Table of Contents

Izinkantolo zisebenza njengezindawo ezibalulekile zokuvikela inkululeko yomphakathi eUnited States, zivikela inkululeko eyisisekelo ethonya ukuphila kwansuku zonke kwezigidi zamaMelika. Ngokuchaza ngokucophelela izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo nokubukezwa kokwahlulela kwezenzo zikahulumeni, isimiso senkantolo siqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo abantu ahlala evikelekile ekuphathweni uhulumeni, uhulumeni, neziphathimandla zendawo. Lokhu kuhlola okubanzi kuhlola indlela izinkantolo ezivikela ngayo inkululeko yomphakathi ngezimiso ezihlukahlukene ezingokomthetho, izinqumo ezingokomthetho, kanye nezinqubo zokwahlulela eziqhubekayo eziqhubeka zichaza imingcele yenkululeko yomuntu siqu emphakathini wanamuhla.

Ukuqonda Inkululeko Yabemi Nesisekelo Sabo Somthetho - sisekelo

Inkululeko yomphakathi iyinkululeko eyisisekelo eqinisekiswe nguMthetho-sisekelo ovikela abantu ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni. Lezisivikelo zakha isimiso esiqinile sentando yeningi yaseMelika futhi zihlukanisa i-United States nezimiso zomthetho kwezinye eziningi emhlabeni wonke. Iningi kakhulu lezinqumo ezichaza inkululeko yomphakathi yaseMelika zisekelwe kuyiBill of Rights, iziphendu zokuqala eziyishumi ezenezelwe kuMthetho-sisekelo ngo-1791.

Inkululeko yomphakathi evikelwe eBill of Rights ingahlukaniswa ibe yizindawo ezimbili ezibanzi: inkululeko namalungelo aqinisekiswe eSichibiyelweni sokuqala (inkolo, inkulumo, izindaba, ingqungquthela, nezicelo) kanye nenkululeko kanye namalungelo ahlangene nobugebengu nenqubo efanelekile. Lezisivikelo zomthetho-sisekelo zidlulela ngalé kwemiqondo engokomthetho elula.

Inkululeko yomphakathi ikhathalela amalungelo nenkululeko eyisisekelo eqinisekiswe ngokucacile yiBhili of Rights noMthetho - sisekelo waseU.S. noma iye yachazwa futhi yakhishwa yizishaya - mthetho noma izinkantolo. Ukuziphendukela kwalezi sivikelo kubonisa indlela isimiso somthetho - sisekelo esizivumelanisa ngayo nezimiso zomthetho ukuze sibhekane nezinselele zamanje kuyilapho silondoloza ukwethembeka ezindinganisweni zesisekelo ezamiswa emakhulwini amabili eminyaka adlule.

Indima Yokubukeza Kokwahlulela Ekuvikeleni Amalungelo Abantu Ngabodwa

Ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kungokunye kwamathuluzi anamandla kakhulu anezinkantolo okuvikela inkululeko yomphakathi. Kusungulwe ecaleni eliyingqophamlando uMarbury v. Madison (1803), ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kunikeza izinkantolo zikahulumeni ikhono lokumemezela izenzo zomthetho nezokuphatha ngaphandle kwemithetho. Lesi simiso esiyisisekelo sivumela izinkantolo ukuba zisebenze njengendlela yokuhlola amanye amagatsha kahulumeni, ziqinisekise ukuthi imithetho nezimiso zihambisana nesivikelo somthetho-sisekelo.

INkantolo Ephakeme ivikela amalungelo omphakathi nenkululeko ngokumisa imithetho ephula uMthetho-sisekelo futhi ibeke imingcele efanele kuhulumeni wentando yeningi ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi izikhulu ezithandwayo azikwazi ukukhipha imithetho elimazayo futhi noma zisebenzise kabi amaqembu amancane angathandwa. Lo msebenzi wokuzimela umelela isici esibalulekile sentando yeningi yaseMelika, uvikela amaqembu angavikelekile ekubushiseni kweningi.

Igunya lokwahlulela lase-United States liseNkantolo Ephakeme futhi izinkantolo eziphansi njengeSishaya-mthetho zingadala, futhi ukubusa kwalezinkantolo kudlulela kuwo wonke amacala aphakamayo ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo. Lombuso obanzi wenza ukuba izinkantolo zikahulumeni kuzo zonke amazinga zikwazi ukusingatha ukuphulwa kwenkululeko yomphakathi, zidala izingqimba eziningi zesivikelo samalungelo abantu ngabanye kuso sonke isimiso sokwahlulela.

Indlela Izinkantolo Eziphansi Ezinikela Ngayo Ekuvikelweni Kwabantu Ngomphakathi

Ngenxa yobuntu bukahulumeni kahulumeni wethu, izinkantolo zikhathazekile ngokuphulwa kwamalungelo omphakathi yizifundazwe kanye noHulumeni. Lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme ithola ukunakwa okukhulu ngezinqumo zayo zenkululeko yomphakathi, izinkantolo zikahulumeni eziphansi zisingatha izinkulungwane zamacala athinta inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ngokuqondile unyaka ngamunye. Izinkantolo zesifunda nezinkantolo zesifunda zisebenza njengohlu lokuqala lwesivikelo sokwahlulela sezakhamuzi ezimalungelo azo aphulwe.

Lezinkantolo eziphansi zichaza izenzakalo zeNkantolo Ephakeme futhi zisebenzise izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo ezimweni ezithile eziyiqiniso, zidala umthetho wecala onikeza isiqondiso esiningiliziwe ngendlela isivikelo senkululeko yomphakathi esisebenza ngayo. Izinqumo zazo zithonya okuhlangenwe nakho kwansuku zonke kwabantu baseMelika abasebenzelana nabaphathi bomthetho, izinhlangano zikahulumeni, izikole, nezinye izinhlangano ezingaphucwa amalungelo abantu ngabanye.

Icala Lenkantolo Ephakeme Elathonya Ukukhululeka Kwangaphakathi

Kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, izinqumo ezithile zeNkantolo Ephakeme ngokuyisisekelo ziye zaguqula isimo senkululeko yomphakathi. Lamacala aphawulekayo awaxazululanga nje izingxabano ezithile kuphela kodwa futhi amisa nezimiso eziqhubeka ziqondisa ukwenza izinqumo zokwahlulela futhi zichaze izinga lenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.

Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo: Ukungahlangani

KuPlesty/. Ferguson (1896), iNkantolo Ephakeme yavuma ukuhlukaniswa ngokusekela imfundiso ethi "ehlukene kodwa elinganayo," kodwa ngo-1954, iNkantolo yasiguqula isinqumo sayo se-Pasley, isho ukuthi "izikole ezihlukene azilingani ngokwemvelo". IBrown v. ibhodi lemfundo yamelela isikhathi esinciphileyo emlandweni wezenhlalakahle waseMelika, ibonakalisa amandla eNkantolo okulungisa ukungalungi nokuvikela imiphakathi ephansi.

