Indlela INkantolo Ephakeme Enquma Ngayo: Isiqondiso Esilandelanayo Sezakhamuzi

INkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu yase-United States injengendikimba yokwahlulela ephakeme kakhulu ezweni, isebenzisa amandla okuchaza uMthetho-sisekelo futhi ihlele indawo engokomthetho yesizwe. Kubantu abaningi, inqubo iNkantolo efinyelela ngayo izinqumo zayo ingabonakala imfiliba noma ingafinyeleli. Eqinisweni, uhambo olusuka enkantolo ukuya enqabeni yesinqumo esiwuphawulo olungokomthetho lulandela inqubo ehlelwe kahle, yesigaba esibanzi eklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukucubungula, ukungaguquguquki, nokucacisa. Ukuqonda lenqubo akugcini nje ngokululaza iNkantolo ’ inika izakhamuzi amandla okuhlanganyela ngokunengqondo negatsha lomthetho kahulumeni. Lesiqondiso sinqamula inqubo yokuqala engokomthetho yokukhipha umbono ongokomthetho.

Indlela Eya Enkantolo Ephakeme: Ukusuka Esicelweni Sokubukeza

Ngaphambi kokuba iNkantolo Ephakeme ikhiphe isinqumo, icala kumelwe liqale lisebenzise inqubo yokukhetha enzima. INkantolo ayizwa izikhalo njengelungelo lanoma iliphi icala elifikayo. Kunalokho, abahluleli basebenzisa ukuqonda ukuze bakhethe ukuthi yimaphi amacala adinga ukunakwa, amandla abumba wonke amadokotela.

Isicelo Sokwethulwa Kwesigubhu EsiseCertiorari

Uhambo oluya esinqumweni seNkantolo Ephakeme luqala lapho iqembu eliye lalahlekelwa enkantolo ephansi lifaka isicelo sesicelo se-certiorari. Lesi sicelo siyisicelo esingokomthetho esicela iNkantolo Ephakeme ukuba ibukeze isinqumo senkantolo ephansi. Isicelo kumelwe sicacise ukuthi kungani icala libaluleke ngokwanele ukuba lifanelekele isikhathi seNkantolo, ngokuvamile ngokubonisa ukuthi umbuzo ongokomthetho unqunywe ngokwehlukile yizinkantolo eziphansi, kwakhiwe lokho okwaziwayo ngokuthi i-“circit yahlukene. &quo; I-gardenti, iqembu eliwinayo enkantolo ephansi, bese lifaka amafayili amafushane ekuphikiseni, ngokuphikisa ukuthi kungani iNkantolo iphikiswa.

I - “ I - Four ” Nokukhethwa Kwecala

Unyaka ngamunye, iNkantolo ithola izicelo ezingaba ngu-7 000 kuya ku-8 000 ze-certiorari, kodwa inikeza ukubukezwa okugcwele emacaleni angaba ngu-80 kuya kwayikhulu. Inqubo yokukhetha ilawulwa yi- “Rle of Four ” — umkhuba omude lapho icala livunywa khona uma okungenani abane kwabejaji abayisishiyagalo bevota befuna ukunikeza i-ceretiari. Amajaji ahlola amacala anikeza imibuzo ebalulekile engokomthetho, ahilela izingxabano phakathi kwezinkantolo zesifunda zesifunda noma izinkantolo eziyinhloko zikahulumeni, noma aphakamisa izimpikiswano ezingoko ezingokozwe. Amacala akhona angenzelwangawo kuphela noma ahilela amaphutha omthetho ahlolwayo.

Ingqungquthela ne “ IDiscos List ”

Phambi kokuvota okugcwele e-certiorari, omabhalane ngamunye u-’ omabhalane babukeza izicelo futhi balungiselele imemo yokufushanisa izimpikiswano futhi batuse isenzo. Amajaji ngokwawo ahlangana engqungqutheleni yangasese ukuze axoxe ngamacala okumelwe awamukele. Amacala anoma yiliphi ijaji elifuna ukuxoxa ngawo abekwe ohlwini lwe-“ amakhalphere; amacala angekho kuloluhlu aphindwa ngokuzenzekelayo. Lokhu kuhlunga kuqinisekisa ukuthi izenzakalo ezifanelekela kakhulu nezibalulekile kuphela ezifinyelela isigaba sempikiswano yomlomo.

