Indima YeNkantolo Ephakeme Embusweni WaseMelika Wentando Yeningi

INkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. ingumhumushi wokugcina woMthetho-sisekelo nomthetho kahulumeni. Umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko ukuzwa izikhalo ezivela ezinkantolo eziphansi ezicabeni ezihilela imibuzo ewumthetho-sisekelo, izingxabano phakathi kwezifundazwe, noma izingxabano phakathi komthetho kahulumeni nomthetho kazwelonke. Uma iNkantolo ikhipha isinqumo, lesosinqumo siba isibonelo esinqumayo kuyo yonke inkantolo ephansi ezweni, ngokuphumelelayo elungisa isimo somthetho wonke amaMelika ahlala kuso, asebenza futhi asebenzelane.

Ngenxa yokuthi iNkantolo Ephakeme ayiyona indikimba ekhethiwe, iklanyelwe ukuvikelwa ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe, ikuvumela ukuba wenze izinqumo ezisekelwe kuMthetho-sisekelo nezimiso zomthetho kunokuba zisekelwe embonweni ovamile. Lokhu kuzibusa kunikeza imithetho yako ephawulekayo yokuhlala namandla; uMkhandlu awunakumane uthathe incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo, futhi ukugumbuqela inqubo ngokuvamile kudinga iNkantolo yesikhathi esizayo noma ukuncitshiswa komthetho ngokomthetho. Ngenxa yalokho, izinqumo zeNkantolo zingathonya umphakathi waseMelika amashumi eminyaka noma ngisho namakhulu eminyaka.

Indlela Inkantolo Ephakeme Efinyelela Ngayo Icala

Ukuqonda ithonya leNkantolo kudinga ukuqonda okuyisisekelo kwenqubo yayo. Unyaka ngamunye, iNkantolo ithola izicelo ezingaba ngu 7 000 kuya ku-8 000 zecala le-certiorari(-restst). Amajaji abukeza abangaphansi kwekhulu, akhetha kuphela lezo ezihilela ukuxabana okukhulu phakathi kwezinkantolo eziphansi, aphakamisa indaba ewumthetho-mfashini, noma athinta ukuphila kwezigidi zamaMelika. “umthetho ka-Cretiori” usho ukuthi okungenani amajaji amane kumelwe avume ukuthatha icala.

Uma icala selimukelwe, zombili izimpi zifaka izimpikiswano ezibhaliwe, futhi iNkantolo izwa izimpikiswano. Ngemva kwemihlangano yangasese, imiyalo yezahlulelo, ngokuvamile isakaza izivumelwano eziningi ngaphambi kokuba kukhululwe isinqumo sokugcina. Umqondo owenziwe yi-("umbono oyala amavoti amahlanu) uba umthetho wezwe. Ukuqubuka nokuphikisana kwemibono, nakuba kungabopheki, kungathonya izinkantolo zesikhathi esizayo kanye nezimpawu lapho umthetho ungaqondisa khona.

Izindawo Eziyisithupha Eziyinhloko Lapho Izinqumo ZeNkantolo Ephakeme Zishintsha Khona Ukuphila Kwansuku Zonke

1. Ukuvikela Amalungelo Nenkululeko Yomuntu Ngamunye

I-Bill of Rights iqinisekisa inkululeko eyisisekelo, kodwa izinga eliqondile nemingcele yalawomalungelo lichazwa iNkantolo Ephakeme. Njengesibonelo, [FLT][[FLT]st Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette [1943]] [1933], iNkantolo yanquma ukuthi abafundi basesikoleni somphakathi abangebopheki ukukhulekela ifulegi noma ukusho iSifungo sika-Allegiance, ukuqinisekisa isivikelo seSiphendulo Sokuqala senkululeko yokukhuluma nenkolo. Lesinqumo sisavikela abafundi abangathathi hlangothi ekuziqeqesheleni ukushisekela ukushisekela izwe ngenxa yezizathu ezingokwenkolo noma ifilosofi.