Inkantolo ephethe iBrown v. ibhodi yemfundo ukuthi ukwahlukaniswa kohlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi akusebenzi ezingxenyeni zonke ze-United States, kuhlanganise nasemiphakathini engasoze yalahla izikole zomphakathi ingekho iziqondiso zikahulumeni. Lelicala libonisa indlela izinqumo zenkantolo zikahulumeni ezingasusa ngayo izintando zendawo nemithetho kahulumeni ukuqinisekisa ukuvikelwa okulinganayo kwamalungelo omthetho-mthetho kulo lonke izwe.

Isinqumo seBrown simenyezelwa njengesinqumo esiphawulekayo emlandweni weNkantolo Ephakeme, sigumbuqela iPlesty v. Ferguson (1896) eyayidale imfundiso "ehlukene kodwa elinganayo", nangokugumbuqela lemfundiso, iBrown Court yasiza ekubekeni isisekelo senhlangano yamalungelo omphakathi nokuhlangana kwezwe. Icala libonisa indlela izinqumo zokwahlulela ezingasebenza ngayo njengezisusa zoshintsho olubanzi lwezenhlalo, zishukumisa izenzo zomthetho kanye nezisusa zotshani ezithuthukisa inkululeko yomphakathi.

Miranda no - Arizona: Ukuvikela Amalungelo Esikhathi Sesigebengu

Lapho icala likaMiranda lifika phambi kweNkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States, iNkantolo yanquma ukuthi ibopha izigebengu, ngaphambi kokuphenywa kwamaphoyisa, kumelwe yaziswe ngelungelo labo lomthetho-sisekelo ngokumelene nokuziphikisa nelungelo lommeli. Lesi sinqumo sonyaka ka- 1966 sadala i-familiar "Iranda" izixwayiso izikhulu zomthetho okumelwe zinikeze izinsolo ezisolwayo.

Amalungelo omphakathi nenkululeko yomphakathi kuvikelwa kangcono uma izakhamuzi zansuku zonke ziwazi lawomalungelo. Isinqumo sikaMiranda sibonakalisa lesi simiso ngokufuna ukuba abantu batshelwe ngokucacile ngesivikelo sabo sesihlanu nesesithupha ngesikhathi esibucayi lapho besengozini enkulu yokuphoqelelwa nguhulumeni. Lokhu kubonisa indlela izinkantolo ezingakha ngayo izimiso ezisebenzayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo siguqulelwe ezingeni elingokoqobo.

Isinqumo sikaMiranda siye saba nemiphumela ephawulekayo emikhubeni yokugcinwa komthetho kulo lonke elase - United States, samisa izinqubo ezicacile amaphoyisa okumelwe azilandele ukuze aqiniseke ukuthi ukuvuma izono nezinkulumo kutholakala ngokuvumelana nezimfuneko zomthetho - sisekelo. Ukuphulwa kwamalungelo eMiranda kungaphumela ekubushiyisweni kobufakazi lapho kuqulwa icala, kunikeze isisusa esinamandla sokuvumelana nezindinganiso zomthetho - sisekelo.

UGideyoni Wainwright: Uqinisekisa Ilungelo Lokweluleka

Esinqumweni esivumelanayo kuGideon nakuWainwright, iNkantolo yaphetha ngokuthi iSichibiyelo Sesithupha seseluleko siyilungelo eliyisisekelo, futhi isiHlanzi se - 14 sidlulisela lelolungelo kubamangalelwa ezinkantolo zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nalabo abamangalelwa ngecala elibi. Lesi sinqumo sika - 1963 saguqula isimiso sokwahlulela ngokufuna ukuba kunikezwe abameli abamangalelwa abangenakukwazi ukuqasha izimpawu zabo ezingokomthetho.

Icala likaGideyoni laqala lapho uClarence Earl Gideon, indoda yaseFlorida eyayimangalelwe ngokuphula nokungena, icela ukuba inkantolo imise ummeli ukuba ammelele ngoba engenakukwazi ukukhokhela uhulumeni.

Lesi sinqumo siyaqaphela ukuthi isimo somthetho wezobugebengu baseMelika sifuna ukuba nezinhlangothi zombili zibe nezimpawu ezisemthethweni ezifanele ukuze ziqiniseke ngokulunga. Ngaphandle kommeli, abamangalelwa abanalwazi namakhono adingekayo ukuze basebenzise izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi zomthetho, ubufakazi obubekela inselele, futhi baveze nezindlela zokuvikela eziphumelelayo zokuvikela, okukwenza kube nelungelo lokunikeza iseluleko esidingekile ekuvikelweni okufanelekile.

Obergefell v. Hodges: Ukunweba ukulingana komshado

Isinqumo se-Obergefell saphawula ukunqoba okuphawulekayo kwe-LGBTQ+ amalungelo, njengoba iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi ilungelo eliyisisekelo lokushada liqinisekisiwe emibhangqwaneni engokobulili obufanayo kokubili i-Ceastement Claus ne-Living Proce Calasse of the Externet Reformation, ngokuphumelelayo ikwenza kube ngokomthetho umshado ofanayo wezenhlalo ye-14. Lesi sinqumo sango-2015 sibonisa indlela izinkantolo eziqhubeka ngayo zandisa isivikelo senkululeko yomphakathi ukuze zizwane nokuqonda isilinganiso nesithunzi.

Inkantolo yaphawula ukuthi isimo sokungabi nabulungisa siwukuthi singase singasiboni ngaso sonke isikhathi ezikhathini zethu futhi siphethe ukuthi izilinganiso ezintsha zenkululeko ziba sobala ezizukulwaneni ezintsha, ngokuvamile ngemibono eqala ngezicelo noma ngokubhikisha futhi ithathwa futhi enqubweni yezombangazwe nenqubo yokwahlulela. Lokhu kuphawula kuthatha isimo esinamandla sokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo nendima yezinkantolo ekuqapheleni amalungelo okungenzeka awacatshangelwanga ngokucacile abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo.

Isinqumo seObergefell sibonisa indlela izinkantolo ezilinganisela ngayo inhlonipho ngemibhalo engokomthetho kanye nenhloso yokuqala ngesidingo sokusebenzisa izimiso ezihlala njalo ezimweni zanamuhla. Ngokuqaphela ukuthi ilungelo eliyisisekelo lokushada linwebela emibhangqwana engokobulili obufanayo, iNkantolo yaqinisekisa ukuthi isivikelo senkululeko yomphakathi kumelwe siphendukele ekuboniseni ukuqonda okujulile kwesithunzi somuntu nokulingana.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala Siyavikela: Ukukhuluma, Inkolo, Nomhlangano

ISichibiyelo sokuqala simisa inkululeko enkulu emine: inkululeko yezindaba, yenkulumo, yenkolo, neyokuhlangana. lezisivikelo zakha isisekelo sokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi nokubonakaliswa komuntu ngamunye emphakathini waseMelika. Izinkantolo zinendima ebalulekile ekuchazeni imingcele yalenkululeko nokuxazulula izingxabano eziphakamayo lapho amalungelo ahlukene eqala ukungezwani.