Ukwakha Umlando: Ukufingqa Nobufakazi

Lapho iNkantolo isinikeza icertiorari, icala liqala ukuthatha isigaba esifushane, lapho zombili izinhlangothi zinikeza khona izimpikiswano zazo ezingokomthetho eziphelele.

Amaphimbo Afingqiwe: Ama - core

Umceli nophendula ngamunye unikeza incazelo emfushane yemibuzo engokomthetho echaza ukuthi kungani isinqumo senkantolo ephansi i’ isinqumo kufanele siqinisekiswe noma sishintshwe. Lezi zinqumo ezimfushane kumelwe zinamathele ekuhleleni okuqinile kanye nasezimfunekweni ezibekwe yiNkantolo. Zivame ukuhlanganisa inkulumo yamaqiniso, ukufingqa imibuzo engokomthetho enikezwayo, nokuhlaziya ngokucophelela kwezimiso ezihlobene, izenzakalo, nezimiso zomthetho. Imfanelo kanye nokucaciswa kwalezi zimfuneze. Izinga nokucaciswa kwalezi zinqumo kungathonya ngokuphawulekayo amajaji ’ ukuqonda lelicala.

Amafishane E - Amicus Curiae: Abangane BeNkantolo

Ngaphandle kwamaqembu ahilelekile ngokuqondile, amalungu esithathu athakazelayo angafaka i-ancicuriae, noma i-&lquo; umngane wenkantolo, i-” imifushaniso. Lezi zici ezifushane zinikeza ezinye izincazelo ezindabeni ezingokomthetho ezisemqoka, ngokuvamile kumaqembu angenamthetho, izinkampani zezohwebo, oprofesa bezomthetho, iziphathi zikahulumeni, noma abameli bezwe. Amacus angaqokomisa incazelo ebanzi yecala futhi anikeze amakhono angeke awanikeze. Ecaleni eliphezulu, iNkantolo ingase yamukele izimpinda zemithetho enjalo. Imithetho ebusayo ifuna ukuba iqembu livume ukuthi iqembu livume ezinhlanganweni noma emkhandlwini yeNkantolo.

Isithasiselo Esihlangene

Ingxenye futhi ilungiselela isithasiselo esihlangene, esiqukethe izingxenye zerekhodi lenkantolo eliphansi elivumelana nemibuzo enikezwayo. Lencwadi ihlanganisa amarekhodi okuqulwa kwecala, imibukiso, nemibono yenkantolo ephansi.

Izimpikiswano Zemilo: Isimo Senkantolo Esisobala

Ngemva kokufingqa, iNkantolo ihlela izimpikiswano zomlomo. Lena ukuphela kwengxenye yomphakathi yenqubo yokwenza izinqumo, futhi inikeza umbono oyivela kancane kumajaji i-’ ukucabanga.

Ukwakhiwa Nokuhlalwa Kwesikhathi

Kuqulwa izimpikiswano ezinkulu enkantolo enkulu yesakhiwo seNkantolo ePhakeme eWashington, D.C. uhlangothi ngalunye lunikezwa imizuzu engu-30 ukuze lunikeze icala lalo, nakuba amajaji evame ukuphazamisana nemibuzo. Umceli uphikisa kuqala, alandelwe yimpendulo. Umceli angase futhi agcine ingxenye yesikhathi sakhe ukuze adlulise impikiswano. Izimpikiswano zivulekele umphakathi, futhi amakhasethi aqoshwe ekupheleni kwesonto ngalinye. Iziqeshana zikhishwa engosini eyodwa.

