzo. Lezi sivikelo ziqinisekisa ukuthi abantu ngabanye banethuba elibalulekile lokuncintisana nezinqumo zikahulumeni ezithinta ukuphila kwabo, inkululeko, noma impahla yabo.

Ukuqulwa Kwezilingo Okufanele Nokumelelwa Ngokomthetho

Ilungelo lokululeka ezicabeni zobugebengu, eliqinisekiswe yiSichibiyelo seSithandathu futhi elisetshenziswa ezizweni ngenqubo efanele Gedeon v. Waingrid [1963], liqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nabamangalelwa abakhohliswayo bayakwazi ukufinyelela kummeli. Muva nje, iNkantolo iye yaqaphela ukuthi inqubo efanele idinga usizo olusebenzayo lweseluleko ngaphansi srickland v. Washington[FLT][19984] (19984). Emacala omphakathi, nakuba kungekho lungelo eliphelele lokweluleka, inqubo edinga ukumisa ummeli ezimweni eziyisisekelo lapho amalungelo anjalo ephakathwayo, njengoba kusikiselwe eNkathini yeNkathi [FLT] [F] [5] [5] eHMnyango LwezeNkathi Lwezomphakathi]

Ukuba Wedwa Nokuzisebenzela Enkathini Yamanani

Ubuchwepheshe buletha izinselele ezintsha enqubweni edinga inqubweni. Njengoba izinhlangano zikahulumeni ziqoqa izilinganiso ezinkulu zemininingwane yezezinombolo, izinkantolo kumelwe zilinganisele amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu nezidingo zomthetho. Carpeent v. United States [2018]], iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuthi uhulumeni ngokuvamile udinga isiqinisekiso sokufinyelela amarekhodi angokomlando e-cell-sture readread, ukucaphuna isivikelo seSimende seSine sezimfuneko ezinengqondo zokweshekelelwa ukuba wemfihlo. Nakuba icala lanqunywe ngaphansi kweSine Impondo-Mpanziso, ibonisa inqubo efanelekile yokuthi izakhamuzi zinelungelo lokungakhonzwa ngokuvikelwa uhulumeni ngokungafanele. [[FLT:]]

Izinselele Nezimpikiswano

Naphezu kwezivikelo eziqinile, izinselele ezinkulu zikhona. Ukuzifaka ngokweqile kuye kwaholela emashumini amaningi amacala amancane athwele izijeziso ezingathi sína, ngokuvamile kudlula izinqabo zokuzivikela ezingokomthetho. Ukuhluleka ukunikeza abameleli abasemthethweni abanele, ikakhulukazi ezimisweni zomphakathi, kusho abamangalelwa abaningi ababhekene nokulingwa ngeseluleko esinzima. Imithetho enqabile yomphakathi ivumela ukugcinwa komthetho ngaphandle kokuqiniseka kwecala, ukuphakamisa inqubo efanelekile ngokuswela kwezaziso kanye nokuzwa kwabaphathi bempahla. [[FLT: 0] Ukuhlola kwenhlangano yokulahlekelwa umbangono kuqokomisa lemibuzo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphakama kwemidwebo emalini eyingozi, ukugweba, ukugweba, ukugweba, nokunquma izinqumo ezithize kakhulu okungase kuphikiswayo uma kungena yindlela yokulawula noma yokulawula.

Imikhuba Yamuva Nekusasa Lenqubo Efanele

Inqubo yokuchaza ayisebenzi endaweni eyodwa. Umqedazwe we-COVID-19 washukumisela izinkantolo ukuba zikhulume ngeziyalezo zempilo eziphuthumayo ezithiya inkululeko (ngokwesibonelo, iziphakamiso, izimfuneko zokugoma, nokuvala ibhizinisi. i-Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn. I-Cukomo[[FLT:]] [2020]), iNkantolo Ephakeme yashaya imingcele yezindawo zokukhulekela zaseNew York njengephula inqubo yokuzivivinya ngokuzithandela, kodwa icala lagcizelela ukushukuma komphakathi okungatshazwayo okusha okunjengokuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, ukwenziwa kwezezomthetho, ukulawulwa kwezezobuchwepheshe, izinkantolo ziqhubeke zihlanza imingcele yokuhlangana kwezindawo zokukhulekela kokubili iproccona kanye nenqubo efanelekile.

Ukwakhiwa kweNkantolo Ephakeme kuye kwashintsha eminyakeni yamuva, nabaningi abadla ngoludala abathambekele ekulinganiseleni ukwanda kwenqubo edingayo. amaDobbs ayisibonelo esicacile. Amacala esikhathi esizayo angaphinde aphinde ahlole izinga lelungelo lokufihla icala, amalungelo okudlulisa abantu abazimele, nemingcele yokuzibusa komkhaya. Izazi ezingokomthetho kanye nabasekeli bagxila kakhulu enqubweni yeNguquko ye - 14. yezentengiselwano yezehlo ezifanele nesivikelo esifanayo [ njengamathuluzi asebenzela ukuvikela amalungelo omphakathi.

Ukunika Izakhamuzi Amandla Ngenqubo Efanele

Inqubo elindelekile ayiyona nje inqubo engokomthetho; isivikelo esingokoqobo esingacelwa yisakhamuzi ngasinye. Ukwazi inqubo efanelekile engokwendawo neyokuthungatha kwenza abantu bakhononde ukuphamba uhulumeni, bafune ukuzwa kahle, futhi bavikele inkululeko yabo eyisisekelo. Imfundo, usizo olungokomthetho, kanye nokungafundi okusemthethweni kuyimfuneko ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi inqubo efanelekile ingaphezu kwesithembiso esingokoqobo. Nakuba ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okuqhubekayo kwencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo kungaguqula isivikelo esithile, isibopho esiyinhloko sokuthi akukho muntu okufanele aphucwe ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kokuphathwa kahle silokhu siyinto evelele yobulungisa baseMelika.