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma Ezikhathini Zomphakathi

Izinkantolo zivame ukuphendula imibuzo ephathelene nezindawo zokuvikela inkululeko yokukhuluma ezimweni ezihlukahlukene, kusukela ekuvukeleni kwezombangazwe kuya ekukhangiseni kwezentengiselwano kuya ekuhlobiseni. Ngo- 1971, iNew York Times yakhipha i "Pentagon Papers" eyambula izenzo ezithile ezimbi zikahulumeni phakathi neMpi yaseVietnam, neNew York Times yaphendula icala likahulumeni ngempikiswano yokuthi umphakathi unelungelo lokwazi nokuthi inkululeko yawo yezindaba ifanele ixhaswe, futhi iNkantolo yakhetha ukusekela amalungelo ezindaba.

Lelicala libonisa indlela izinkantolo ezilinganisela ngayo izithakazelo ezincintisanayo − kulendaba, ukukhathalela ukulondeka kwezwe mayelana nelungelo lomphakathi lokwaziswa ngemisebenzi kahulumeni. Isinqumo sokuvikela inkululeko yezindaba ngisho nalapho uhulumeni ethi inzuzo yesizwe ibonakalisa ukubekwa kwezikhungo eziphakeme ezivikelayo zeSichibiyelo sokuqala nendima ebalulekile yezindaba ezikhululekile ekubuseni kwentando yeningi.

KuTinker .Des Moines (1969), iNkantolo Ephakeme yaphikisa ngokuthi abafundi nothisha abawadexi amalungelo abo omthetho-sisekelo enkululeko yokuveza izigaba emasangweni esikole. Lesisinqumo sandisa isivikelo sokuQonda kubafundi ezikoleni zomphakathi, siqaphela ukuthi intsha igcina inkululeko yayo yezemfundo ngisho nasezimisweni zemfundo. Nokho, izinkantolo ziye zaqaphela ukuthi izikole zingabeka imingcele enengqondo enkulu enkulumweni yabafundi uma kudingekile ukuba kugcinwe ukuhleleka nokufeza izinkonzo zemfundo.

Inkululeko Engokwenkolo Nokwakhiwa KukaClaus

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala siqukethe izigaba ezimbili ezihlobene nenkolo: u-Claus, owenqabela uhulumeni ukuba amise inkolo engokomthetho noma akhethe enye ngaphezu kwenye, ne-Free Execleroem Claus, evikela amalungelo abantu okuqhuba inkolo yabo ekhethiwe. Izinkantolo kumelwe zilawule ukungezwani phakathi kwalezizimiso ezimbili, ziqinisekise ukuthi uhulumeni akaqhubeki noma uvimbele umkhuba ongokwenkolo.

Izindaba ezihilela inkululeko engokwenkolo ngokuvamile zinikeza imibuzo eyinkimbinkimbi mayelana nobuhlobo obufanele phakathi kwesonto nombuso. Izinkantolo ziye zakhuluma ngezindaba ezisukela emthandazweni ezikoleni zomphakathi kuya emibusweni engokwenkolo esendaweni kahulumeni kuya ekukhululweni kwemithetho esebenzayo esekelwe ezinkolelweni ezingokwenkolo.

Inselele yezinkantolo iwukuvikela inkululeko engokwenkolo kubo bonke kuyilapho kuvimbela noma yimuphi umbono wenkolo ukuba ulawule izinhlangano zomphakathi.

ISichibiyelo Sesine: Amalungelo Okufihla Izindaba Nesivikelo Ekucwaningeni Okungenangqondo

ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela abantu ekufuneni okungacabangeli nasekuqulekeni iziphathimandla zikahulumeni, sifuna ukuba imvume isekelwe yizizathu ezingenzeka futhi ikakhulukazi ichaze izindawo okumelwe zihlolwe futhi zithathwe izinto. Izinkantolo zinendima ebalulekile ekuchazeni ukuthi kuyini ukufuna "ngokunengqondo" nokunquma ukuthi imibandela idingeka nini.

Izindaba Zomuntu Siqu Enkathini Yezinombolo

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka, izinkantolo ziye zabhekana nezinselele ezintsha ekusebenziseni izimiso zesi - 4 Isichibiyeli ekudluliseleni izingcingo, ekuhloleni izinto ngomshini nasemithonjeni yokwaziswa.

INkantolo Ephakeme ithole ukuthi kulindelwe ukuba kugcinwe imfihlo emarekhodini athile nokuthi ukubukezwa kwamaphoyisa lawo mibhalo kuhlanganisa ukuphenywa kweSichibiyelo sesine, futhi ngaphandle kwemvume, ukuphenya okunjalo akunangqondo. Lesi simiso sisebenza ezinhlotsheni ezihlukahlukene zokwaziswa komuntu siqu, kusukela ezifundweni zezincwadi zomuntu ovakashiwe ehhotela kuya emininingwaneni yezimali, siqinisekisa ukuthi abantu bagcina isivikelo semfihlo ngisho nalapho ukwaziswa kubekwa emaqenjini esithathu.

Izinkantolo kumelwe zilinganisele ukugcinwa komthetho okungokomthetho okudinga amalungelo omuntu ngasese, ziqaphela ukuthi amaphoyisa aphumelelayo ngezinye izikhathi adinga ukuthola ukwaziswa komuntu siqu kuyilapho eqinisekisa ukuthi ukutholakala okunjalo akulona ithuluzi lokuqapha okungaqashelwa. Ukusungulwa kweSichibiyelo Sesine seSichibiyelo enkathini yobuchwepheshe kubonisa indlela izinkantolo ezivumelanisa ngayo izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo nezinguquko zezobuchwepheshe ezazingeke zilindele.

Ukucwaninga Nokukhetha Okungenamsoco

Nakuba iSichibiyelo Sesine ngokuvamile sifuna imvume yokusesha, izinkantolo ziye zaqaphela ukuthi izindawo eziningana lapho ukugcinwa komthetho kungase kuhlolwe khona ngaphandle kwemvume yokwahlulela ngaphambi kokuba kuqashelwe.

Izinkantolo zihlolisisa ngokucophelela lokhu kugobeka ukuze ziqiniseke ukuthi aziwulandeli umthetho ovamile odinga imvume. Ukungathathi mthetho ngamunye unezimfuneko eziqondile nezilinganiselwa eziklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukuxhashazwa kuyilapho zivumela ukugcinwa komthetho ukuba kufezeke ngokuphumelelayo ezimweni eziphuthumayo nakuzo ezingokoqobo. Ukuqhubekela phambili kokuseshwa nokuphangwa kubonisa imizamo yezinkantolo yokulondoloza iziphetho ezine zeSichibiyelo sesine ezinenjongo ezimweni ezihlukahlukene zezwe.

Ukuhlangana kwezimoto ezimayo futhi zime, ukusesha phakathi nokuma kwezimoto, nokuhlola imingcele yomhlaba wonke zonke izimpikiswano zeSichibiyelo sesine ezikhona eziye zadingidwa yizinkantolo ngomthetho wecala oningiliziwe. Lezi zinqumo zithinta ngokuqondile izigidi zabantu baseMelika ngokusebenzelana kwansuku zonke nomthetho, ukunquma ukuthi amaphoyisa angabopha nini abantu ngabanye, acele ukuba bathunyelelwe, izimoto zokusesha, noma ukungena emakhaya.