Indima Yemibuzo Ye - Bench

Phakathi nezimpikiswano ezidluliselwa ngomlomo, abahluleli babuza abameli ngenkuthalo, bahlola ubuthakathaka ekucabangeni kwabo, bahlola izimo abacabanga ngazo, futhi bahlole imiphumela engenzeka yemiphumela ehlukene. Lemibuzo ingaveza ukuthi ukwahlulela ’ izikhalo zikhuluma amanga futhi ngezinye izikhathi zikhombe ngisho nokuthi zingavota kanjani. Kubameli, izimpikiswano zomlomo ziwukusetshenziswa kokucabanga okushesha nokunemba; kumelwe bavikele izikhundla zabo ngokuhlolisisa okukhulu lapho behlala benenhlonipho futhi bekhomba. Imfanelo yommeli u’ ukusabela kungaveza ithonya eliqinile eNkabeni &squo; ukuqonda icala.

UJenene ’ Indima Yakhe

I-Solicitor General yase-United States, emelela uhulumeni kahulumeni phambi kweNkantolo Ephakeme, ihlanganyela njalo ezimpikiswaneni zomlomo. Uhulumeni uyingxenye cishe emacaleni acishe abe yingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu enkantolo ezwakalayo unyaka ngamunye, futhi i-Solicitor General ’ ihhovisi futhi lithatha ama-amicus ezimweni eziningi. Ama-Attorney avela kulehhovisi abhekwa kabanzi njengaphakathi kwabasekeli besizwe abanekhono kakhulu, futhi izimpikiswano zabo ngokuvamile zinezinga eliphezulu kumajaji.

Ingqungquthela: Inkululeko Ngeminyango Evalwe

Ngemva kwempikiswano edluliselwa ngomlomo, amajaji abalekela emhlanganweni wangasese ukuze baxoxe ngecala futhi bavote. Lesi simo sifihlakele ngasese; akukho omabhalane, izisebenzi, noma abantu bangaphandle.

Isimiso Sengqungquthela

Abahluleli bahlangana egumbini lengqungquthela eseduze neJaji Elikhulu i-’ amagumbi. Baxoxa ngecala ngalinye ngokulandelana kwecala elikhulu, uma uMahluleli omkhulu ekhuluma kuqala, elandelwa ilunga elikhulu kunabo bonke, futhi njalo kuze kube umahluleli omncinci kakhulu. Icala ngalinye liveza imibono yalo ecaleni, futhi kuthathwa ukuvota okuqinile. Ingqungquthela ibuswa imithetho eqinile yokufihla imfihlo; noma ikuphi ukuvuza kwalemibono kuyinto engavamile kakhulu futhi kuthathwa njengokuphulwa okungathi sína kwemithetho elandelwayo.

Isabelo Semibono

Ngemva kwevoti yokuqala, umsebenzi wokubhala umbono weNkantolo umisiwe. Uma uMahluleli oyinhloko esesiningi, banikeza umbono; kungenjalo, umahluleli omkhulu kunabo bonke abaningi usenza lesisabelo. Umlobi wemibono unomthwalo wokuhlela incwadi esho iNkantolo i’ ibambe futhi ichaze ukucabanga okungokomthetho. Umlobi kumelwe asebenzise ulimi olugunyaza ukusekela kwamajaji amahlanu ukuze akhe umbono weningi.

Ukushintsha Indlela Ocabanga Ngayo Futhi Uwukhuthaze Lo mbono

Isigaba sokubhala umbono silapho kufakwa khona isimo sokugcina sesinqumo. Lenqubo ingathatha amasonto noma ngisho nezinyanga, futhi ngokuvamile ihilela ukuxoxisana okukhulu phakathi kwamajaji.

Ukuqhutshwa Kwamadrama

Umahluleli omisiwe udlulisela umbono ozothathwa abanye abahluleli. Udwebo lungabukezwa kaningi ngokusabela kumazwi nokusikisela kozakwabo. Amajaji akhetha iningi ekuqaleni angase ashintshe izingqondo zawo ngemva kokufunda umshini, futhi angase anqume ukujoyina umbono ophikiswayo noma ophikisayo. Umgomo uwukuveza umbono oveza imibono yeningi ngokunembile futhi angamelana nokuphenyiswa.

