Table of Contents

Ukuqonda indlela izinkantolo ezenza ngayo izinqumo kubalulekile kubavoti abafuna ukwenza izinqumo ngolwazi phakathi nokhetho. Izinqumo zokwahlulela zithinta izici eziningi zokuphila kwansuku zonke, kusukela ekwahluleleni kobugebengu kuya emalungelweni omphakathi, okuthinta yonke into kusukela kwinkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kuya esimweni somphakathi ngokwawo. Uma uphonsa ibhodi yakho yabahluleli noma amavoti ezilinganisweni ezithinta isimiso senkantolo, uhlanganyela ekuhleleni indlela ubulungisa obuqondiswa ngayo emphakathini wakini nasezweni lakho. Lesiqondiso esibanzi sichaza inqubo yokwahlulela, izici ezithonya inkantolo, nalokho umvoti ngamunye okufanele azi ngezokwahlulela abachaza futhi basebenzise umthetho.

Isisekelo Samandla Okwahlulela EMelika

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zijabulela okuwukuphela kwamandla okuchaza umthetho, ukunquma ukuthi umthetho usebenza kanjani, futhi usebenza emacalani ngamanye. Leligunya eliyisisekelo libeka ijaji njengegatsha likahulumeni elilinganayo eduze kwamagatsha omthetho negunya. Isimiso sokwahlulela saseMelika sisebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso esimiswe nguMthetho-sisekelo, esakha isisekelo sendlela izinkantolo ezisebenza ngayo namuhla.

Inkathi eyodwa ebaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wamandla okwahlulela aseMelika yafika ngo-103 ngecala eliyingqophamlando iMarbury v. Madison, lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi yayinegunya lokuhlola kokwahlulela − amandla okumemezela isenzo soMkhandlu noma uMongameli ongekho emthethweni futhi ngenxa yalokho engenalutho, imisa i-jaji lombuso njengegatsha likahulumeni elilinganayo ngempela. Lobu mbuso bokuhlola bukahluleli buhlala bunye bezici ezibaluleke kakhulu zesimiso somthetho waseMelika, ivumela izinkantolo ukuba zisebenze njengenhloli kwezinye izigatsha zikahulumeni.

Isimiso Senkantolo

Isimiso sokwahlulela saseMelika sisebenza emazingeni amaningi, nezimiso zenkantolo zikahulumeni nezezwe zisebenza ngokuhambelana. Izinkantolo eziphansi zicindezelwa yizinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme − lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme ichaza umthetho, izinkantolo eziphansi kumelwe zisebenzise incazelo yeNkantolo Ephakeme emaqinisweni ecala elithile. Lesi sakhiwo se-hiercarchis siqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki kwemithetho esetshenziswayo ezweni lonke, nakuba kusho futhi ukuthi ukuqanjwa nefilosofi yenkantolo ephakeme kungaba nemiphumela efinyelelayo emiphumelweni engokomthetho.

Ezingeni likahulumeni, isimiso senkantolo sihlanganisa izinkantolo zezifunda (izinkantolo zenkantolo), izinkantolo zesifunda zecala, neNkantolo ePhakeme. Izimiso zoMbuso zivame ukuhlobisa lesi sakhiwo ngezinkantolo zecala, izinkantolo eziphakathi, nezinkantolo eziphakeme. Ukuqonda lesi sakhiwo kubalulekile kubavoti ngoba izinkantolo ezihlukahlukene zisingatha izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zamacala, futhi abahluleli ezisezingeni ezihlukahlukene bakhethwa ngezinqubo ezihlukahlukene.

Indlela Izinkantolo Ezenza Ngayo Izinqumo

Inqubo izinkantolo ezifinyelela ngayo izinqumo iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunokumane nje zifunde umthetho futhi ziwusebenzise emaqinisweni.Isinqumo sokwahlulela siyisenzo esingokomthetho somahluleli noma inkantolo sokuxazulula icala elingokomthetho, hhayi ngemizwa yomuntu siqu noma umbono womphakathi kodwa ngenqubo emisiwe yokusebenzisa imithetho, iziqondiso, nenkantolo yangaphambili enquma amaqiniso aqondile nezimpikiswano ezinikezwa amaqembu amacala athile.

Inqubo Yokwahlulela Ngokulandelana

Ukuthatha kwamajaji izinqumo kumele kunqume ukuthi yimaphi amaqiniso nokusetshenziswa okufanele komthetho kula maqiniso. Lo msebenzi obonakala ucacile uhilela izingqimba eziningi zokuhlaziya nokucabangela. Uma icala lifika phambi kwenkantolo, abahluleli bathatha inqubo ehlelekile ehlanganisa izinyathelo eziningana eziyinhloko.

Okokuqala, amajaji kumelwe athole amaqiniso alelicala. Izinkantolo, kuhlanganise neNkantolo Ephakeme, azinakwenza isinqumo ngaphandle kokuba zibe necala phambi kwabo, futhi ngisho nasemacaleni, izinkantolo kumelwe zibuse ngamaqiniso alo. Lokhu kusho ukuhlola ubufakazi, ukuhlaziya ubufakazi, nokunquma ukuthi kwenzekani ngempela esimweni esicacisiwe. Iqiniso elitholakalayo libalulekile ngoba lo mthetho ofanayo ungaveza imiphumela ehlukile kuye ngezimo ezithile zecala ngalinye.

Okwesibili, abahluleli bachaza iziphathimandla ezingokomthetho ezihlobene nazo. Abahluleli baqala ngokubukeza imithetho ehlobene nemithetho, imithetho, imithetho, nezimiso ezingokomthetho (izinqumo zenkantolo zangaphambili) eziphathelene necala elikhona.

Okwesithathu, abahluleli bahlaziya indlela umthetho osebenza ngayo emaqinisweni. Ukuze balethe ukudideka kwamaqiniso nezimfundiso zomthetho, umahluleli wecala unquma amacala ngombono noma ngochungechunge lwemibono eqinisekile, esekelwe kulokho abahluleli abacabanga ukuthi ubufakazi buyoba khona noma bubonise, ukuthi umthetho ungasebenza kanjani kulawomaqiniso, nokuthi umphumela unengqondo yini. Lenqubo yomthetho idinga abahluleli ukuba bacabangele izincazelo eziningi ezingenzeka kanye nemiphumela ngaphambi kokuba baqale isinqumo sokugcina.

