Ukuchazwa kwamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo ezinkantolo akwenzeki kungenalutho; kuyinqubo eshukumisayo, ngokuvamile ephikisayo ehlela isimo somthetho-mthetho wase-United States. Ngezinkantolo eziphawuliwe, ijaji liye lachaza, lacwenga, futhi ngezinye izikhathi lichaza kabusha incazelo yamalungelo abekwe eMthethweni. Lokhu kuhlola okukhulisiwe kuhlola lezi zinqumo eziyinhloko, izindlela zokuchaza abahluleli abasebenzisa, kanye nezingatho ezifinyeleleka kude ekubusweni, inkululeko, nomphakathi jikelele.

Indima Yezinkantolo Ekuchazeni Amalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo

Izinkantolo, ikakhulukazi iNkantolo Ephakeme, zisebenza njengezisebenzisi zokugcina zencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo. Izinqumo zazo zingaba nemiphumela emikhulu emalungelweni abantu nasemandleni kahulumeni. ISiphakamiso III soMthetho-sisekelo simisa igatsha lokwahlulela, kodwa amandla aqondile okuchaza uMthetho-sisekelo ngegunya elibophayo avela kumthetho kusukela ekuqaleni komsebenzi kanye nokuzibopha kweNkantolo ngokwayo amandla emagqeni. Madison[[. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, i-judicary ichaza uMthetho-mscratic ngezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zamalens, kuhlanganise ne-listism, ne-omthetho-mthetho osemthethweni ophilayo.

I-textalism igxila encazelweni evamile yombhalo womthetho-sisekelo njengoba ibingaqondwa ngesikhathi sokuhlanganisa. UbuShunamani, obuhlobene kakhulu, bufuna ukubuyisa incazelo yakuqala yomphakathi noma injongo yokuqala yamaFramers. Ngokungafani, ukuphila ngomthetho-sisekelo kugcizelela ukuthi amagama abanzi oMthetho-sisekelo (afana “nenqubo yokuqala” noma“ isivikelo esilinganayo”"""" kumelwe kuvumelane nokushintsha izimo kanye nezindinganiso zomphakathi. Akukho ndlela eyodwa ebusayo; izahlulelo ngokuvamile zixuba izindlela, futhi ifilosofi echaza iNkanto ephikisanayo ixhomeke emalungwini ayo. Ukuqonda lamaqembu aphikisanayo kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi kungani izinkantolo zifinyelela iziphetho eziphakalweni ezihlukene.

Igunya leNkantolo elichazayo lidlulela nasemkhakheni wamalungelo. Amanye amalungelo acacile − njengenkululeko yokukhuluma eSichibiyelweni Sokuqala (*) kanti amanye achazwa njengelungelo lokuzifihla, iNkantolo eyathathwa ekulungiseni izinto eziningi. Inqubo yokuchaza idinga ukucabangisisa futhi ngokuvamile ibangela ukuphikisana komphakathi ngokuhlukumelwa kwezahluleli nangomsebenzi wokwahlulela.

Amacala Ayinhloko Ekuchazeni Umthetho - sisekelo

Marbury v. Madison (1803): Ukumisa i-Regacy Review

Lelicala eliyingqophamlando lamisa isimiso sokuhlola kokwahlulela, livumela iNkantolo Ephakeme ukuba iqede imithetho ephikisana noMthetho-sisekelo. Icala lavela esiyaluyalwini sezombangazwe sokhetho lwango-1800, lapho uMongameli ophumayo uJohn Adams emisa “abahluleli abaphakathi kwezinsuku” ebhentshini likahulumeni. UWilliam Marbury, omunye walabo abamisiwe, unobhala weSizwe uJames Madison osebenza ngokusemthethweni wakhe. UJaji Omkhulu uJohn Marshall, ebhalela iNkantolo, wayekholelwa ukuthi nakuba uMarbury ayenelungelo lokuthunywa, iNkantolo ayizange ibeke ngenxa yokunikezwa kwayo amandla ngenxa yokuthi umthetho onikeza lowo mbuso (unyaka we-13 ka-Judiary Act ka-1789) wawungawugunyazi i-Provitation.