Imibono Ehambisanayo

Noma yimuphi ukwahlulela okuvotayo neningi kungase kubhale umbono ovumelanayo. Ukuvumelana kuvumelana nomphumela wecala kodwa kungase kungavumelani noMphathi woMphathi woMbuso omkhulu; ukucabangela noma ukufisa ukugcizelela iphuzu elithile. Imibono ekhona ingathonya indlela izinkantolo eziphansi ezichaza ngayo isinqumo futhi zingabeka isisekelo sezenzakalo ezingokomthetho zesikhathi esizayo.

Imibono Engavumelaniyo

Amajaji angaphikisana neningi angase abhale imibono ephikisanayo. Ukungavumelani kungachaza ukuthi kungani ubulungisa bukholelwa ukuthi iningi lenza iphutha, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ekuchazeni kwalo umthetho, ukusebenzisa kwawo isiqalo, noma ukuqonda kwawo amaqiniso. Nakuba ukuphikisana kwemibono kunganamandla omthetho, afeza umsebenzi obalulekile esimisweni somthetho. Bangaqokomisa ubuthakathaka ku-’ ukusikisela, ukunikeza isiqondiso kubagxeki nezinkantolo eziphansi, futhi kwezinye izimo, babeka isisekelo sokulawula kwenani elikhulu laba-’ isinqumo. Njengoba uMahluleli uCharles uCreen Chube waphawula khona, ukuphikisa kungu-“ ukunxusa komthetho, ukuqondisa, ukuqondisa ezinkantolo zosuku oluzayo.

Isinqumo Sokugcina: Isaziso Nokwaziswa

Lapho iningi selitholiwe futhi umbono usunqunyiwe, iNkantolo imemezela isinqumo sayo enkantolo esobala.

Isaziso Sesinqumo

Ezinsukwini zesinqumo, ezihlelwe kusukela ngasekupheleni kwentwasahlobo kuya ekuqaleni kwehlobo, iNkantolo ikhipha imibono yayo. Umlobi wemibono eminingi angase afunde ukufushaniswa kwesinqumo ebhentshini, futhi amahluleli aphikisayo angase afunde futhi ukuphikisa kwabo. Lezi zimemezelo zimfushane kakhulu, ngokuvamile zithatha imizuzu embalwa kuphela, kodwa ziphawula isiphetho sezinyanga zomsebenzi.

Imibiko Esakazwa E - United States

Incazelo engokomthetho yanoma yimuphi umbono weNkantolo Ephakeme ikhishwa eUnited States Reports, imiqulu ehlanganisa umlando oqinisekile weNkantolo ’ izinqumo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubekwe imibono eNkantolo Ephakeme ’ ingosi ngenkathi imenyezelwa, futhi itholakala kabanzi ngemitapo engokomthetho enjengeWestlaw, LexisNextis, nezinkonzo zesihle njenge-Google Schorth ne - Legin Instry eCornell Law School.

Umphumela Oyinhloko

Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme sibopha kuzo zonke izinkantolo eziphansi zikahulumeni nasezinkantolo zikahulumeni ngezindaba zomthetho kahulumeni. Ukucabanga okubekwe embonweni wabaningi kuba yisibonelo okumelwe izinkantolo zisilandele ezinkantolo ezilandelayo ezihilela izindaba ezifanayo ezingokomthetho. Imfundiso yokubuka idecisis, okusho ukuthi i- “ ukuma ngokwezinqumo ezinqunyiwe, i-” ifuna ukuba izinkantolo zinamathele emaphulweni ngaphandle kwezimo ezingavamile. Ngenxa yalokho, izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme zingaba nemiphumela efinyelela kude kakhulu kunaleyo ebhekene necala.

Ukuphoqelelwa Nokusetshenziswa Kwamandla

Ngemva kokuba iNkantolo ikhiphe isinqumo sayo, icala lithunyelwa enkantolo ephansi lapho lalethwa khona ezinye izimpikiswano ezivumelana neNkantolo Ephakeme ’ umbono. Inkantolo ephansi inesibopho sokusebenzisa isinqumo, esingase sihilele ukuthatha isahlulelo sokugcina, ukukhipha umyalo, noma ukukhipha amanye amaqiniso.