Amalungelo Afanelekile Enqubweni Ezobulungisa Bobugebengu

Amalungelo aqinisekiswe iziNkampumpumputhe zesine, isi - 5, nesi - 8, avikela wonke amaMelika, kodwa futhi enza kube nzima ukujezisa izigebengu. Lokhu kucindezeleka kubonisa ukukhetha okuyisisekelo emklamweni womthetho - sisekelo waseMelika: isimiso sibeka kuqala ukuvikela abantu abangenacala ekukholweni okungalungile nasekuphathweni uhulumeni, ngisho noma ngezinye izikhathi lokhu kwenza kube nzima ngokwengeziwe ukubeka icala abantu abanecala.

Ilungelo Lokuqulwa Kwecala Okungenagwegwesi

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha siqinisekisa ukuthi abamangalelwa banelungelo lokuquliswa icala okusheshayo nokunomphakathi yijaji elingakhethi, ilungelo lokutshelwa amacala, ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi, ilungelo lokuphoqelela ofakazi ukuba bafakazele, nelungelo lokusiza ngeseluleko. Izinkantolo ziphoqelela lezisivikelo ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, kusukela ekucindezeleni ubufakazi obutholayo ngokwephula amalungelo omthetho okugumbuqela izinkolelo lapho abamangalelwa bengamukelanga khona ukuqulwa okulungile.

KuGos v. Lopez (1975), iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi abafundi banelungelo elithile lokuthola amalungelo afanele enqubo ethile, iphethe ukuthi uma nje umbuso unikeza imfundo kuzo zonke izakhamuzi zawo, awunakubaphuca yona ngaphandle kokuqinisekisa izivikelo ezifanele zenqubo. Lesimiso sidlulela ngalé kwezenzo zobugebengu kwezinye izimo lapho izenzo zikahulumeni zithinta khona kakhulu izithakazelo zabantu, zibonisa ukufinyelela okukhulu kwenqubo yokuvikela efanele.

Izinkantolo kumelwe ziqinisekise ukuthi amacala aqulwa kahle, lapho kulandelwa izinqubo ezifanele futhi amalungelo abamangalelwa ehlonishwa kuzo zonke izigaba. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukubukeza izinqubo zokukhethwa kwejaji ukuze kuvinjelwe ukucwaswa, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abamangalelwa banesikhathi nemali eyanele yokulungisa izisekelo zabo, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi ubufakazi obunikezwayo ekuqulweni kwecala butholakale ngokomthetho futhi bunokwethenjelwa.

Isivikelo Esijezisoni Esinonya Nesingavamile

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili senqabela isijeziso sonya nesingavamile, isivikelo izinkantolo eziye zasichaza ngokuguqula ngezindinganiso zomphakathi zokuziphatha okuhle. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekunqumeni ukulinganisela ukusetshenziswa kwesijeziso sentambo, ukulinganisela izimo zokuvalelwa, nokunqabela imikhuba ethile yokugweba ebhekwa njengengalingani namacala enziwe.

Lezi zinqumo azithinti nje kuphela abantu ababhekene nesijeziso sobugebengu kodwa futhi zihlela nezimiso ezibanzi eziphathelene nokuboshwa, ukuvuselelwa kwesimilo nezinhloso zobugebengu emphakathini waseMelika.

KuKingsley v Hendrickson, iNkantolo Ephakeme yamisa indinganiso yamacala onya lwamaphoyisa lapho ukusolwa ngobugebengu kuphathwa kabi amaphoyisa noma onogada basejele ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, iphethe ukuthi indinganiso yesihluku samaphoyisa esimangalelwa yilabo ababoshwe ngaphambi kwenkantolo ingaba indinganiso elula kakhulu "engenangqondo". Lesi sinqumo sinikeza isivikelo esibalulekile kubantu ababoshweyo abangakabekwa icala lobugebengu, beqaphela ukuxhashazwa iziphathimandla.

Isichibiyelo Seshumi Nane Nokufaneleka Kwamalungelo

KuBarron v. Baltimore (1833), iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi iBill of Rights yayinqanda kuphela uhulumeni wesizwe futhi hhayi imibuso namadolobha, kodwa kwaze kwaba ngo - 1925 lapho iNkantolo yathembela eSichibiyelweni se - 14 ukuze ithole ukuthi uhulumeni kumelwe ahloniphe amalungelo okuMbekele iSichibiyelo (Gittow New York) agunyaza ukuthi inkululeko yokukhuluma nokunyathelisa yayingamalungelo omuntu siqu nenkululeko evikelekile yenqubo efanelekile yeSichibiyelo se - 14 sokuncishwa yile.

Lenqubo "yokuhlanganisa" iye yandisa kancane kancane iMikhathi yeSigqizo se-Gibraltar yamaLungelo ukuba isebenzise isivikelo esiningi sokuvikela kuhulumeni wombuso nakuhulumeni bendawo, hhayi nje uhulumeni kahulumeni wezwe. Ngokubekwa kweSichibiyelo se-14th Amendment, isivikelo esinikezwa yizimiso zomthetho ezihlobene nezimiso zobugebengu sanwetshwa ukuba sisebenze ezizweni, kuhlanganise nesiqinisekiso seSimemezelo seSijikele sowesine sokukhululeka ekuphenyeni okungakholekiyo nasekuqulekeni, ilungelo leSijiki seSijikishi seSinyakathu sokuya esesishiyagamu sesiya, kanye nokuvinjelwa kweSiphakamiso se-Andezinzi esine ngesijeziso esinonyayo, kanye neSiphendumiso se-Hanneth se-Premistry siqinisekisa isivikelo kanye nenqubo elinganayo ngaphakathi kwesimiso somthetho.

Isivikelo Esilinganayo Nezimiso Ezimelene Nezingxabano

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane seSiphendulo se-Unimetic Protection Claus senqabela ukunqabela noma yimuphi umuntu isivikelo esilinganayo semithetho. Izinkantolo ziye zachaza leli lungiselelo ukuze zinqande izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zobandlululo futhi zifune ukucubungula kakhulu izenzo zikahulumeni ezihlukanisa abantu ngezimpawu ezifana nohlanga, imvelaphi, nobulili.

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yathi phakathi kwamalungelo omphakathi ahloselwe ukuvikelwa esinyatheloni sikahulumeni sokukhipha ubandlululo ngeSichibiyelo se - 14 kunamalungelo okuthola, ukujabulela nokulahla impahla, nokuthi abahleli baleyo Sichibiyelo babebheka ukulingana kwamalungelo empahla njengokunye okubalulekile kwangaphambi kwamalungelo omphakathi nenkululeko okwakuhloselwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi lesi Sichibiyelo sasiyokwa.