Ukwenziwa kwesinqumo

Inqubo yokwenza izinqumo iyahluka ngandlela-thile ezingeni lesinqumo. Ngaphambi kokukhipha isinqumo, iNkantolo Ephakeme ivame ukuzwa izimpikiswano zomlomo, lapho amaqembu ahlukahlukene anikeza khona izimpikiswano zawo futhi amaJaji ebabuza khona imibuzo, khona - ke amaJaji abamba izingqungquthela zangasese, benze isinqumo, futhi baphikise umbono weNkantolo, kanye nanoma yiziphi izimpikiswano eziphikisanayo okungenzeka zibhaliwe.

Ezinkantolo ezithatha icala, izinqumo ngokuvamile zenziwa amajaji kunokuba abe yijaji elilodwa, amalungu ezindawo eziphethe exoxa futhi efuna ukufika esinqumweni esihlangene. Lenqubo ehlangeneyo isho ukuthi abahluleli abashaya indiva akumelwe bahlole umthetho ngokuzimele kuphela kodwa futhi banxuse ozakwabo futhi bakhe ukuvumelana ngokusekelwe ekuchazeni noma emphumeleni othile.

Ngemva kokuthatha isinqumo, amajaji abhala imibono echaza ukunquma kwabo okungokomthetho, anikeze isiqondiso ezinkantolo eziphansi, abameli, nakwabantu. Lemibono ebhaliwe ifeza izinjongo eziningi: bachaza ukucabanga kwenkantolo, banikeza isiqondiso emacaleni esikhathi esizayo, futhi bafaka isandla ekuthuthukiseni imfundiso engokomthetho ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Indima Ebucayi Yokukhohlisa Kwangaphambi Kokuqala Nokunye

Esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu esithonya izinqumo zokwahlulela imfundiso yokubuka idecisis, ngokwezwi nezwi esho "ukuma ngokwezinto ezinqunyiwe" iStestee decisis iyimfundiso yokuthi izinkantolo ziyonamathela ekwakheni izandulela ekwenzeni izinqumo zazo. Lesimiso siyisisekelo sesimiso somthetho waseMelika futhi sinemiphumela ejulile yendlela izinkantolo ezisebenza ngayo.

Isizathu Sokuba Kuqale Kubilwe Izinto

Isizathu esizwakalayo sokubuka sikhuthaza ukusekelwa kwezimiso zomthetho, ezinqunywayo, nezingaguquguquki, ukuthuthukisa ukuthembela ezinqumweni zokwahlulela, nokunezela ebuqothweni bangempela nobubonakala buyinqubo yokwahlulela. Uma izinkantolo zilandela inqubo, abantu bangabikezela kangcono indlela umthetho oyosetshenziswa ngayo ezimweni zabo, amabhizinisi angenza ngayo izinqumo ezisekelwe olwazini, futhi isimiso somthetho silondoloze ukuzinza ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Isimiso sokwahlulela saseMelika somthetho wesiNgisi sisungulwe emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka lapho abahluleli badala khona umthetho ngesinqumo sabo esibhaliwe ezindabeni ngazinye, nesimiso sokubheka esisho ukuthi isinqumo kwesinye icala saba isiqalo esibophayo sesikhathi esizayo, amacala afanayo, ukwakha ukubikezelwa nokuzinza. Lesi sisekelo esingokomlando siyaqhubeka sihlela indlela izinkantolo zaseMelika ezisebenza ngayo namuhla.

Izinkantolo eziphansi zibophekile ukulandela isibonelo esibekwe yiNkantolo Ephakeme lapho inikeza izinqumo. Lokhu kubheka okunganqamuki kuqinisekisa ukuthi izimiso zomthetho zisetshenziswa njalo kuso sonke isimiso senkantolo. Nokho, izinkantolo ngesilinganiso esifanayo zilandela futhi izinqumo zazo zangaphambili, umqondo obizwa ngokuthi ukubuka okuqondile.

Lapho Izinkantolo Ziphuma Emaphutheni

Nakuba ukubuka kuyisimiso esinamandla, akunakwenzeka ngokuphelele. Nakuba izinkantolo zingavamile ukulandelwa umthetho, iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. iye yachaza ukuthi ukuqapha akuwona “umyalo ongabekezeleleki,"" futhi uma izinqumo zangaphambili zingezona ezingasebenzi noma ezicatshangelwe kabi," khona - ke iNkantolo Ephakeme ingase ingalandeli isibonelo, okuthi "ngokuvamile yiqiniso ezicaleni zomthetho-mthetho".

Kunzima ukubikezela ukuthi iNkantolo Ephakeme iyoyidlulisa nini inqubo engokomthetho ngoba iNkantolo ayizange inikeze uhlu oluphelele lwamafektha ezindlela eyisebenzisayo ukuze inqume ukuthi isinqumo kufanele siqedwe noma sichazwe ukuthi singakanani. Nokho, izinkantolo ziye zathola ukucatshangelwa okuningana okuyosetshenziswa lapho kunqunywa ukuthi sizozigumbuqela yini izinqumo zangaphambi kwalokho.

Ukunquma ukuthi kufanele isuke ekubukeni idecis, inkantolo ekhipha isigwebo isebenzisa lezi zici ezilandelayo: ukuthi isinqumo sangaphambili asisebenzi noma asicatshangelwa kahle, noma yiziphi izenzakalo ezingenelayo, noma yiziphi izenzakalo ezibekelwe amalungu enkonzo, nengozi yokululaza ukuthembela komphakathi emthethweni. Lezi zici zisiza ukuba kulinganiswe isidingo sokuzinziswa kwesidingo sokulungisa amaphutha noma ukuvumelana nezimo ezishintshayo.