Umbono kaMarshall wakugwema ngekhono ukuphikisana ngokuqondile noMongameli uThomas Jefferson ngokwenqaba ukukhipha umthetho, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo washo ukuthi ijaji linegunya lokumemezela izenzo zezehlakalo zomthetho we-Congress. Lokhu kugomela, nakuba kungashiwonga ngokucacile eMthethweni, kwaba yisisekelo. Njengoba Marshall abhala, “Kugcizelela isifundazwe nomsebenzi womnyango wokwahlulela ukuthi uyini umthetho." Namuhla, ukubukeza komthetho womthetho-mthetho-mthetho waseMelika, kuvumela izinkantolo ukuba zihlole imibandela kanye namagatsha aphethe.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954): Ending De Jure Se Convention

Kulendaba ebaluleke kakhulu, iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ngazwi linye ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa ngokohlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi kwaphula i-Uncile Protection Claus yeSichibiyelo se-14th. Isinqumo sayichitha imfundiso enyanyekayo “ehlukene kodwa elinganayo” yemfundiso ye Plasty v. Ferguson [1896]. IJaji eliyinhloko u-Earl Warren, ukubhalela iNkathi yeNkantolo, sagcizelela ukuthi izakhiwo zemfundo ezihlukile zazingalingani ngokuzenzekelayo, inciphisa izingane ezimbalwa zamathuba emfundo alinganayo futhi zibangela ukulimala kwengqondo.

Brown kwakungesona isinqumo esisodwa; kwakuyisiphetho seminyaka yokubekwa kwemithetho ye-naACP Lgin Defense Fund, eyayiholwa nguThurfaill Marshall. Umbono weNkantolo wathola ubufakazi bezesayensi bezenhlalo, njengokuhlolwa kwezifundo ze-Crect kaKenneth noMamie Clark, ukubonisa imiphumela elimazayo ye-paration. Lokhu kusetshenziswa kokwaziswa komthetho obonisa indlela ephilayo yokuthatha i-gractical Defect, uqaphela ukuthi incazelo yesilinganiso iyaqhubeka iqala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Isinqumo sabangela ukumelana okukhulu kwezinye izizwe, kodwa ekugcineni saveza indlela ye-Isenzo se-Ovilct ka-19649 kanye ne-Voclock Clact. [F.2]Umthetho weSikolo seSiko se-Leginst [Foct:[Foct:]

Intambo eqinile (i-Rade (1973): Imfihlo ne-Reproduction Autonomy

Isinqumo seNkantolo Roe v. Wade waqaphela ilungelo lowesifazane lokukhetha ukukhipha isisu ngaphansi kwelungelo lokuba wedwa, iNkantolo eyayithole ngaphambili emacala anjengo Griswold v. Connecticut [1965] [imvume]. Ukubhala ngenani elingu7-65], uMahluleli uHarry Blackmun wakholelwa ukuthi iSinyuko senkululeko yomuntu siqu neSigwebo se-Xhohlo se-Gremple se-X.[FLT] [[FLT]] [intelk] [ist:2]] [iConnecticut] [[FLT]] [ix]'ix'iphalk'ekuhlanganisa isinqumo sowesifazane sokuqeda ukukhulelwa kwakhe ukukhulelwa.

Nokho, iNkantolo yavuma futhi izithakazelo ezingokomthetho zikahulumeni ekuvikeleni impilo kamama kanye nokuphila okungase kwenzeke. Yadala uhlelo olulinganiselwe olulinganiselayo lokulungisa lezizithakazelo: phakathi nesinqumo sokuqala, isinqumo sasiphathelene nowesifazane nodokotela wakhe; emkhawulweni wesibili, izikhundla zingalawula ukukhishwa kwesisu ukuze kuvikelwe impilo kamama; futhi kamuva icala lasemuva linganqabela ukukhishwa kwesisu ngaphandle kokuba kudingekile ukusindisa ukuphila kowesifazane. Lesi sinqumo sabangela ukukhishwa kwecala kwasobala, kokubili okungokomthetho nokulungile, futhi sihlala singesinye sesinqumo esiphikisana kakhulu emlandweni weNkantolo. Icala lahlwithwa ngu [[FLT] [FLD] [0] i-om] i-Amen .[FLD] i-Amen Organization.[FFFM]

United States v. Nixon (1974): Umongameli

Lelicala laqinisa isimiso sokuthi akekho, ngisho noMongameli, ongaphezulu komthetho. INkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ngazwi linye ukuthi uMongameli uRichard Nixon kwadingeka akhiphe amakhasethi nezincwadi ezihlobene nehlazo leWatergate, enqaba ukuthi unelungelo lakhe lokulawula ngokuphelele. Icala lavela ekuhlolweni kokunqanyulwa kwesikhungo seDemocratic National Committee futhi kwalandela isembozo. Umshuwama okhethekile uLeon Jahorski wawabhabhabha amakhasethi; uNixon waphikisa ngokuthi lavikelwa yi-mfihlo edinga ukumiswa kwesinqumo somongameli esenzelwa.