Enkathini yezibalo, incazelo yeNkantolo yeSichibiyelo sesine ivikela ekufuneni okungacabangeli nasekuqulekeni inemiphumela emikhulu. [[FLT]] Riley v. California (2014[FLT]]], iNkantolo yavumelana ukuthi amaphoyisa adinga imvume yokuhlola okuqukethwe ucingo lwekhalekhukhwini olubanjwayo phakathi nokuboshwa. lesi sinqumo sithinta imfihlo yamuntu ngamunye othwala i-mfono, okuthinta indlela yokuthola ukwaziswa komuntu siqu, ukuxhumana, izithombe, nezindawo zomlando.

Inkulumo Ezikoleni Nasezingosini Zokuxhumana

Inkantolo futhi ilinganise inkulumo yabafundi. . .[I-Moines Independent Community School District v." Des Moelsourte [[199]] [, iNkantolo yamemezela ngokudumile ukuthi abafundi “abawasebenzisi amalungelo abo engokomthetho enkululeko yokukhuluma noma yokukhuluma esangoni lesikole. Lesinqumo sivikela ukuvinjelwa kwabafundi, kodwa kamuva, njenga [[FLT:][FLT]] [5]].[FLT] [2006] [ikhulu] [5] [inani elivamile] [inani] [inani] [inani elivamile leze, [ivocelela imibandela yeze] lapho kusetshenziswa khona iziguli.[3][11]

2. Ukuchaza Ukulingana Namalungelo Omphakathi

Mhlawumbe akukho sigaba sesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme esishintshe kakhulu ekuphileni kwansuku zonke njengalezo ezisebenza ngokulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho. [FLT]Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo[ (1454] [FLT]] iphelile isifundazwe esihlukanisa izinhlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi, isinqumo esaguqula imfundo yaseMelika, indlu, nomsebenzi. Nakuba isithembiso esigcwele se Brown sisaqapheleka, ukuthi iphethe kwayo “ukulingana” akusekho indawo yemfundo yomphakathi, kodwa kunezisekelo zemfundo.

Emkhakheni womshado, Obergefell v. Hodges (2015]]] waqinisekisa imibhangqwana efanayo ehlangeneyo nelungelo lokushada ezweni lonke. Leso sinqumo sathinta izigidi zabantu baseMelika ukuphila, izikhokhelo zentela, amalungelo efa, nokwamukelwa ngokwezenhlalo. [[FLT:]] Obergefell[, umshado ofanayo wezeze-xnex wawusemthethweni kuphela ezindaweni ezimbalwa, yenza umsebenzi wesivumelwano wamalungelo. Kusukela ngalesosikhathi, imibhangqwana eshadile inezinzuzo ezifanayo zesizwe, ukufuduka, amalungelo esibhedlela.

Isenzo Esiqinisayo Namalungelo Okudlulisela Izindaba

Muva nje, izinqumo zeNkantolo ku [FLT]] iziqu ze-Fair Adgicts v. Harvard kanye no-[FLT]] ukulingana kweNyakatho Carolina[[[ [2023] [2023] [FLT]] [[FLT]] yabulala izinhlelo zemfundo ephakeme. Lesinqumo siye saphoqa amayunivesithi aqeqesha ezweni lonke ukuba afake kabusha imithetho yawo, athinta indlela izinkulungwane zabafundi ezisebenza ngayo ekoliji unyaka ngamunye. Okwamanje, kungathi [FLT] [FLT] .[FT] V[FT] [FT] [3] [20] [iT] ilungiselelo lokwenza izinhlelo ezintsha zokulungisa, i-octivectived transtivectived travotionsting, i-octived, i-octived,tion, i

Ukuthonya Imfundo Evela Ekholijini Le - Kindergarten

Ngalé kokwahlukaniswa nokukhuluma, iNkantolo inquma njalo izinkantolo ezithinta ukuphila kwasekilasini. Ukwenqatshelwa komthandazo wesikole kwamiswa Engel v. Vitale [ [[FLT:] [62]] [[FLT:], ukuvimbela imithandazo eqanjwe ngokomthetho ezikoleni zomphakathi. Izinqumo, ezinjenge [[[FLT:][FLT]][FLT]] Leev. Wean [FLT]] [[FLT:] [2] [2] [5] [i] [inani] [inani lemikhulelo yomphakathi] [[FLT]] na [iqembu] isikole esingunyakazene.[FLT] [ikt] Imikhuletiksime ngokuqinisekile.[5]