Imithetho eminingi isekelwe emaqinisweni athile ngesikhathi esithile emlandweni, futhi njengoba isizwe sithuthuka futhi sishintsha ngenxa yobuchwepheshe obusha noma ukushintsha kwenani labantu, ukulunga nokuchazwa kwezinqumo zangaphambili kungalahlekelwa ukusekela, mhlawumbe nesibonelo esingcono kakhulu esibizwa ngokuthi isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme eBrown v. Board of Education (1954), eyasichitha ngokuqondile isiqalo sikaPleby no-Fernson. Lendaba yengqopha yendabuko ibonisa ukuthi izinkantolo zingazimela futhi zibuye zigumbuqe inqubo lapho izimiso eziyisisekelo zobulungisa zifuna ukuba injalo.

Izici Ezithonya Izinqumo Zokwahlulela

Nakuba umthetho nesibonelo kuyisisekelo sokwenza izinqumo zokwahlulela, izici eziningi zithonya indlela abahluleli abachaza futhi basebenzise ngayo izimiso zomthetho. Ukuqonda lezizici kubalulekile ekuhloleni abavoti.

Imithetho Nomthetho

Ithonya eliyisisekelo kakhulu ezinqumweni zokwahlulela umbhalo womthetho ngokwawo. Abahluleli kumelwe bachaze futhi basebenzise amalungiselelo omthetho-mthetho, imithetho yemithetho, imithetho yokuqondisa, nemithetho yendawo. Umsebenzi weNkantolo uwukuchaza incazelo yomthetho, ukunquma ukuthi umthetho uyasebenza kuliphi iqoqo elithile lamaqiniso, noma ukubusa ngendlela umthetho okufanele usetshenziswe ngayo.

Amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo abalulekile kakhulu esimisweni somthetho waseMelika. Igatsha lokwahlulela linegunya lokunquma ukuthi imithetho kahulumeni isekelwe kumthetho-mthetho futhi lixazulule amanye amacala ahlanganisa imithetho kahulumeni. Lo mbuso usho ukuthi ngisho nemithetho ebekwe ngokomthetho inganqanyulwa uma ingqubuzana nezimfuneko zomthetho-sisekelo, yenza ukuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo kube yizici ezibaluleke kakhulu ekwenzeni izahlulelo.

Ubufakazi Nobufakazi

Amaqiniso atholakala ngobufakazi nangobufakazi akha isisekelo izimiso zomthetho ezisetshenziswa kuso. Izinkantolo zinamandla aphawulekayo okuphoqelela ukukhiqizwa kobufakazi.Izinkantolo, njengoKhongolo, zingaphoqelela ukukhishwa kobufakazi nobufakazi ngokusebenzisa impoqo.

Izinga lobufakazi nokuthembeka kobufakazi kungathinta kakhulu. Abahluleli kumelwe bahlole ubufakazi obungqubuzanayo, bahlole ukuthembeka kobufakazi obungokoqobo, futhi bathole ukuthi ikuphi ukubaluleka kokunikeza ukwaziswa okuhlukahlukene. Ekuqulweni kwejaji, abahluleli bafeza indima ebalulekile ekunqumeni ukuthi iziphi izijaji ezivunyelwe ukuba zihlole futhi zibafundise ukuthi zingabuhlola kanjani lobo bufakazi.

Ifilosofi Yokwahlulela Nokuchaza

Mhlawumbe akukho sici esibaluleke kakhulu kubavoti ukuba baqonde njengefilosofi yokwahlulela − amajaji ayisisekelo athatha isinyathelo sokuchaza umthetho. amajaji ahlukahlukene asebenzisa izindlela ezihlukene zokuchaza, futhi lokhu kungafani kungaholela emiphumeleni ehlukene kakhulu ezicaleni ezifanayo.

I-renadistism/Textalism iphikisa ngokuthi amajaji kufanele anqume amacala asekelwe encazelweni yokuqala yomphakathi yoMthetho-sisekelo noma umbhalo ocacile womthetho, akholelwa ukuthi indima yomahluleli iwukusebenzisa umthetho njengoba wawubhaliwe, hhayi ukuwenza uvuselele ukuveza izindinganiso zesimanje. Abahluleli abalandela lefilosofi bagxila kulokho okushiwo yiwo lowo Mthetho-sisekelo noma umthetho oshiwo ngesikhathi ebhalwe, ngokuvamile bathintana nemithombo nezichazamazwi ezingokomlando kusukela esikhathini esifanelekile.

I-living Constitutionism/Pragmaticism isekela ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo uyincwadi "ephilayo" nokuthi amajaji kufanele ayichaze ngokucabangela umphakathi wamanje nezindinganiso zawo eziguquguqukayo, ikholelwa ukuthi umthetho kufanele ululame ngokwaneleyo ukusingatha izinkinga zanamuhla abahleli be-frametic abangeke bazicabange. Abahluleli abathatha lendlela babheka lomthetho-sisekelo njengowumisa izimiso ezibanzi okumelwe zisetshenziswe ezimweni ezingenakulindelekile.

Lempikiswano ibalulekile ekuqiniseni izimpi zamajaji angokomthetho nabezomthetho beNkantolo Ephakeme, njengoba ifilosofi yabo izoqondisa indlela yokunquma izindaba ezibaluleke kakhulu esikhathini sethu. Kubavoti, ukuqonda ifilosofi yomehluleli kunikeza ukuqonda ukuthi bangazisingatha kanjani izimpikiswano ezihilela amalungelo omphakathi aphikisanayo, ukwahlulela okungathandeki, umthetho wezephulamthetho, umthetho wezomnotho, nenkululeko yomuntu siqu.

Izici Zomuntu Siqu Nezici Zokucabanga

Amathonya emithetho, emibono, nezombangazwe athinta iNkantolo Ephakeme kanye nenqubo yayo yokwenza izinqumo.

