I - Government’ Isekela I - Shaping America ̱ Amakilasi

Izinqumo ezenziwa kuhulumeni, Washington, D.C., kanye nemihlangano yesikole yendawo ihamba kuzo zonke izikole ezisezweni. Kusukela ezincwadini abafundi abazisebenzisayo ukuya kubuchwepheshe ababutholayo nakothisha abaholayo, isimiso sikahulumeni ngokuyisisekelo sinquma izinga nesiqondiso semfundo yomphakathi. Ukuqonda lamandla ethonya kubalulekile kubafundisi, abaphathi, abazali, namalungu omphakathi afuna ukusekela izikole zabo ngokuphumelelayo. Lesi sihloko sihlola izindlela eziyinhloko zokumisa izikole zikahulumeni, ukusungula izinqubo zezimali, ukugunyaza izinqubo zezezimali, imithetho yokulawula, nokulawula izivumelwano zomphakathi.

Ukwakhiwa Kwemfundo Engaphansi

Imfundo yomphakathi e-United States isebenza phakathi kwesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi, esinezinga eliyi-trile: uhulumeni, umbuso, nezwe. Izinga ngalinye lisebenzisa amandla ahlukile athinta ngokuqondile indlela izikole ezisebenza ngayo.

Igunya Eliphethe: AmaMandela, AmaGrant, Namalungelo Omphakathi

Uhulumeni ulawula ngokuyinhloko ngemibandela yezezimali nangokugcinwa kwamalungelo omphakathi. Umthetho we-Landmark onjengomthetho Wonke umfundi Wenzeke (ESA) kanye nomthetho we-[FLT] onezimo ezinamagebengu ze-Edult Education Act (IDEA) [umthetho we-RGOM]] u-RD [unil] u-RP] u-RC [unitsclement Actives quect [insect: $R] kunezimfuneko ezithile zokulandisa, ukuhlola, nezinkonzo zabafundi abakhubazekile. Umthetho we-Foderal ubuye unqandel unqande ubandlululo olusekelwe ebalazweni, ekwisihloko se-IX, nokhubazeni le-Great, ne-partment IX, no-504, unika uMnyango wegunya wokucwaninga wemfundo wokucwaninga olubanzi ukuba uhlole lweze uhlole nokulahla ukwahlulela nokulahla izwe-

Izenzo zamuva zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nokuhanjiswa kwezimali zosizo ze- COVID-19 eziphuthumayo, ingqikithi yamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu - 1,8, zibonisa indlela izinto eziza kuqala zikahulumeni ezingabuyisela ngayo izimali zendawo ngesikhathi esifushane. Lemali ivumela izifunda ukuba zifake imali ezikoleni zempilo, izinhlelo zokufunda zasehlobo, kanye nokuthuthukisa izakhiwo, nakuba eziningi zalezo zinyathelo zesikhashana manje zibhekene nesiphelo. Indima kahulumeni ilokhu iyindaba yengxoxo yempikiswano eqhubekayo, ikakhulukazi ngezindaba zokukhetha isikole, izifundo, kanye namalungelo abafundi abafunda isikole.

Igunya Lezwe: Ukuxhasa Amafomu, Izindinganiso, Ne - licensure

Ohulumeni banomthwalo wemfanelo womthetho-sisekelo wemfundo yomphakathi. Bamisa izindinganiso ze-academic [ (kuhlanganise nokusetshenziswa kwe-Core ePhakeme noma i-ovement ethuthukisiwe) kahulumeni, banqume [ ukuhlola nokuziphendulela [, basungula [[[FLT:]] izimfuneko zokufundisa [[[FLT:]] izisekelo zesivumelwano sesikole esiyinhloko sokuxhasa isikole, futhi basebenzise imishini esekela imali ekhokhelwa ukukhokhwasa iK-12, ngokuvamile benezela ngentela enikezelwe ukuthengisa noma ukugeleza.

Izwe futhi lihluka kakhulu endleleni elisebenzisa ngayo imvume yesikole, izinhlelo ze-commenter, nezimiso zokufundela ekhaya. Ngokwesibonelo, ezinye izifundazwe zifuna ukuba izifundazwe zithathe izifundo ezithile zesayensi noma zezezenhlalo, kuyilapho ezinye zishiyela lezo zinqumo ekulawuleni indawo. Ukungezwani phakathi kwemithetho kahulumeni nenkululeko yendawo kuyimbangela engapheli yokuxabana kwenqubo yemfundo.

Igunya Lendawo: Amabhodi Esikole Nokuphathwa Kwesifunda

Amabhodi esikole endawo, akhethwe noma amiswa, ahumusha iziyalo zikahulumeni nohulumeni ezinqunyweni zomsebenzi wansuku zonke. Baqasha abaphathi, bavumela uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali, bamisa izinqubo zendawo ngokuyala nokuya emihlanganweni, futhi baphatha izakhiwo. Izindawo zendawo zivumela imiphakathi ukuba ifundise ngokwezidingo zayo eziyingqayizivele, kodwa futhi idala igebe phakathi kwezigodi ezicebile nezimpofu, ikakhulukazi lapho izimali zincike kakhulu ezinkokhisweni zempahla zendawo.