Izinkantolo zisebenzisa amazinga ahlukene okuhlola kuye ngohlobo lohlelo oluhilelekile. Ukuhlelwa kwezinhlanga kuyahlolwa "indawo," idinga uhulumeni ukubonisa isithakazelo esishukumisayo nokuthi ukuhlelwa kwemithetho kulinganiselwe ukuze kufinyelelwe leso sithakazelo. Ukuhlelwa kohlobo lwe- Gender kwamukela "ukuhlolwa okuphakathi," kuyilapho ezinye izigaba eziningi zidinga kuphela ukwanelisa "isisekelo sokuhlukanisa". Lezindinganiso zihlela indlela izinkantolo ezibheka ngayo izinselele zemithetho nezimiso eziphatha amaqembu ahlukene ngokwehlukile.

Ukukhululeka Kwangaphakathi Ezindabeni Zosuku Zonke

Nakuba amacala avelele eNkantolo Ephakeme eqashelwa kakhulu, njalo izinkantolo kuwo wonke amazinga zisingatha izindaba zenkululeko yomphakathi ezithinta ngokuqondile ukuphila kwabantu kwansuku zonke. Lamacala angase angabi yizihloko eziphambili, kodwa alawula ukuvikelwa okungokoqobo komthetho - sisekelo kubantu abavamile baseMelika.

Ukuhlangana Okuphoqelelwayo Komthetho

Izinkantolo zichaza imithetho elawula ukusebenzelana kwamaphoyisa nezakhamuzi, inquma ukuthi izikhulu zingama nini futhi zibuze abantu ukuthi zingabahlola nini, futhi yiziphi izinqubo okumelwe zizenze lapho zibopha. lezi zinqumo zithinta izigidi zabantu baseMelika ababhekana nokuphoqelelwa komthetho emongweni ohlukahlukene, kusukela ekumisweni kwezimoto kuya ezimweni zasemigwaqweni kuya ekuhloleni izenzo zobugebengu ezicatshangelwayo.

Izinqumo zokwahlulela zimisa izindinganiso zokuhlola ukuthi izenzo zamaphoyisa ziyawephula yini amalungelo omthetho, zinikeza isiqondiso ezinhlanganweni ezinakekela umthetho ngokuphathelene nezinqubo ezifanele kuyilapho zinikeza abantu isisekelo sokuziphatha okungemthetho okuyinselele. Lapho izinkantolo zithola ukuthi amalungelo aye ephulwa, zingase zingabutholi ubufakazi ekuqulweni kwecala, zingabajezisi izisulu zokwephulwa umthetho, noma zikhiphe iziqondiso ezidinga izinguquko emikhubeni yamaphoyisa.

Izilungiselelo zokufundisa

Abafundi balondoloza amalungelo omthetho ezikoleni zomphakathi, nakuba izinkantolo ziye zaqaphela ukuthi izikole zingase zibeke imingcele enengqondo ukuze zilondoloze ukuhleleka futhi zifeze imisebenzi yemfundo.

Izinkantolo zilinganisela amalungelo abafundi ngokumelene nezithakazelo ezingokomthetho zezikole ekulondolozeni indawo ephephile, ehlelekile yokufunda. Lokhu kudinga ukuhlaziywa kwecala ngezimo ezithile, ukucabangela izici ezifana nobudala babafundi abahilelekile, uhlobo lwenkulumo noma ukuziphatha okuhilelekile, kanye nezinga lokuphazamiseka elibangelwa noma lisongelwa.

Izivikelo Zomsebenzi

Nakuba abaqashi abazimele ngokuvamile benenkululeko eyengeziwe kunezinhlangano zikahulumeni eziqondisa ukuziphatha kwezisebenzi, izinkantolo ziphoqelela ukuba izisebenzi zivikelwe umthetho - sisekelo futhi zichaze imithetho enqabela ukucwaswa kwamalungelo omphakathi emsebenzini.

Izisebenzi zomphakathi zinamalungelo okukhuluma ngeSichibiyelo Sokuqala ezindabeni zomphakathi, nakuba izinkantolo zilinganisela lamalungelo ngokumelene nezithakazelo zabaqashi bakahulumeni ngemisebenzi ephumelelayo. Amacala ahilela izindawo zokulala ezingokwenkolo, izivikelo zokushaya ikhwelo, nomsebenzi wezombangazwe wezisebenzi zikahulumeni wonke ufaka izimiso zenkululeko yomphakathi okufanele zisebenze ngokucophelela ezinkantolo emsebenzini.

Izinselele Nezingcindezi Ekuvikelweni Kwabantu Ngomphakathi

Iqiniso liwukuthi amalungelo ahlelwe kuMthetho-sisekelo naseSigqebheni samaLungelo ngokuvamile ancintisana, futhi inkululeko necala lamalungelo ezakhamuzi lihilela amalungelo ommangalelwa. Elinye ilungelo lommangalelwa eliphulwe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinkantolo ngokuvamile kumelwe zikhethe phakathi kwezindinganiso ezincintisanayo, kokubili okungase kube nezisekelo ezingokomthetho zomthetho-mthetho.

Ukulinganisela Ukulondeka Nenkululeko

Phakathi neziMpi Zokuqala nezesibili Zezwe iNkantolo Ephakeme yase - United States yasekela izinyathelo ezihlukahlukene zempi ezaziphazamisa kakhulu inkululeko engokwemvelo, futhi lezi zinqumo zinikeza umbono obalulekile ongokomlando okungase kucatshangelwe kuwo ukubukezwa kwezindlela zokwahlulela ezingacatshangelwa ngemva kokuhlasela kwamaphekula. Izinkantolo ziye zashikashikeka ngomlando ukuze zilondoloze isivikelo somphakathi phakathi nezikhathi ezibhekwa njengezimo eziphuthumayo, ngezinye izikhathi zibhekisela ezinqumweni eziphethe izikhulu nezomthetho ngokuphathelene nezidingo zokulondeka.

Ukucindezela kwempi kungaguqula ukumiswa kwesinqumo sokwahlulela, futhi ezimweni ezihilela inkululeko yomphakathi phakathi nesikhathi sempi, imfundiso ebonakala ifuna inkululeko yomphakathi ekugcineni ihoxiswa ekucindezelekeni kwangalesosikhathi. Lendlela engokomlando iphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile ngekhono lokwahlulela lokuhlola uhulumeni ngokuphumelela lapho izindaba zokulondeka zikhula.

Izinkantolo zanamuhla ziyaqhubeka zilwisana nalokhu kucindezeleka emongweni kusukela ezindinganisweni ezimelene nobuphekula kuya ekuqinisweni kwezokufuduka kuya eziphuthumayo zempilo yomphakathi.

Ukungavumelani Nemibono Ngamalungelo

Okuningi kuxhomeke endleleni iNkantolo Ephakeme echaza ngayo isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo. Amajaji namajaji aletha amafilosofi ahlukahlukene emsebenzini wabo, okuholela ekungavumelani ngemingcele yenkululeko yomphakathi nokusetshenziswa kwayo. Abanye bagcizelela ukuqonda kokuqala komthetho-sisekelo, kuyilapho abanye begxila ezindinganisweni eziguquguqukayo nasezindinganisweni zanamuhla.