Izici zomuntu siqu, zemibono, nezezombangazwe ziyohlolwa ziqonde ekucabangeni komahluleli, nakuba izinga nokufaneleka kwala mathonya kulokhu kuyinto yempikiswano eqhubekayo. Ezinye izazi ziphikisa ngokuthi izizinda zokwahlulela, okuhlangenwe nakho kokuphila, nezindinganiso zinikeza izici ezibalulekile ezicebisa ukwenza izinqumo zokwahlulela. Ezinye zikhathazekile ngokuthi izici zomuntu siqu zingase zilulaze ukucunula nokungakhethi okumelwe kuveze izinqumo zokwahlulela.

Izinqumo zabahluleli zingathonywa yifilosofi yabo engokomthetho, izindinganiso zabo siqu, nezincazelo zomthetho, futhi lapho bezama ukusekela umthetho ngomqondo ovulekile, isici somuntu sisengafeza indima enqubweni yabo yokwenza izinqumo. Lokhu kugcizelela ukubaluleka kwezinqubo zokwahlulela nesidingo sokuba abavoti bahlole ngokucophelela abazokwahlulela.

Ukunakekela Okuwusizo

Izinkantolo zicabangela nezici eziwusizo lapho zenza izinqumo. Izinkantolo zivame ukubheka imiphumela okucatshangwa ukuthi iyiyo yesinqumo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ukubikezela okunjalo kuyoshukumisela umahluleli ukuba ashintshe isinqumo. Abahluleli bangase bacabangele ukuthi isinqumo esithile singasebenza yini, noma singadala imiphumela engalindelekile, noma ukuthi ngeke yini siqikelelwe ngokuphumelelayo.

I-Starde decisis iye yanezela amandla lapho isishaya-mthetho, esisezindaweni zomphakathi, nasezakhamuzini, beye bathatha isinyathelo ngokuncika esinqumweni sangaphambili, ngoba kulokhu ukuxazulula isinqumo kungasusa amalungelo amisiweyo namathemba noma kudinge ukusabela okukhulu kwemithetho. Izinkantolo ngokuvamile ziyanqikaza ukugumbuqela izenzakalo lapho ukwenza kanjalo kungaphazamisa amathemba amisiwe noma kufune izinguquko ezinkulu kubantu, amabhizinisi, noma izinhlangano zikahulumeni.

Indima YabaHluleli Nabezobulungisa

Ngokungafani nabamisimthetho nabaphathi, amajaji kulindeleke ukuba abe abahluleli abangakhethi abasebenzisa umthetho ngaphandle kokucabangela kwezombangazwe noma umbono womphakathi. Ukuqonda indima yokwahlulela kubalulekile ekuhloleni abavoti ezikhundleni zokwahlulela.

Ukuzimela Ekwahluleleni

Abakhi be-flamentia bakha i-jaji elizimele, igatsha likahulumeni elivikelekile ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe, ukuze baqiniseke ukuthi izinqumo zisekelwe emthethweni, azithandwa. Lokhu kuzimela kuvikelwe ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nokuphila kwamajaji ombuso, isivikelo ekuncipheni kweholo, nemithetho engokokuziphatha elinganisela imisebenzi yezombangazwe.

Abahluleli bancike egatsheni eliphethe ukuze baqinisekise izinqumo zenkantolo, ziqokomisa kokubili ukuzimela nokulinganiselwa kwamandla okwahlulela. Izinkantolo zingamemezela ukuthi umthetho uyini nokuthi imiphi imiphumela ekhethekile, kodwa zithembele kwamanye amagatsha kahulumeni ukuze zisebenzise izinqumo zazo. Lokhu kuncintisana kuyingxenye yesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela okuphawula uhulumeni waseMelika.

Abahluleli abangabhekene nokukhethwa futhi bathambekele kakhulu ekwenzeni izinqumo eziseduze nomthetho kunasethonyeni lezombangazwe. Lokhu kuphawula kunemiphumela ebalulekile ngendlela abahluleli abakhethwa ngayo. Amanye amagunya amisa abahluleli ngokwezimo ezinde noma eziphila konke ukuze babavikele ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe, kuyilapho amanye ekhetha amajaji ngokwezimo ezimisiwe, ekholelwa ukuthi ukulandisa ngentando yeningi kubaluleke kakhulu kunokuzimela ngokuphelele emphakathini.

Izimiso Zokwahlulela Nokuziphatha

Imithetho evimbelayo yokuziphatha eklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukungakhethi nokugcina ukuthembela komphakathi emacaleni. Lemithetho ngokuvamile inqabela amajaji ukuba angene emisebenzini yezombangazwe, ifuna ukuba bazisole emacaleni lapho benezingxabano ezithakazelisayo, futhi bamise izindinganiso zokuziphatha kokwahlulela okufanele kokubili ebhentshini nasemuva.

Ukubaluleka kwezimiso zokwahlulela kuye kwavelela kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva, ngezimpikiswano mayelana neminikelo yomkhankaso okhethweni lokwahlulela, indima yezinhlangano zangaphandle ekukhetheni ukwahlulela, nemibuzo ngokuphathelene nokuthi amajaji kufanele aziphendulele nini emacaleni. Kuze kube yilapho amajaji angomayeni ka-1980 engazange ahlolwe futhi ngezinye izikhathi angakhuphulanga nemali eyodwa kuphela kwezimali zomkhankaso, kodwa indawo iye yashintsha ngokuphawulekayo, iphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngethonya lemali ekwenzeni izahlulelo.

Imikhawulo Yamandla Okwahlulela

Isinqumo esibaluleke kakhulu eNkantolo Ephakeme siwukusetshenziswa kweziphathimandla nokugcinwa kwemithetho yalezi zinqumo, inqubo ebizwa ngokuthi ukusetshenziswa kokwahlulela, futhi nakuba izinkantolo zifeza indima eyinhloko ekwenzeni izimiso, azinawo amacebo okwenza izinqumo zazo zibe ngokoqobo.

U-Alexander Hamilton kuFederal List No. 78 waphawula ukuthi izinkantolo zazinga "namandla futhi zazingenantando, kodwa isahlulelo". Lokhu kuphawula kuveza isimo esibalulekile samandla okwahlulela − `izindawo zomthetho zingamemezela lokho okufunwayo, kodwa zincike kwabanye ukuze zifeze izinqumo zazo. Lokhu kuncika kudala isimiso sokulandisa phakathi kwamagatsha kahulumeni.