Ukuxhasa Isikole: Isisekelo Semfundo Ephakeme

Izinqumo zikahulumeni mayelana nokuxhasa imali zithinta izikole ngokushesha nangendlela ephawulekayo. Indlela imali esetshenziswa ngayo ezifundeni inquma ukuthi kunezigaba ezingaki, amaholo othisha, ukulungiswa kokwakha, ukutholakala kobuchwepheshe, nokutholakala kobuciko, umculo nezinhlelo zangemva kwesikole.

Ugibe Lwempahla Nezigebengu ZoMbuso Ezisekela Intela

Izindawo eziningi zesikole zithola ingxenye enkulu yemali yazo ezintelani zendawo. Lokhu kudala igebe elibi kakhulu: imiphakathi ecebile enempahla ephakeme ingakhokha intela ngesilinganiso esiphansi futhi iqhubeke iveza imali engaphezulu kakhulu kuleyo naleyo ekhokha ngemali ephansi kakhulu. Ngokombiko ka 2023 ovela ku- Building [ inhlangano exhasa izimali phakathi kwezifunda eziphezulu neziphansi kakhulu, ikwedlula uR3 500 kumfundi ngamunye ngengxenye yezifundazwe.

Imithetho yokuxhasa imali kahulumeni izama ukulungisa lezi zilinganiso ezingafani ngezindlela ezilinganayo, kodwa eziningi zihlala zinganele. Izimiso zesakhi, izimiso ezisinda abafundi, kanye nezipho eziphelele zemfundo ekhethekile noma abafundi abangamaNgisi zingamathuluzi avamile, nokho ukucwaninga okuvela ku- ekuHlaleni Imali ne-Pult Principles kubonisa ukuthi okungenani amazwe angama-30 anikezwa imali engaphansi kwe-imali ngo-202020 kunangaphambi kokwehla kokwehla kokwehla kokwenyuka komnotho ngo-200839 uma evumelanisa ukwehla kokwehla kwamandla emali.

Iminikelo Kahulumeni: Isiqu I, I - IDIEA, Nezinhlangano Ezisekelayo

Ama-FOL Angu-10% emali egcwele esikoleni, kodwa abaluleke kakhulu ngezinjongo ezithile. Ube nothi I Izimali, ingxenye ye-ESSA, inikeza izimali ezengeziwe ezikoleni ezinamaqoqo aphezulu abafundi abavela emikhayeni ephansi ekhokhelwayo. Lemali isekela iziqeqeshi zokufundisa, amakilasi amancane, ngemva kokufundisa, nezinhlelo zesivumelwano somkhaya. Ingxenye B inikeza izimali ezisizayo ezikhokha izindleko ezingaphezulu zemisebenzi yezemfundo ekhethekile, nakuba izimali zikahulumeni zingakaze zifinyelele izindleko ezingaphezulu kakhulu zemali egunyazwe ligunyaziwe ekuqaleni.

Inkokhelo enjenge Imfundo yokuguqula kanye nokucwaninga (I-EIR) uhlelo kanye ne[FLT]School Reconfiction Grants (ISIK) ukwandisa izifundakazi ukuze zithole izinguquko ezisekelwe kubufakazi. Nokho, lezi zibonelela ngokuvamile ngezimfuneko eziqinile zokubika kanye nezikhomba zezikhathi ezingalula ezikwazi ukulinganisela izinga lesifunda.

IziNhloko Ezingokomthetho: Izindinganiso, Ukuhlola, Nokulandisa

Ngaphandle kokuxhasa ngemali, izenzo zikahulumeni zimisa uhlelo lwalokho abafundi abakufundayo nendlela intuthuko yabo elinganiswa ngayo.

Izindinganiso Zokufundisa Nokulawula Imfundo

Ukufakwa kwezindinganiso zombuso kulawula izinga nokulandelana kwemfundo ezihlokweni eziyinhloko. Izindinganiso zezwe , ezithathwa yizifundazwe ezingaphezu kuka-40 ekuqaleni konyaka ka-2010, zihlala zinethonya ngisho nangemva kokuba amazwe amaningana ehlehlisiwe noma ethathelwe indawo. Izindinganiso zinquma lokho okufundiswayo ezingeni ngalinye lebanga eliphezulu, inhloso yabamemezeli, nendlela intuthuko engokolwazini ehlelwa ngayo.