Amajaji ayaphikisana ngamalungelo ezwe namalungelo awo, futhi angase angazimisele ukusunduza umbono wawo ngamalungelo womuntu siqu ngendlela evimbela amalungelo kahulumeni. Lokhu kuphikisana phakathi kwegunya likahulumeni nombuso, phakathi kwenkululeko nezindaba zomphakathi, naphakathi kwezindlela ezihlukene zokuchaza indlela ezilawulayo kuhlela indlela izinkantolo ezibheka ngayo amacala enkululeko yomphakathi.

Amajaji ahlukahlukene angafinyelela iziphetho ezingafani ngemibuzo efana neyomthetho - sisekelo esekelwe kumafilosofi awo okwahlulela, kokuhlangenwe nakho ekuphileni, nasezindinganisweni. Leli qiniso ligcizelela ukubaluleka kwezinqubo zokwahlulela kanye nethonya elihlala njalo ukumiswa kokwahlulela okungaba nalo ekuvikelweni kwenkululeko yomphakathi.

Imvelo Ebangela Inkululeko Yangaphakathi

Ukusetshenziswa kweNkantolo yoMthetho-sisekelo ekuvikeleni amalungelo abantu ngabanye nenkululeko kusukela phakathi kwekhulu lama-20 kuya ekuqaleni kwelama-21 kuphambene kakhulu nokubusa kwayo nangemva kwawo, futhi ngawo-1950 nangawo 1960, ushintsho lwenzeka njengoba amaMelika amaningi ehlangene ukuze avikele amalungelo omphakathi nenkululeko yabo bonke abantu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhlanga, ubulili, noma ubulili, noma umthetho wesigungu, kwadluliselwa umthetho kanye nomthetho-mthetho kushintsha imibono yokulingana kwaba umthetho, futhi iNkanto ePhakathi Nkakhulu yasiza ekubangeleni ushintsho oluyisisekelo lwezenhlalo phakathi kwezwe lonke izwe ngesigamu sekhulu leminyaka.

Lo mbono ongokomlando wembula ukuthi isivikelo senkululeko yomphakathi asisona esiqinile kodwa siyashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngenxa yokushintsha kwezindinganiso zezenhlalo, ubuchwepheshe obusha, nokushintshashintsha kokuqonda isithunzi somuntu nokulingana.

Izinkinga Ezihlanganisa Ukukhululeka Kwangaphakathi

Izinkantolo zanamuhla zibhekene nemibuzo engavamile enzima engenakucatshangwa ngezizukulwane ezidlule.

Izinkantolo kumelwe zinqume ukuthi izigwebo zeSichibiyelo sesine zisebenza kanjani ekulandeleni indawo ngocingo, ukuthi izimiso zeSichibiyelo sokuqala zilinganisela umthetho kahulumeni wezezindaba zezenhlalo, nokuthi izimfuneko ezifanelekile zisebenza kanjani ekwenzeni izinqumo zomthetho womthetho wobugebengu nakwezinye izimo. Lezi zimpikiswano ezisavelayo zizoguqula isivikelo senkululeko yomphakathi ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.

Umqedazwe we-COVOID-19 waphakamisa imibuzo eyengeziwe ngobukhulu begunya likahulumeni lokubeka imingcele enqubeni, engqungqutheleni nasekukhulekeleni okungokwenkolo egameni lempilo yomphakathi. Izinkantolo zakhuluma ngezinselele ezithatha izinyathelo eziphuthumayo ezihlukahlukene, zizama ukulinganisela imibandela yempilo yomphakathi ngokumelene nesivikelo somthetho-sisekelo ukuze umuntu athole inkululeko.

Izinkantolo ZoMbuso Nenkululeko Yangaphakathi

Njengoba kungekho ukuvikelwa okuqinile kwamalungelo abantu ezingeni likahulumeni, isivikelo somthetho - sisekelo sezwe nezinkantolo eziphakeme zikahulumeni zingasebenza njengenqikaza ukuze kuvikelwe amalungelo futhi kuqinisekiswe isivikelo esikhulu kunomthetho kahulumeni. Imithetho-mthetho yoMbuso ngokuvamile inezamalungelo ayo siqu, futhi izinkantolo zikahulumeni zingase zichaze lamalungiselelo okunikeza isivikelo esibanzi kunokuba uMthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni ufuna.

Le "i-prostancesism entsha yokwahlulela" iqaphela ukuthi izinkantolo zikahulumeni zinegunya elizimele lokuchaza imithetho-mthetho yazo futhi zingakhetha ukunikeza isivikelo esikhulu kakhulu samalungelo abantu ngabanye kunesidingo sezinkantolo zikahulumeni. Ezinye izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziye zandisa isivikelo semfihlo ngaphezu kwezindinganiso zeSine seSichibiyelo sikahulumeni, ziqaphele amalungelo amakhulu okukhuluma, noma zinikeze inqubo eqinile edinga ukuvikelwa ezimweni ezihlukahlukene.

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwezinkantolo zikahulumeni nombuso ekuvikeleni inkululeko yomphakathi budala isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi esinezingqimba eziningi zesivikelo. Abantu ngabanye bangaletha izivumelwano ngaphansi komthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni nombuso, futhi izinkantolo zikahulumeni zinganikeza amakhambi ngisho nalapho izinkantolo zikahulumeni zingeke ziwasebenzise. Lezizindlela ezihlukahlukene zivumela ukuhlolwa nokuthuthukiswa kwenkululeko yomphakathi kuyilapho zilondoloza izindinganiso zikahulumeni eziqinile.

Ukuya Ezinkantolo Nezikhambi Zokwephulwa Kwamalungelo

Ukuphumelela kwesivikelo sokwahlulela senkululeko yomphakathi akuxhomekile nje kuphela ezindinganisweni zomthetho eziphansi kodwa nasekhonweni lomuntu lokungena ezinkantolo futhi athole amakhambi anenjongo lapho amalungelo akhe ephulwa. Izinkantolo ziye zasungula izimfundiso ezihlukahlukene ezilawula ukuma, ukulunga, namakhambi anquma ukuthi ubani ongaletha inkululeko yomphakathi kanye nosizo ezingaluthola.

Izimfuneko Zokuba Olungile Nokulunga

Ukuze kubekwe icala enkantolo kahulumeni, abamangaleli kumelwe babonise ukuthi banesikhala esiqinile esibangelwa ukuziphatha kommangalelwa okungaxazululwa ngesinqumo esihle senkantolo. Lezi zimfuneko ziqinisekisa ukuthi izinkantolo zinquma izimpikiswano zangempela kunokuba zixazulule imibuzo engacacisi, kodwa futhi zingalinganisela ukutholakala kwezenzo zokwahlulela zikahulumeni ezingavumelani nemithetho.

Izinkantolo ziye zasungula izimfundiso ezengeziwe zokulunga, kuhlanganise nokuvuthwa, ubandlululo, nemfundiso yezombangazwe, okunquma ukuthi yimaphi amacala ayonqunywa izinkantolo.