Izinhlobo Ezihlukene Zamacala Nenqubo Yokwenza Isinqumo

Ukuqonda izinhlobo zamacala ezihlukene nendlela ezixazululwa ngayo akuzona zonke izimpikiswano ezinqunywayo kusiza abavoti ukuba baqonde ngokugcwele umsebenzi wokwahlulela.

Izinqumo Zokuqulwa Kwecala

Izinkantolo zokuqulwa kwecala kulapho amacala amaningi eqala khona futhi lapho kubekwa khona amaqiniso. Ezinkantolo zamacala, amajaji (futhi ngezinye izikhathi) azwa ubufakazi, ahlaziya ubufakazi, futhi enze izinqumo zokuqala ngalokho okwenzekile nendlela umthetho osebenza ngayo. Amajaji asenkantolo anokukhetha okukhulu ekuqondiseni izinkantolo zawo, anqume imibuzo esobala, futhi aqinisekise ukuthi ukuqulwa kwecala kuqhubeka kahle nangempumelelo.

Ukuhlanganyela enkonzweni yamajaji kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kwesimiso sokwahlulela, ngoba kunikeza abantu basenkantolo ithuba lokuzwakala nokulingwa ngokufanelekile yiqembu lontanga. Ekuqulweni kwejaji, abahluleli bafundisa abahluleli ngomthetho osebenzayo, kodwa abahluleli banquma amaqiniso futhi basebenzise umthetho ukuze bafinyelele isinqumo. Lengxenye yesibopho phakathi kwamajaji namajaji iyisici esivelele sesimiso sezomthetho saseMelika.

Ukubukeza Kwamaphupho

Icala leNkantolo licishe lithathelwe indawo yonke emvelweni, futhi izinqumo zeNkantolo azinakudluliswa kunoma yiliphi igunya, njengoba ingummeli wokugcina wokwahlulela eUnited States ezindabeni zikahulumeni, nakuba iNkantolo ingase icabangele ukudluliswa kwezinkantolo eziphakeme kakhulu zikahulumeni noma ezinkantolo zikahulumeni. Izinkantolo ngokuvamile azibuyiseli amacala noma zizwe ubufakazi obusha; kunalokho, zihlola umlando wenkantolo wokuqulwa kwecala ukuze zinqume ukuthi amaphutha angokomthetho ayenzeka yini.

Izinkantolo eziqavile zigxila embuzweni womthetho kunokuba zigxile empikiswaneni eyiqiniso. Zihlola ukuthi inkantolo esingatha icala ichaza ngokunembile futhi isebenzise izimiso zomthetho, ukuthi izinqubo ezilungile zalandelwa yini, nokuthi umphumela wawunengqondo yini ngokomthetho. Lokhu kugxila ezindabeni zomthetho kunokuba kube izimpikiswano eziyiqiniso kusho ukuthi amajaji athatha indima ebalulekile ekwakheni nasekucaciseni imfundiso engokomthetho.

Enye Impi Engaxazululwa

Akuzona zonke izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho eziphumela enkantolo yecala noma esinqumweni esingokomthetho. Amacala amaningi axazululwa ngezingxoxo zokubuyisana, ukudluliswa kwesivumelwano, noma ukuquliswa. Izinkantolo zivame ukukhuthaza izimpikiswano ukuba zixazulule izingxabano zazo ngalezi zinqubo ezihlukile, ezingashesha, zingabizi kakhulu, futhi zingabizi kakhulu kunendathano engokwesiko.

Abahluleli bangafeza indima ekulungiseni izindawo zokuhlala, futhi ezinye izinkantolo zinezinhlelo ezingokomthetho zokukhipha isigwebo. Ukuqonda ukuthi amacala amaningi axazululwa ngaphandle kokuqulwa kubaluleke kakhulu ekuhloleni isimiso senkantolo, njengoba kuqokomisa ukubaluleka kwamakhono abahluleli okuphatha icala nekhono labo lokukhuthaza izinqumo ezinengqondo.

Ubuhlobo Phakathi Kwezinkantolo Namanye Amagatsha Kahulumeni

Izinkantolo azizihlukanisi, zisebenza njengengxenye yesimiso semibuso ehlukene, negatsha ngalinye likahulumeni elihlola futhi lilinganisele eminye.

Ukubukezwa Kokwahlulela Kwezenzo Zomthetho Nezokuqondisa

Enye yemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yezinkantolo ukubukeza izenzo zamanye amagatsha kahulumeni. Ngokuhlola kokwahlulela, izinkantolo zingashaya imithetho edluliswa izishaya - mthetho noma izenzo ezithathwa izikhulu eziphethe uma zephula izimfuneko zomthetho-sisekelo.

Nokho, izinkantolo zivame ukusebenzisa lamandla ngokuqapha. Abahluleli bayaqaphela ukuthi izikhulu ezikhethiwe zinegunya lobudemokrasi futhi izinkantolo akumelwe zizithathe kalula izinqumo zabameleli babantu. Lokhu kuphikisana phakathi kokuhlola kokwahlulela nokubusa kwentando yeningi kulokhu kulokhu kulokhu kulandisa okuphindwayo emthethweni womthetho-mthetho-sisekelo waseMelika.

Ukuhlola Imithetho Nesimiso Senkantolo

Kokubili amagatsha aphethe nezomthetho ahlola futhi alinganisele ikomiti yamajaji ngezindlela eziningi ezihlukene, umongameli ekwazi ukushiya isigxobo esihlala njalo ebhentshini ngisho nangemva kokuphuma kwesikhundla. Amandla okumisa abahluleli angenye yezindlela eziphawuleka kakhulu ezihloselwe izikhulu ezikhethelwe ukuthonya amajaji.