IJaji eliyinhloko uWarren Burger, ebhalela iNkantolo, wavuma ilungelo lokuthola ilungelo lokuxhumana nomongameli kodwa wasekela ukuthi alikwazi ukudlula izimfuno eziyisisekelo zenqubo edingekile eqedweni lesigebengu. INkantolo yayala ukuba amakhasethi akhululwe, futhi ekugcineni yembula ukuthi uNixon uhileleke esesembozweni, okuholela ekutheni aphume. United States v. [FLT:] uNixon[FLT] [[FLT]] [1] waqinisa indima yejajinipho ekubambisa ukulandisa, ngisho nasemazingeni aphakeme kakhulu kahulumeni. Yamisa futhi uhlelo lwelungelo lokusingatha ilungelo lokulawula, lokukhipha imfihlo, idinga ukuphikisana nezithakazeko zobulungisa.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): Ukulingana komshado

Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme owell v. Hodges sisemthethweni emshadweni ongokwasemshadweni ofanayo ezweni lonke, siqinisekisa ukuthi ilungelo lokushada liyinkululeko eyisisekelo evikelwe yi-Currection and Exlimite Programme ne Protection Claussmes yeSimende Sezimemezelo se 1450. Ukubhalela imibhangqwana ehlukene engu-5 764, uMahluleli u-Anthony Kennedy wakholelwa ukuthi umshado ungokwemvelo emqondweni we-INjola, nokuthi ilungelo lokushada linwebela imibhangqwana ehlukene ehlukene ne-ex.

LeNkantolo yasekela indlela yayo yokucabanga ngezimiso ezine: ilungelo lokuzikhethela komuntu siqu ngokuqondene nomshado, ukusekela okunikezwa imikhaya, isivikelo sezingane nemikhaya, neqiniso lokuthi umshado uyisihluthulelo sokuhleleka kwezenhlalo. Umbono kaKennedy wathola isiko eliphilayo lomthetho-sisekelo, ephawula ukuthi “ukungabi nabulungisa kuwukuthi singayiboni ngaso sonke isikhathi ezikhathini zethu siqu.” Isinqumo siphoqelekile ukuba siqaphele imishado efanayo ehlangene eyenzeka kwezinye izifunda futhi saphawula iqophelo elibalulekile ekulweni kweLGBTQ +. Umbono womphakathi wawusushintshe kakhulu eminyakeni yangaphambi kwalokho, ubonise indima yeNkantolo ebonakalisayo kokubili ushintsho lwezenhlalo.

Ukufuna Incazelo Yenkantolo

Imiphumela yalamacala ayinhloko idlulela ngalé kwenkantolo. Bathonya umthetho womphakathi, balawula izimiso zomphakathi, futhi bathinta ukuphila kwezigidi zamaMelika. Ukuqonda lamacala kubalulekile kubafundisi nakubafundi ngokufanayo. Izinkantolo azimane nje zixazulule izingxabano; babiza incazelo engokomthetho ebopha bonke abadlali bakahulumeni, bakha uhlelo lwamalungelo esikhathi esizayo.

Ithonya Ekwahluleleni

Izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme zivame ukuholela ekushintsheni komthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, isinqumo ku- Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo ayizange ngokuzenzakalelayo isuse izikole, kodwa yanikeza isisekelo somthetho-sisekelo seSivumelwano samaLungelo samaLungelo ukuba sidlulise umthetho we-Civil Rights Act ka-196494 kanye ne-Voting Rights Act ka-19565. Ngokufanayo, Ofellbs v. Hodges sawususa umthetho owenqanyuliwe wemithetho engokomthetho efanayo, ukunciphisa ukuvinjelwa kwemithetho emisha emishaneni efanayo, ukucindezela ukumiswa kwemithetho emisha, ukuhlelwa kwemithetho yokuphatha ukutholwa komntwana, ifa, nezinzuzo ezimelelwayo noma ukukhishwa imvume zokukhishwa komthetho, ngokucuthwa kwecala, noma ukuvithwa kwezigwegwegwegwegwegwe, ngokubhi, ngokucuthwa njalo, ngokucuthwa, ngokuhlelwa, ngokuhlelwa kwenkantolo, noma ngokuhlelwa, ngoku

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngezinye izikhathi iziKhongolo - mbuso zingasabela ezinqumweni ezingathandwa ngokumisa izinguquko zomthetho - sisekelo, nakuba lenqubo ingavamile futhi inzima.