Izindlela Zokwephula Umthetho

Lapho izinkantolo zithola ukuthi inkululeko yomphakathi iye yaphulwa, zinganikeza amakhambi ahlukahlukene. Emacalani obugebengu, umthetho wokuhlukanisa uvimbela ukusetshenziswa kobufakazi obutholakala ngokwephulwa amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Emacala omphakathi, izinkantolo zingakhokha isijeziso, izimemezelo ezidinga noma ezenqabela izenzo ezithile, noma zinikeze ukukhululeka okucacisa amalungelo nezibopho ezingokomthetho zamaqembu.

Ukutholakala nokuphumelela kwamakhambi kuthinta kakhulu ukuvikelwa kwenkululeko yomphakathi. Uma ukuphulwa kwenkululeko yomphakathi kungenamiphumela, isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo siba yisiphuzo nje. Izinkantolo kumelwe zilinganisele ukukhathazeka ngokumelene nesenzo sikahulumeni esingokomthetho esimelene nesidingo sokunikeza ukulandisa okunenjongo ngokuphulwa kwamalungelo.

Imfundiso efanelekile yokuvikela izikhulu zikahulumeni, evikela ekulinyazweni kwecala ngaphandle kokuba zephule ngokomthetho "esungulwe" amalungelo, iye yaba yimpikiswano ngokukhethekile. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi kukwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukwenza izikhulu zikhulu ziboshelwe ngokwephula umthetho, kuyilapho abavikeli bephikisa ngokuthi kunikeza isivikelo esidingekile kuziphathimandla ezenza izinqumo ezinzima ezimweni eziyinselele.

Indima Yezinhlangano Zokufundela Ubufundisi Ekukhululekeni Kwabantu

Izinhlangano ezinjenge-American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), iNaACP Legal Defense, kanye namanye amaqembu amaningi alwayo adlala indima ebalulekile ekuletheni amacala enkululeko yomphakathi ezinkantolo. Lezinhlangano zinikeza incazelo engokomthetho kubantu amalungelo abo aye ephulwa, amafayela axekiwe ezimweni ezibalulekile, futhi zihileleke ekuhlawulweni kwemithetho eklanyelwe ukusungula izenzakalo ezinhle.

Ukuqashelwa okuhleliwe kuhilela ukuwakhetha ngokucophelela amacala aveza amaqiniso alungile nezindaba zomthetho, ukuveza izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho eziphoqelelekile, nokunxusa lapho kudingekile ukumisa izenzakalo ezibophayo. Lendlela iye yaba usizo ekuthuthukiseni isivikelo senkululeko yomphakathi ezindaweni ezisukela ekwahluleleni kwezinhlanga kuya eLGBTQ + amalungelo okwahlulela okungalungisi.

Izinhlangano zomphakathi ezinesithakazelo zivame ukusebenza nemiphakathi ethintekile ukuze zibone ukwephulwa kwenkululeko yomphakathi futhi zithuthukise amasu okulungisa asingatha izinkinga ezingokwesimiso kunokuba kuxazululwe izindaba ezithile. Lendlela iyaqaphela ukuthi ukuvikela inkululeko yomphakathi okunenjongo akudingi nje kuphela ukunqoba amacala abantu kodwa futhi kudinga izimiso nemikhuba eshintshayo ephazamisa amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo ngokuhlelekile.

Imibono Yomhlaba Wonke Ngesivikelo Senkululeko Yombango

IUnited States iyisivumelwano samalungelo abantu amaningana asemhlabeni wonke, kuhlanganise ne - International Common and Political Common Rights, eqinisekisa amalungelo ezakhamuzi nawezombangazwe emhlabeni wonke. Nakuba umthetho wezizwe zonke ungabophi izinkantolo zaseU.S. ngendlela efanayo nemithetho yoMthetho - sisekelo nemithetho kahulumeni, izindinganiso zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke zingazisa ukuchazwa kwenkululeko yomphakathi.

Umthetho - sisekelo oqhathanisayo unikeza imibono eyengeziwe ngesivikelo senkululeko yomphakathi. Izinkantolo kwezinye imibuso ebusa ngentando yeningi zibhekene nezinselele ezifanayo ekulinganiseni amalungelo abantu ngabanye ngokumelene nezithakazelo zomphakathi, futhi izindlela ezizisebenzisayo zinganikeza ukuqonda ezinkantolo zaseMelika ezikhuluma ngezindaba eziwubala. Abanye abahluleli baseU.S. baye bacaphuna izinqumo zenkantolo zakwamanye amazwe emibonweni yabo, nakuba lomkhuba usalokhu uphikisana.

Umongo wembulunga yonke wenkululeko yomphakathi uqokomisa izici ezihlukile zendlela yokuvikela abantu baseMelika nezinselele ezivamile yonke imiphakathi ebusa ngentando yeningi ebhekana nazo ekuvikeleni inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.

Inkululeko Eyinhloko Engokwezakhamuzi Ivikela Ekuphileni Kwansuku Zonke

Izimiso ezingabonakali ezimiswe emthethweni womthetho-mthetho nasezinqumweni zeNkantolo Ephakeme ziguqulela ezivikelweni eziqinile ezithinta okuhlangenwe nakho kwansuku zonke kwamaMelika. Ukuqonda lezi zindlela ezisebenzayo kusiza ekuboniseni indlela izinkantolo ezivikela ngayo inkululeko yomphakathi ngezindlela ezithinta ukuphila kwabantu ngokuqondile.

  • Inkululeko yokukhuluma: Izinkantolo zivikela amalungelo abantu okuveza imibono yabo ezindabeni zezombangazwe nezezenhlalo, bahlanganyele ekuvukeleni ngokuthula, futhi bagxeke izikhulu zikahulumeni ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuziphindiselela. Lokhu kuhlanganisa isivikelo senkulumo engathandeki noma ecasulayo, beqaphela ukuthi impikiswano eqinile idinga ukubekezelela imibono ehlukene.
  • Inkululeko engokwenkolo: Izinqumo zokwahlulela zivikela amalungelo abantu ukuba basebenzise inkolo yabo ekhethiwe, bagweme ukugubha inkolo, futhi bagweme izimfuneko ezibekwe uhulumeni ezingokwenkolo. Izinkantolo zilinganisela lezi sivikelo kwezinye izithakazelo ezibalulekile, njengempilo yomphakathi nokuphepha.
  • Amalungelo omphakathi: ISichibiyelo sesine silinganisela ukuqapha nokusesha kukahulumeni, sidinga izicelo ezisekelwe ezizathwini ezingase zivele. Izinkantolo ziye zandisa lezisivikelo kubuchwepheshe obusha, ziqaphela ukuthi ukuzifihla kusemqoka kubalulekile ngisho nangezindlela zokuxhumana nokugcinwa kokwaziswa.
  • Inqubo elindelekile eCriminal Processings: izivikelo zomthetho-mthetho ziqinisekisa ukuthi abantu abamangalelwa ngobugebengu bathola ukuphathwa ngokufanele, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokunikezwa iseluleko, ilungelo lokuthula, ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi, nokuvikelwa ekujezisweni okunonya nokungavamile. Lezizivikela zivimbela ukuxhashazwa kukahulumeni futhi zivikele ezinkolelweni ezingalungile.
  • [ Isivikelo se-Equal Court: Izinkantolo ziphoqelela izimfuneko zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo ezithi uhulumeni aphathe abantu ngokulinganayo kungakhathaliseki uhlanga, imvelaphi yobuzwe, ubulili, nezinye izici ezivikelwe. Lezi zisivikelo zidlulela nasemfundoni, emsebenzini, emsebenzini, endlini, ekuvoteni, nasekutholeni izinkonzo zomphakathi nendawo yokuhlala.
  • Inkululeko yePress: Izinqumo zokwahlulela zivikela ikhono lezintatheli lokuqoqa nokubika izindaba, ukusakaza ukwaziswa ngemisebenzi kahulumeni, futhi kusebenze njengendlela yokuhlola amandla kahulumeni. Izinkantolo ziyaqaphela ukuthi umshini wokunyathelisa okhululekile ubalulekile ekubuseni kwentando yeningi nasekoneni.
  • [ Ilungelo lomhlangano:[ isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo sivumela abantu ukuba bahlangane ngokuthula ukuze babhikishe, babhikishe, futhi benze eminye imisebenzi ehlangene. Izinkantolo zilinganisela lamalungelo ngokumelene nezithakazelo ezingokomthetho zikahulumeni ekulondolozeni ukuhleleka komphakathi nokuphepha.
  • Isivikelo sokumelana nokwethulwa: Ilungelo lesihlanu lokuzihlela ngokumelene nokuziphindisela livimbela uhulumeni ukuba acindezele abantu ukuba banikeze ubufakazi obungasetshenziswa kubo ezimpikiswaneni zobugebengu. Lokhu kuvikela kudlulela ngalé kokuphenywa okungokomthetho emongweni ohlukene lapho uhulumeni ufuna khona ukwaziswa kubantu ngabanye.