Imithetho ingasabela futhi ezinqumweni zenkantolo ngokumisa imithetho emisha, ukumelela imithetho ekhona, noma ngisho nokumisa izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo ukuze kushintshwe izincazelo zokwahlulela. Umongameli angase futhi athonye iNkantolo ngokuhileleka komphathi jikelele noma ngokuzithoba kwemishwana yecala ezimweni lapho i-United States ingekho khona umkhandlu. Lezi zinqubo ziqinisekisa ukuthi izinkantolo zihlala zinecala kwamanye amagatsha kahulumeni futhi, ekugcineni, kubantu.

Lokho Okufanele Kucatshangelwe Abamangali Lapho Bekhipha Izivumelwano Zokwahlulela

Njengoba beqonde indlela izinkantolo ezenza ngayo izinqumo, abavoti bangakhetha ngolwazi olunzulu ngabazokwahlulela. Nazi izici eziyinhloko okumelwe zicatshangelwe lapho kuqulwa amajaji nabazoqulwa.

Ifilosofi Yokwahlulela Nendlela Yokuchaza

Ukuqonda ifilosofi yokwahlulela yomvoti mhlawumbe kuyisici esibaluleke kakhulu kubavoti. Ingabe ozobhapathizwa ukhetha ubumomfashini noma indlela ephilayo yomthetho-sisekelo? Ofuna ukubhalisa uyibheka kanjani indima yesandulela? Iyiphi indlela yomlandeli wencazelo engokomthetho? Lemibuzo inganikeza ukuqonda ukuthi umthengi ungaba kanjani ukwahlulela izimo.

Abavoter kufanele bafune abazoqamba ifilosofi yokwahlulela evumelanayo futhi bachaze indlela leyofilosofi engayiqondisa ngayo ukwenza kwabo izinqumo. Qaphela abathi bamane nje "balandele umthetho" ngaphandle kokuchaza indlela yabo yokuchaza" bonke abahluleli bathi balandela umthetho, kodwa ngokuvamile bayaphikisana ngalokho umthetho ofunayo ngoba basebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza.

Izimfuneko Zobuchwepheshe Nokuhlangenwe Nakho

Abahluleli kufanele babe nezimfanelo eziqinile zobuchwepheshe, kuhlanganise nemfundo engokomthetho, okuhlangenwe nakho okufanelekile, kanye nokwaziswa okuboniswayo komthetho.

Izinhlangano zochwepheshe zivame ukuhlola abazokwahlulela futhi zinikeze izilinganiso ezisekelwe ezimfanele. Nakuba lezi zilinganiso kungafanele zibe yizona kuphela eziyisici ezicatshangelwayo, zinganikeza ukwaziswa okuwusizo ngokuma nokukwazi komvoteli.

Intukuthelo Nesehlulelo

Abahluleli badinga okungaphezu kolwazi olungokomthetho, futhi badinga isimo sokusingatha imithwalo yemfanelo yehhovisi lokwahlulela. Abahluleli abahle banesineke, banengqondo elungile, bahlonipha wonke amaqembu, futhi bakwazi ukuphatha izinkantolo zabo ngokuphumelelayo. Kufanele bakwazi ukulalela ngokucophelela ukuphikisana, bacabangele imibono ehlukile, futhi bachaze ngokucacile.

Abaqondisi kufanele bacabangele ukuthi abazothatha isinyathelo sokuyohlola kufanele yini ukuze babonise isimo esidingekayo enkonzweni yokwahlulela.

Ukuzinikela Ekuzimeleni Nokuziphatha Kokwahlulela

Abahluleli kumelwe bazinikele ekuzimeleni kokwahlulela nasekuziphatheni okuhle, kufanele bafune abazofunda ukunquma ukuthi kubaluleke kangakanani ukunquma amacala asekelwe emthethweni kunokuba asekelwe ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe noma umbono womphakathi.

Qaphela abazozenza izithembiso ngendlela abayonquma ngayo izinhlobo ezithile zamacala noma ababonakala benesithakazelo esikhulu sokuthuthukisa uhlelo lwezombangazwe kunokusebenzisa umthetho ngokwethembeka.

Ukuqonda Indima Yenkantolo Nokulinganiselwa Kwayo

Abahluleli abalungile bayawaqonda amandla nokulinganiselwa kwegunya lokwahlulela. Bayaqaphela ukuthi izinkantolo zinendima ebalulekile kodwa elinganiselwe esimisweni sethu sikahulumeni.

Abathathi hlangothi kufanele bakwazi ukuchaza imibono yabo ngokunqanda ukwahlulela ngokumelene nezenzo zokwahlulela, ubuhlobo phakathi kwezinkantolo namanye amagatsha kahulumeni, nendima efanele yezinkantolo ekusingatheni izindaba zezenhlalo nezezombangazwe. Lemibono iyoyithonya ngokuphawulekayo indlela ezisingatha ngayo amacala uma ekhethwe noma emisiwe.

Umphumela Wezindlela Zokukhetha Ukwahlulela

Indlela abahluleli abakhethwa ngayo ihlukahluka kakhulu ezikhundleni ezihlukahlukene, futhi lezi zindlela ezihlukahlukene zokukhetha zingathonya ukwenza izinqumo zokwahlulela nokulandisa.

Uhlelo lokunqumelana usuku

Kuhulumeni nakwezinye izifunda, amajaji amiswa kunokuba akhethwe. amajaji azimele nguMongameli futhi aqinisekiswe iSigele, abese ekhonza ukuphila phakathi nokuziphatha okuhle. Lesimiso siklanyelwe ukuvikela abahluleli ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe futhi sibavumele ukuba benze izinqumo ezisekelwe emthethweni kuphela.

Izimiso zokumisa zingaveza amajaji afanelekayo akhululekile ekwenzeni izinqumo ezingathandeki kodwa ezilungile ngokomthetho.

Izimiso Zokukhetha

Izindawo eziningi zikhetha amajaji azo, ngokhetho oluvela kuma - count (lapho abazobhapathizwa bethatha khona amalebula eqembu) noma ngokhetho olungenayo (lapho izinkolo zeqembu zingabekwa khona kuyicolot). Ukhetho lokwahlulela lwandisa ukulandisa kwentando yeningi futhi lunikeza abavoti amazwi aqondile kokhonza ebhentshini.