Umthetho wemfundo ekhethekile wathonywa kakhulu . Board of Education v. Rowley (19982]], echaza indinganiso ye-“imfundo yomphakathi efanelekile” ngaphansi kwe-Exterstion Division Education Act (IDA). Nakuba iNkantolo imise i-baseline elinganiselwe, imithetho elandelanayo [[FLT:][FLT][FLT][FLT:][5]] [FLT]] ISikole somphakathi esifanelekile sinikeza intuthuko efanelekile yemiklamo yemfundo yezingane. V. Douglas Counterns [2017] [FLT]], ikhuliswe leyo izinga lokufundisa, ifuna ukunikeza imfundo elinganiswe “inzuzo yemfundo elinganiswe ngokulingana nezimiso zezingane ezingokwezikole zezemfundo zezezezezezezezezezezezezezezigidi zezezezeze

4. Ukuthuthukisa Imisebenzi Nezomnotho

Izinqumo zeNkantolo ePhakeme zihlela iholo elilinganiselwe, imithetho eyengeziwe, ukuphepha emsebenzini, namalungelo enyunyana. [FLT][1] National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (202], iNkantolo yasekela imvume ye-Afford Care Care Act njengentela, ilondoloza impilo edluliselwe amashumi ezigidi zezisebenzi. Nokho, iNkantolo yalinganisela ukwanda komthetho we-Medicaid, ithinta indlela izisebenzi eziningi ezithola imali ezikwazi ngayo ukukhokhelwa.

Endabeni yokucwaswa kwemisebenzi, [FLT] Bostock v. Clayton County [20] ISihlokwana VII se-Civil Rights Act sokuvikela izisebenzi ekucwaseni izisebenzi ngenxa yokukhetha okusekelwe ekubukekeni kokuziphatha kobulili noma isimo sobuhlanya. Lesinqumo esingokophawu sashintsha ngokushesha indlela abaqashi abasingatha ngayo izikhalo, izinzuzo, nezimiso zemisebenzi ze LGBTQ+ izisebenzi, ezithinta abantu abalinganiselwa ezigidini.

Umthetho Wezisebenzi Nezomnotho

INkantolo ikhulume futhi ngamandla ezinhlangano zikahulumeni. i-West Virginia v. EPA [202] , iNkantolo yanqabela amandla e-Evironmental Protection Agency okulawula ukukhishwa kogesi ngaphansi koMthetho we-Eaease Air, isinqumo esiye sathinta abaqashi embonini yamandla (ize-PFLT). Okwamanje, [FLT:] [5] [i-janus] v. AFSC 2016] [FLT] [20] [FLT] i-nyukse yenhlangano yezisebenzi ezisebenzela umphakathi [igembulela i-Genegassion, i-Expartcesstionss, ne-New Yorkner, ngokwezimo ye-Est California, i-Illinome.[FFlk:6]

5. Ukuphanga Ukunakekelwa Kwempilo, Ukubuyiselwa Kwendlela Yokusebenza Nokuzidalela Izindaba Zomuntu Siqu

Zimbalwa izindawo zokuphila kwansuku zonke ezihlangene ngokuseduze nesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme njengezempilo nenkululeko yomzimba. Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization [202] [202]] ukulawulwa [[[FLT]]] [[FLT]] [4] i-Roce v. Wade [ kanye [[FLT] ne-[FLT] Parents v. Casey, ibuyisela umbuzo womthetho wokukhipha isisu. Lesinqumo sesiholele kakade ekuvimbeleni cishe kunyakatho ezindaweni ezicishe zizonke, ukuphoqesha amashumi amaningi abesifazane ukuhamba nasekwezelelwe ngokwezinkonzo zezempilo.

Imfundiso yezindaba zomuntu siqu yeNkantolo idlulela nasemininingwaneni yempilo nokwaziswa kwezenombolo. [[FLT]] Ikhandlela-mfundamathingi v. United States (2018), iNkantolo yanquma ukuthi uhulumeni udinga isiqinisekiso sokuthola amarekhodi e-cell angoko kumarekhodi e-tekthayubhu. Lesinqumo sivikela imfihlo ye-adi ye-adicry ye-software yomsebenzisi ngamunye we-solyumu, silinganisela indlela umthetho ongalandela ngayo izinhlangano zomuntu ngaphandle kokwengamela i-mthetho. Ibonisa ukuqaphela ukuthi ukwaziswa kohlelo kufanele kuvikelwe i-Hellmer.