Ikusasa Lesivikelo Senkululeko Yangaphakathi

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ibhekene nemibuzo ephathelene nokuzifihla kwezimiso ze - computer, umthetho wendawo ezungezile, noma amalungelo omphakathi ekhulwini lama - 21, iNkantolo Ephakeme, ehlome ngokuhlaziya kokwahlulela, ngokungangabazeki iyofeza indima ebalulekile ekulondolozeni uMthetho - sisekelo nasekusekeleni izimiso zentando yeningi ezichaza i - United States of America. Ukuziphendukela okuqhubekayo kwenkululeko yomphakathi kuyoxhomeka endleleni izinkantolo ezisingatha ngayo izinselele ezivelayo kuyilapho zilondoloza ukwethembeka ezimisweni zomthetho - sisekelo.

Izici eziningana zizohlela ikusasa lesivikelo sokwahlulela ngenkululeko yomphakathi. Intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe izoqhubeka iveza imibuzo emisha ephathelene nemfihlo, inkulumo, nenqubo efanele. Ukushintsha kwesimo sengqondo somphakathi kungaholela ekuqapheleni amalungelo amasha noma ukwanda kwesivikelo esikhona. Izenzakalo zezombangazwe nokumiswa kokwahlulela ziyothonya indlela izinkantolo ezichaza ngayo amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo kanye nezithakazelo ezincintisanayo.

Ukuphumelela kwezinkantolo ekulweleni inkululeko yomphakathi ekugcineni kuxhomeke ekuqondeni komphakathi nasekusekeleni isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo. Uma izakhamuzi zibheka inkululeko yomphakathi njengesibopho futhi zibheka uhulumeni njengonecala lokuhlonipha amalungelo, izinkantolo zingayifeza ngokuphumelelayo indima yazo njengabaqaphi benkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.

Imfundo ngenkululeko yomphakathi nendima yezinkantolo ekuzivikeleni ibalulekile. Ukuqonda amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo, ukwazi ukuthi angaqiniswa kanjani, nokuqaphela lapho ephulwe kunikeza abantu amandla okufuna isivikelo sokwahlulela lapho kudingeka. Izakhamuzi ezifundile zingahlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo ezimisweni zentando yeningi ezilawula isimiso somphakathi nokukhethwa kokwahlulela.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Njalo Kwesivikelo Sokwahlulela Ekwamukelweni Kwenkululeko Yangaphakathi

Ukuvikelwa kwenkululeko yomphakathi namalungelo omphakathi mhlawumbe kuyinzuzo ebaluleke kakhulu kwezombangazwe emphakathini waseMelika. Izinkantolo zisebenza njengabavikeli ababalulekile balenkululeko, zichaza amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo, zihlola izenzo zikahulumeni, futhi zinikeza amakhambi lapho amalungelo ephulwa. Ngezinqumo ezingokomlando nangamacala ansuku zonke, isimiso sokwahlulela sibumba isivikelo esingokoqobo senkululeko yomphakathi kubo bonke abantu baseMelika.

Nakuba izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziyigatsha likahulumeni elingangaphansi komthetho omningi, izinkantolo zithuthukisa ukubusa ngentando yeningi ngokuvikela inkululeko nokulingana ekungcoleni komthetho omkhulu. Lo msebenzi ophikisana nomthetho-mthetho umelela isici esihlukile nesibalulekile sombuso wentando yeningi waseMelika, uqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo ayisisekelo ahlala evikelekile ngisho nalapho engathandeki noma engathandeki.

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwezinkantolo nenkululeko yomphakathi bunamandla futhi buyaqhubeka. Njengoba umphakathi ushintshashintsha, kuvela izinselele ezintsha, futhi kuvela ukuqonda amalungelo, izinkantolo kumelwe ziqhubeke zivumelanisa izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo nezimo zanamuhla kuyilapho zilondoloza ukwethembeka ezindinganisweni eziyisisekelo. Lokhu kudinga ukwahlulela okucophelelayo, ukucabanga okunezimiso, nokuzinikela ekubuseni umthetho.

Izakhamuzi zifeza indima ebalulekile kulesi simiso ngokumisa amalungelo azo, ukugcona inselele, nokusekela izinhlangano ezivikela inkululeko yomphakathi. Uma abantu beqonda isivikelo somthetho - sisekelo futhi bewuvikela ngentshiseko, izinkantolo zingayifeza ngokuphumelelayo indima yazo njengabaqaphi benkululeko. Ukuqina kwenkululeko yomphakathi kuxhomeke kulobu buhlobo phakathi kwejaji elizimele nezakhamuzi eziboshelwe isibopho somthetho sisekelo.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngenkululeko yomphakathi namalungelo omthetho-sisekelo, vakashela i- American Libersion Union , ihlola imithombo yezobuchwepheshe e U.S. izinkantolo ezisemthethweni zewebhusayithi[[, noma ufunde ngezindaba ezingokomthetho [[FLT:] [[FLT]]] i-Oyez Project [[, enikeza ukwaziswa okuningiliziwe ngemithetho yezomthetho-mthetho yesizwe [[[FLT]] inikeza imithombo yezentelekelelo ngokomthetho nangakhohlo ekuphileni kwazo kwansuku zonke. Ukuqonda lezi sivikelo nendlela izinkantolo ezizivikela ngayo abantu ukuba basebenzise amalungelo abo nokuzibusa ngokubusa kwentando yentando yeningi.