Nokho, ukhetho lokwahlulela luphakamisa nokukhathazeka ngethonya leminikelo yomkhankaso, ukucindezela kokuba kwenziwe kuthandwe kunokuba kwenziwe izinqumo eziqondile ngokomthetho, kanye nobunzima babavoti ababhekene nokuhlola abahluleli. Ukwanda kwemikhankaso yokwahlulela ebizayo kuye kwakhulisa lezizinkathazo, abanye ababukeli bekhathazekile ngokuthi ubulungisa buyawohloka.

Izinhlelo zokukhetha i-menut

Ezinye izifundazwe zisebenzisa izimiso zokukhetha ezifanele (ngezinye izikhathi ezibizwa "I-Missouri Plan") ehlanganisa izici zokumisa nokhetho. Ngaphansi kwalezi zimiso, ikhomishane engenayo ihlola abazothatha i-partistiki futhi itusa uhlu olufushane kumbusi, owenza i-ascreen. Ngemva kokusebenza isikhashana, ijaji libhekene nokhetho olubophayo lapho abavoti benquma ukuthi uma umahluleli kufanele ahlale ehhovisi.

Izimiso zokukhetha eziqondile zizama ukulinganisela imigomo yokukhetha amajaji afanelekayo nokugcina ukulandisa ngentando yeningi. Zinganciphisa ithonya lezombangazwe ngokukhetha kokuqala kuyilapho zisanikeza abavoti isisho sokuthi amajaji ahlala ebhentshini noma cha.

Izinselele Nezimpikiswano Zamanje Ekwakheni Isinqumo Sokwahlulela

Isimiso sokwahlulela sibhekene nezinselele eziningana zanamuhla abavoti okufanele baziqonde lapho behlaziya izinkantolo nabazokhetha izahlulelo.

Ukwenelisa Imibono Nokuziphethe

Izinkantolo ziye zahlukana kakhulu ngenxa yemibono, lapho ukumiswa kokwahlulela nokhetho ngokuvamile kuba izindaba ezihlukanisa kakhulu. lokhu kuhlaziywa kwamazwe kubangela ukukhathazeka ngokuthi izinkantolo zingayilondoloza yini indima yazo njengabamangaleli bomthetho abangathathi hlangothi noma ukuthi zimane nje zingenye indawo yempi yezombangazwe.

Abaqondisi kufanele bakhathazeke ngokuhlaziywa ngokweqile kwemithetho yokwahlulela kuyilapho beqaphela futhi ukuthi ifilosofi yokwahlulela ithonya ngokomthetho indlela abahluleli abawuchaza ngayo umthetho. Inselele iwukwehlukanisa phakathi kwabahluleli abanamafilosofi okwahlulela avumelanayo nalabo abamane baqhubekisela phambili izinhloso zezombangazwe.

Ukufinyelela Ekulungeni

Abantu abaningi abanakho ukukhombisa ngokomthetho, futhi izimiso zenkantolo ngokuvamile zikhungathekiswa yicala, eliholela ekubambezeleni futhi ekunciphiseni ukuvunyelwa kobulungisa. Lezi zinselele ezisebenzayo zithinta indlela izinkantolo ezingafeza ngayo indima yazo emphakathini. Abaqondisi-zincwadi kufanele bacabangele imibono yabazolungela ukufinyelela ezindabeni zobulungisa nokuzimisela kwabo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isimiso somthetho sikhonza wonke amalungu omphakathi, hhayi labo nje abakwazi ukuthenga abameli ababizayo.

Ukubona Kahle Nokulandisa

Imibuzo ephathelene nokuvezana kokwahlulela nokulandisa iye yaba evelele kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva. Kufanele ikhululeke kakhulu emphakathini. Izinkantolo kufanele zizisingathe kanjani izingxabano zesithakazelo? Iyiphi indima okufanele ifezwe ngeminikelo okhethweni lokwahlulela? Lemibuzo ayinazimpendulo ezilula, kodwa ibalulekile ukuba abavoti bayicabangele.

Ubuchwepheshe Nokubuyiselwa

Izinkantolo ziyaphikisana ngokuthi zingaluhlanganisa kanjani ubuchwepheshe emisebenzini yazo kuyilapho zigcina ubulungisa nokungena ngokomthetho. Kusukela ezimisweni zemishini kuya ekusebenziseni ukuzwana kokwenziwa ekucwaningeni okungokomthetho, ubuchwepheshe bushintsha indlela izinkantolo ezisebenza ngayo. Abaqondisi-zincwadi kufanele bacabangele indlela ababheka ngayo lezi zinguquko zobuchwepheshe kanye nokuzimisela kwabo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukusungula izinto kufeza ubulungisa kunokuba benze imingcele emisha.

Imithombo Yezincwadi Yabahlali Bezokwahlulela Abakhipha Izivumelwano

Abaqondisi bezincwadi bayakwazi ukuthola imithombo ehlukahlukene engabasiza ukuba bahlole abazokwahlulela futhi benze izinqumo ezisekelwe olwazini.

Iziqondiso Zesibani Nokwaziswa Okuyi - Candidete

Izinhlangano eziningi ziveza iziqondisi ezinikeza ukwaziswa mayelana nabavoti, kuhlanganise nezizinda zabo, iziqu, nezikhundla ezisemqoka ezindabeni eziyinhloko. Izinhlangano zebar zivame ukuhlola abazovota futhi zinikeze izilinganiso. Nakuba le mithombo kungafanele ibe yiyo yodwa enikeza ukwaziswa, ingaba wusizo ekuqaleni izihloko zabavoti.

Amavoter angaya futhi kuma-counter, ama-website kanye nemisebenzi yomkhankaso, kanye nezizinda zobuchwepheshe zokucwaninga nezinqumo zangaphambili (uma beye bakhonza njengabahluleli ngaphambili). Lapho abavoti beqoqa ukwaziswa okwengeziwe, bayohlonyiselwa kangcono ukwenza izinqumo ezinolwazi.