Izimfuneko Zemithi Yokugoma Nempilo Yomphakathi

Phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVID Ú19, iNkantolo yavala umyalo wezokwelapha ze-Biden wokugoma kubaqashi abaningi. iNational Federation of Independent Business v. OSTA [202] [202]] [202] [202]] [[FLT]], kuyilapho ivumela umthetho ofanayo wezezonyango ezithola izimali zezezezempilo [FLT] v.[FLT:] [202] [202] [FLT]] [25:7] [isinqumo esihlukile esithonye] [izimiso zempilo zemisebenzi yezisebenzi kanye nendlela ikhodiwe ngayo phakathi nomthetho phakathi kweNkakhulu leNkathi yezomphakathi phakathi nomphakathi.[FLT]

6. Ukuqiniseka Ngendlela Uhulumeni Osebenza Ngayo Nalokho Ongakwenza

INkantolo Ephakeme iyisisekeli sokuhlukanisa amagunya phakathi kweSishaya-mthetho, umongameli, kanye nezindawo. [FLT]] Marbury v. Madison (1803] yasungula ukubukeza kokwahlulela ngokwako, inikeza iNkantolo amandla okuqeda izenzo zomthetho. Lesimiso esisodwa sisekela zonke izinqumo ezilulaza umthetho kahulumeni.

Izibonelo zamuva kakhulu zihlanganisa Indawo ye Homeland Security v. Regents zeYunivesithi yaseCalifornia [20] , eyavala imizamo yokuqeda i-Form Develored Action for Youlvections (DACA) uhlelo. Ukubusa kwamaphepha avikela abafuduki abasha abangaba ngu-70,000, ebavumela ukuba baqhubeke besebenza, bafunde, futhi baphile ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuxoshwa. Yaqinisa futhi imingcele yezenzo zempathilo.

Izindaba ze-Federalism zinquma ukulinganisela phakathi kwegunya lesizwe nezwe. [FLT]] [FURphy v. NCA (2018) , iNkantolo yashaya iManejala ne-Ampetur Sports Provice Active Act (PASPA), ivula umnyango wezwe ukuba ivume ngokusemthethweni ukubheja. Kusukela ngalesosikhathi, izigaba ezingaphezu kwamashumi amathathu ziye zadlulisa imithetho evumela ukubheja kwemidlalo, ivezela izinkulungwane zezigidi ngemali futhi ishintsha indlela amaMelika asebenza ngayo emidlalo yasekholiji.

Ukuqina Kwezigwegwe ZeNkantolo Ephakeme

Ngenxa yokuthi izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme kunzima ukuzishintsha, zikha izimiso ezihlala njalo ezithuthukisa ukuziphatha ezizizukulwaneni. Isimiso se [FLT]] stares decisis `umqondo wokuthi izinkantolo kufanele zilandele isibonelo kodwa zingakwenzi kube nzima. Uma iNkantolo igumbuqela isibonelo eside esiqinile, njengoba yenza [[FLT:]] no [FLT:] [FLT] Brow], imiphumela yezenhlalo neyomthetho inguqule.

Ukulunga kungukuqina nobuthakathaka: kuqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo ahlala eqinile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kodwa futhi kusho ukuthi imithetho yakudala engasahambisani nezindinganiso zomphakathi (njenge- Planety v. Ferguson, esekela ukuhlukanisa) iyaqhubeka kuze kube yilapho iNkantolo yesikhathi esizayo iwalahla. Ngakho - ke umphakathi unesithakazelo esinamandla ekuqondeni isakhiwo seNkantolo kanye nesiqondiso sayo.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela: Imingcele Yangempela YeNkantolo Yezwe ka - 2016

Kuwo wonke amandla ayo, iNkantolo Ephakeme ayikwazi ukumisa izinqumo zayo siqu. Kubikwa ukuthi incike egatsheni eliphetheyo ukuze isebenzise izinqumo futhi isebenzise ukuzimisela komphakathi ukuvumelana nazo. Lapho uMongameli uAndrew Jackson etshelwa ukuthi wamelana neNkantolo e kaWorcester v. Georgia [1832], uthe, “uJohn Marshall wenze isinqumo sakhe; manje mvumeleni asibophe." Muva nje, iziphakamiso ziye zamelana nesinqumo sesikole sokukhipha imvume, amalungelo okuvota, nokukhipha izisu, ngezinye izikhathi iminyaka eminingi.