Umqondo Womphakathi Ophambene

Izimpikiswano eziphezulu zingaguqula umbono womphakathi ezimpikiswaneni eziphikisanayo. Ukubusa [ku- obergefell v. Hodges ngokuphawulekayo kwashintsha isimo sengqondo somphakathi ngokuphathelene nomshado ofanayo, kuqokomisa indima yezinkantolo ekuboniseni nasekulungiseni izindinganiso zempucuko. Ukudalula ukwaziswa phambi nangemva kwesinqumo kwabonisa ukwamukelwa, nakuba futhi kwathuthukisa ukuphikiswa. Ngokufanayo, Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo isiza ukuchaza isimilo nezomthetho ezimelene nezimiso zomphakathi, kuthonya izinhlangano zezemibango yomphakathi. Nokho, ubuhlobo phakathi kweNkakhulu nemibono yomphakathi buyenzisa, ngezinye izikhathi ihoxa iNka, futhi iphinde iphambuke emuva kweNkathi yeNkakhulu.

Othisha nabafundi kufanele baqaphele ukuthi izinqumo eziphawuliwe ngokuvamile zisebenza njengamathuluzi okufundisa. Ziba ingxenye yengxoxo yesizwe, zifundwa emakilasini, ziphikisana emithonjeni yezindaba, futhi zinxuse ukuthatha isinyathelo. Imibono yeNkantolo ngokwayo . /Izincwadi ezingokomthetho ezibhalwe ngokucophelela / zikwazi ukukholisa noma ukuhluleka ukukholisa, kanye nokulungisa kwabo izinkulumo zesikhathi esizayo.

Ithonya Ezocashelweni Zesikhathi Esizayo

Izinqumo ezisungulwe yizinqumo zezenzakalo eziphawulayo eziqondisa inkantolo esikhathini esizayo, ukwakha uhlelo olungokomthetho oluthinta indlela amalungelo achazwa ngayo futhi avikelwe ngayo. Lokhu kuqhubeka kubalulekile ekugcineni ukuzinza esimisweni somthetho. Imfundiso ye [[FLT: 0] stares decis[[[FLT:] [[1]] (ukuvumela isinqumo sime]]) siqondise izinkantolo ukuba zilandele izimemezelo zangaphambili ngaphandle kokuba kunesizathu esiqinile sokuzilawula. [[FLT:] [FLT]] [FLT]] Barber v.[FLT][FLT][FLT][5][FLT] [f:[FLT]] [f:][FLT] [flg] kodwa kuqiniselwe ukuvikela okufanayo.[L] isivikelo esifana nesemganiwe.[FL][9]

Nokho, isibonelo asiphelele. Roe v. UWode umi iminyaka ecishe ibe ngu-50 ngaphambi kokuba alwe nge- Dobts[. Ukuzimisela kweNkantolo ukugumbuqela inqubo kugcizelela ukuthi ukuguquguquka komthetho-mthetho-mcaba. Izenzakalo zesikhathi esizayo ziyoqhubeka zicwengisisa imingcele yamalungelo anjengesivikelo, inqubo efanele. Isibonelo, [[FLT:] Ogberge , izinkantolo zikhulume ukuthi ukwenqaba ukuphikisana okuko ngokwenkolo okukodwa komshado kungathethelela izinkonzo, ukuphakamisa imibuzo ephathelene nenkululeko yenkolo ephakathi kwenkululeko nenkululeko engekho.

Ithonya emacala esikhathini esizayo lidlulela nasendleleni yokuchaza. Uma iNkantolo ithatha indlela yokubhala noma yokusungula kwendaba eyodwa, leyondlela isetshenziswa kaningi ezicakalweni ezilandelayo. Ngokwesibonelo, inguquko yamuva yeNkantolo kumthetho wokuqala ezicabeni zeSibili seSichibiyelo, njengaye I-Digate of Columbia v. [2008] nomphumela we-[FLT] ne-New York Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen[FLT:] [202] [20] [20]), iye yathonya indlela izigwebo eziphansi zezibhamu. Indlela zokuhlela nokuhlela inqubo (noma ukubhula) ukwakheka kwe-ligi.

Isiphetho

Incazelo yamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo ezinkantolo iyinqubo eshukumisayo eqhubeka ikhona. Amacala ayinhloko (asukela ku uMarbury ku[FLT:]] Obergefell[[]]] . .Indima ebalulekile evikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, ukuhlola amandla kahulumeni, nokuqinisekisa ubulungisa. Lezi zinqumo azixazululi nje izingxabano phakathi kwamaqembu; zimemezela izimiso zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo ezibopha wonke amagatsha futhi zitshele amalungelo ezakhamuzi zonke. Njengoba abafundisi nabafundi besiza kulemithetho engokomthetho, bafaka iqhaza ekuqondeni okujula okulawula, futhi balinganise ukuvumelana kwemiyalo yomthetho womphakathi. Ingxoxo eqhubekayo phakathi kweNkakhulu, amagatsha ezombangazwe, nabantu abasekela ukuchazwa ngokusebenza komthetho womthetho - ngokomthetho womthetho - ngokomthetho wokulawula.