Ama - Webster Enkantolo Namarekhodi Omphakathi

Izinkantolo eziningi zinamawebhusayithi anikeza ukwaziswa ngemisebenzi yazo, amacala akhona, futhi zikhiphe izinqumo. Le mithombo ingasiza abavoti ukuba baqonde lokho okwenziwa izinkantolo nendlela ezisebenza ngayo. Kulabo abazosebenza njengamajaji kakade, ukubukeza imibono yabo ebhaliwe kunganikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ngefilosofi yabo yokwahlulela nangendlela yokwenza izinqumo.

Amarekhodi omphakathi aphathelene nokwahlulela, kuhlanganise nomlando wabo wobuchwepheshe, noma yiziphi izenzo zokuyala, nokuhileleka kwabo emisebenzini yomphakathi, kungazisa futhi abavoti izinqumo.

Imicebo Yemfundo

Izinhlangano ezinjenge-American Bar Association ( http://wwww.amaricanbar.org), izinkantolo zase-U.S. ( httpts//wwww.uccourts.gov[), kanye namaqembu emfundo esizwe ahlukahlukene anikeza imithombo yokusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde isimiso sokwahlulela. Lezi zifundo zingasiza abavoti ukuba bathuthukise ulwazi oludingekile ukuze bahlole abamele kahle.

Izikole zomthetho nezinhlangano zomthetho zivame ukuphatha izinhlelo zomphakathi ngezinkantolo nangamacala akhethiwe. Ukuya kulezi zinhlelo noma ukungena izinto zazo kuyi-intanethi kungajulisa ukuqonda kwabavoti ngendlela izinkantolo zisebenza ngayo nokuthi yini abazoyifuna.

Ukubaluleka Kokunikeza Izazi Ekukhetheni Izahlulelo Zokwahlulela

Ngokuvamile, amajaji akhethayo athola ukunaka okuncane kunezinhlanga eziphethe noma ezishaya umthetho, kodwa abaluleke ngokufanayo. abavoti bayokhetha noma balondoloze izinqumo ezithinta amalungelo ayisisekelo, zixazulule izingxabano, futhi zichaze imithetho iminyaka eminingi noma ngisho namashumi eminyaka ezayo.

Ngokungafani nomkhankaso womthetho wokwenza umthetho noma wokwahlulela ogunyaziwe, abazokhetha amakomiti kumelwe balinganisele isidingo sokutshela abavoti ngezimfanelo zabo nefilosofi yokwahlulela nemfuneko yokuziphatha yokugwema ukwenza izithembiso ngendlela abazozinquma ngayo izindaba. Lokhu kwenza kube yinselele kakhulu ngabavoti ukuba bahlole abazothatha ikomiti, kodwa futhi kwenza ukuvota okunolwazi kube okubaluleke kakhulu.

Abaqondisi kufanele bamelane nesilingo sokuvota ngokusekelwe kuphela ekuhlanganyeleni kweqembu elithile noma ekuqashelweni kwegama. Kunalokho, zinike isikhathi sokufunda ngezimfanelo zabazohlolwa, amafilosofi okwahlulela, kanye nezimo zenhliziyo. Cabangela indlela izindlela zabo zokuchaza nokwenza izinqumo ezivumelana ngayo nemibono yakho ngendima efanele yezinkantolo emphakathini.

Nakuba izindaba zefilosofi yokwahlulela zingabazisa, abavoti kufanele bangabaze abazothola imiphumela ethile ezinhlotsheni ezithile zecala.

Isiphetho: Indima ye Voter ekusebenziseni ubulungisa

Ukuqonda indlela izinkantolo ezenza ngayo izinqumo kunika abavoti amandla okuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo ekulolongeni isimiso sokwahlulela. Izinkantolo zifeza indima ebalulekile ekubuseni ngentando yeningi kwaseMelika, ekuchazeni imithetho, ekuvikeleni amalungelo, nasekuxazululeni izimpikiswano.

Uma abavoti beqonda inqubo yokwahlulela − kuhlanganise nendima yezehlulelo, ithonya lefilosofi yokwahlulela, ukubaluleka kwamaqiniso nobufakazi, kanye nobuhlobo phakathi kwezinkantolo namanye amagatsha kahulumeni − bangenza ukukhetha okunolwazi oluthe xaxa ngalabo abazokwahlulela. Lokhu kusiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinkantolo zingayifeza indima yazo ebalulekile esimisweni sethu sikahulumeni.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi amajaji akhethiwe noma amisiwe, abavoti banendima yokudlala ekukhetheni kokwahlulela. Ezimisweni zokukhetha kokwahlulela, abavoti bakhetha ngokuqondile abahluleli. Ezimisweni zokumisa, abavoti bakhetha amongameli, ababusi, nezishayamthetho abamisa abahluleli futhi baqinisekise abamele. Ngandlela-ke, ukhetho olunolwazi lubalulekile ekulondolozeni isimiso sokwahlulela esilungile, esizimele, nesiphumelelayo.

Izinqumo ezenziwa izinkantolo namuhla ziyohlela umphakathi wezizukulwane ezizayo. Ngokuqonda indlela izinkantolo ezenza ngayo izinqumo futhi zihlole ngokucophelela abazokwahlulela, abavoti bangasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ikomiti ihlala ithembekile ekuthunyweni kwayo ukunikeza ubulungisa obulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho. Lomthwalo wemfanelo awulula ngaso sonke isikhathi, kodwa ubalulekile ekusebenzeni kwentando yeningi yaseMelika nesivikelo samalungelo abantu ngabanye nenkululeko.

Njengoba ulungiselela ukuvota okhethweni oluhilela abazoqulwa noma izindaba ezithinta izinkantolo, khumbula ukuthi awukhethi nje abantu abazogcwalisa izikhundla − usiza ekuhleleni indlela ubulungisa obuyosetshenziswa ngayo emphakathini wakini nasezweni. Thatha lowomthwalo wemfanelo ngokungathi sína, zifundise ngabazobhapathizwa kanye nezimpikiswano, futhi uvote ngolwazi lokuthi uhlanganyela kwesinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu zokubusa kwentando yeningi.