Nokho, ukuphoqelelwa kwangempela kweNkantolo ’ izinqumo, zixhomeke ekusebenzeni kwegatsha eliphethe. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo ingayala ukuba kukhululwe isiboshwa, ukuhlawuliswa kwesifunda sesikole, noma ukukhokhwa kwemali, kodwa incike kuMongameli nakumthetho osemthethweni wokufeza lezo ziyalezo. Ezimweni ezingavamile lapho ukuvuma kuthatha kancane noma kuphiwe, iNkantolo i-’ igunya lokuziphatha nethonya lombono womphakathi kuye kwabonakala kudingekile njalo. Njengoba uMahluleli omkhulu John Marshall edumile, u-“ kugcizelela ngokuqinile isifunda nesibopho somnyango wokwahlulela ukuthi umthetho uyini, i-&queo; kodwa amandla amakhulu eNkakhulu eNkantolo.

Umphumela Wezinqumo ZeNkantolo Ephakeme Ekuphileni KwaseMelika

Izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme zithinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwaseMelika, kusukela kumalungelo omphakathi nokwahlulela kobugebengu kuya kumthetho wezomnotho kanye nokulingana kwamandla phakathi kwamagatsha kahulumeni. Landmark zibusa njenge Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo[ [1954], eyaqeda ukucwasana kwezinhlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi, Roe v. Wade v[FLT] [7773]), eyaqaphela ilungelo lomthetho lokukhipha isisu, ne-[FLT]. Hodbergefell. [FLD:5] [20], eyamisa ukushada okufanayo, i-partsssss, i-partssss &quact; izindwangu zomthetho zomthetho zomthetho.

Muva nje, izinqumo eziphathelene nezimpikiswano ezinjengokunakekelwa kwempilo, ukufuduka, amalungelo okuvota, kanye nobukhulu bamandla okubusa kuye kwabangela ukuphikisana okukhulu emphakathini. Ukuqonda indlela iNkantolo efinyelela ngayo izinqumo zayo i-— ngenqubo yamabomu, yezindawo eziningi ezichazwe ngenhla i-— izakhamuzi ezikwaziyo ukuqonda amandla alezi zibopho nokuhlola indlela ezicabanga ngayo. Igcizelela futhi ukubaluleka kokumiswa kwekomiti, njengoba ukuhlelwa kweNkanto yakha ithonya ngokuqondile isiqondiso seNkantolo.

Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezingahlanganyela Ngayo NeNkantolo Ephakeme

Nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme ingase ibonakale ikude nokuphila kwansuku zonke, kunezindlela eziningana ezinengqondo izakhamuzi ezingahileleka kuzo emsebenzini wayo.

Isiphetho

Inqubo iNkantolo Ephakeme eyenza ngayo izinqumo iyisibonelo sesinqumo esicophelelayo, esinenzuzo. Kusukela esicelweni sokuqala se-certiorari phakathi nokukhishwa kombono kokugcina, isinyathelo ngasinye siklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi iNkantolo &’ izinqumo zisekelwe ekuhlaziyweni okuqinile okungokomthetho futhi zisekelwe ekuhlolweni okusobala. Izakhamuzi, ziqonda lenqubo akusona nje inqubo yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo; isisekelo sokuhlanganyela kolwazi lwezezakhamuzi. INkantolo &squarciso; izinqulu zichaza imingcele yamalungelo omthetho, zilolongezele ukusetshenziswa komthetho womthetho womthetho, futhi zithonyelise ukuphila kwawo wonke amaMelika. Ngokufunda indlela lezo zisebenza ngayo, izakhamuzi zihlonyiswe kangcono ukuba zigcine amagatsha enkantolo, ziqonde ukubaluleka komsebenzi wayo, futhi zihlangane nokuqhubeka kwezingxoxo zomthetho wesizwe.