UKhongolo lungasabela futhi ezinqumweni zeNkantolo ngokukhipha imithetho kahulumeni ekhombayo, uma nje ukulungisa kungawuphuli uMthetho-sisekelo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kokuba iNkantolo iqedile ukusebenza kweNkathi Yokwahlulelwa Kwezinqumo eMsebenzini kumthetho kahulumeni ku- [FLT]] KMLY v. Florida Board of Regents [2] [2000] [[[FLT]], iSivume sisengaqhubeka sidlulisa umthetho omusha osebenzisa amandla awo okusebenzisa isivikelo esifanayo. Ngakho, iNkanto inamandla kodwa ayinamandla; izinqumo zayo zibuthwa amagatsha ezombangazwe nawamu umphakathi.

Imikhuba Yanamuhla Nethonya Lesikhathi Esizayo

INkantolo yamanje, ehlanganisa i-66 colvement, iye yabonisa ukuzimisela ukuphinde iphinde ithathe izimpawu ezicatshangelwe isikhathi eside. Icala elisebusweni be-ocenti (imfundiso ye-ocentium"), amalungelo ezikhali, nenkululeko engokwenkolo kubuye kulungiswe i-propati engokomthetho. [FLT][FLT]] [[FLT]]] [isinqumo kakade seNew York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen [202] [202] Isinqumo seSivume amalungelo Esibili sokuHluliswa Kwezigwebo ngokufuna ukuba kuthethelelwe izigwebo ezingokomlando. Lesinqumo sesiye sabangela ukulwa kwezwezwe elimelene nombuso nemithetho yezikhali ezweni lonke.

Eminyakeni ezayo, cishe iNkantolo izonquma amacala ahlanganisa ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, ukulinganisela kwezenhlala-khona, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, namalungelo abantu embulunga yonke. Zonke lezizindawo ziyoba nemiphumela esheshayo yendlela amaMelika axhumana ngayo, asebenze, futhi ahlanganyele ekuthatheni idemokrati. Ukuchazwa kweSichibiyelo sokuqala emongweni wezenhlala-khona kuyonquma ukuthi izinkampani zobuchwepheshe zingaba nokwaziswa okusesilinganisweni noma ukuthi amazwe angawaphoqelela ukuba asebenzise inkulumo ethile. Izinqumo zesimiso sendawo ezungezile ziyo ziyothinta izindleko zamandla, ijubane lokuvuselela amandla, kanye nempilo yemiphakathi eseduze kwezindawo zezezemisebenzi yezemisebenzi.

Isizathu Sokuba Izakhamuzi Zinake

INkantolo Ephakeme ivame ukuchazwa ngokuthi igatsha “eliyingozi empumalanga” ngoba alinasikhwama noma inkemba. Nokho izinqumo zayo zifinyelela kuzo zonke izingxenye zokuphila kwaseMelika (kusukela ngesikhathi ingane isho iSifungo Sokwahlulela kuze kube yilapho isisebenzi sihlola umyalezo wetekisi ngemva kwamahora. Ukuqonda umsebenzi weNkantolo kuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zihileleke ngokunenjongo ngokwengeziwe ngezinkulumo - mpikiswano zomthetho, ziqaphele ukuthi imithetho emisha izakuvivinywa kanjani, futhi ziqonde ukuthi kungani ukumiswa kobulungisa obubodwa kungashintsha indlela yezwe amashumi eminyaka.

Imithombo enjengaye Oyez. org, Cornell’s Legional Information Institute, kanye SCOUSBROG][ inikeza ukufinyela, ukuhlanganisa ulwazi olukhona ezindaweni ezikhona nakwezinqunyiwe. Ngokulandela ithebeni leNkakhulu nokufunda imibono yayo, [1] Ngisho no-[FLT] iyakwazi ukubona mathule ukuthi izimiso ezithathelwanayo ziguqulela kanjani imithetho ebusa ukuphila kwazo kwansuku zonke.