Izimpi zomthetho zamuva nje zemibono egxekayo yohlanga, i-LGBTQ+ ehlanganisa izikole, nezincwadi ezivinjelwe zibonisa ukucubungula okukhudlwana kwezombangazwe okusekilasini. Kusukela ngo-2024, okungenani izifunda- 18 ziye zamisa imithetho evimbela indlela othisha abangaxoxa ngayo ngezinhlanga nangesilisa, kuyilapho ezinye ziye zathatha izinyathelo ezidinga i-LGBTQ + ukufundisa ngokomlando. Lokhu kugunyaza abafundisi ukuba babe sesimweni esiyinselele, baqhube izimfuneko ezingokomthetho kuyilapho bezama ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zomphakathi wabafundi abahlukahlukene.

Ukuhlola Okuvamile Nezimiso Zokulandisa

Kusukela iNo Child Led Behind zera, izibalo ziye zanikeza ukuhlola kwaminyaka yonke okuvamile ekufundeni nasebaleni emagremu 3-8 nasekuqaleni esikoleni esiphakeme. Imiphumela ibangela imiphumela ngaphansi kwezimiso zikahulumeni nombuso zokulandisa, kuhlanganise nezilinganiso zesikole somphakathi, ukungenela ezikoleni eziphansi, futhi ngokunokwenzeka ngisho nombuso uthatha izinyathelo ezinkulu kakhulu. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukuhlolwa okuphezulu kunciphisa izifundo zezifundo, kukhuthaza ukufundisa ekuhlolweni, futhi ngokungenakukhomba izikole ezisebenza imali ephansi nabafundi abambalwa abahlulekayo.

Umqedazwe oncishiswe okwesikhashana izimfuneko zikahulumeni zokuhlola, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi ezinye izifundazwe ziye zafuna iziphakamiso zokunciphisa imithwalo yokuhlola. Noma kunjalo, isimiso esiyinhloko sokulandisa sisalokhu siqinile, futhi ukuqondisa kweBiden kuye kwagcizelela ukubaluleka kokwaziswa kokuhlola kokuthola nokusingatha ukulahleka kokufunda.

Izimfuneko Zokuthweswa Iziqu Neziqu Zokuthweswa Iziqu

Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zimisa nezimfuneko ezilinganiselwe zokuthweswa iziqu, kuhlanganise nenani lezikweletu ngesiNgisi, izibalo, isayensi, izifundo zezenhlalo, kanye nezivoti. Ezinye izigodi zidinga ukudlula izivivinyo zokuphuma ukuze kutholakale idiploma, kuyilapho ezinye ziye zathuthela ezindleleni zediploma eziningi noma ezisekelwe ezindleleni ezisekelwe ekuncintisaneni. Lezi zinqumo zithinta ngokuqondile iminikelo yezifundo namathuba abafundi, ikakhulukazi kubafundi abakhubazekile noma abasengozini yokulahlekelwa yikho.

Izimiso Zokuziphatha Ezisebenzayo: Ubungako Bekilasi, Ukuphepha, Nothisha

Imisebenzi yesikole yansuku zonke ilawulwa kakhulu yizimiso zikahulumeni nezohulumeni wendawo. Lemithetho ilawula indawo yokufunda, izisebenzi, nomfundi ongcono.

Umsebenzi Onzima Wekilasi Nomfundisi

Izifunda eziningi nezifunda zihlola imingcele yobukhulu besigaba ngezivumelwano ezihlangeneyo noma imithetho kahulumeni. Amakilasi amancane amabanga aqalayo ahlobene nemiphumela ephakeme yemfundo, ikakhulukazi kubafundi abaswele. Nokho, phakathi nezikhathi zokungalawuleki, amakilasi ayanda lapho izigodi zizama ukunciphisa izindleko. Isikhungo sezwe sezemfundo (PNCES) ibika ukuthi isilinganiso sesigaba sezenyuke kancane kakhulu eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, ikakhulukazi ezikoleni eziphezulu.

Ukuqinisekisa Uthisha Nokuthuthuka Kochwepheshe

Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zimisa izimfuneko zothisha bokuqala, kuhlanganise nomsebenzi wezifundo, ukufundisa amahora abafundi, nokudlulisa amanani ezivivinyweni ezinjenge-Praxis. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, amazwe amaningi aye akhulula izimfuneko ngokusebenzisa ezinye izindlela ze-classis kanye nezimpawu zesimo esiphuthumayo zokukhuluma nothisha abasweleyo. Imikhosi yobuchwepheshe ihloselwe ukuqinisekisa ukukhula kwamakhono, ngokuvamile anezela kuthisha i-’ umsebenzi ongadilishwa ngaphandle kokusebenzisa imali noma ukukhulula isikhathi esifanele.

Ukuphepha Kwesikole Nezimiso Zokuyala

Izinqumo zikahulumeni ezimayelana nokuphepha kwesikole ziye zavela ngokushesha ngemva kokudubula kakhulu nokukhushulwa kwezikhulu zezezimali zasesikoleni. Imithetho yoMbuso isho izimfuneko zokubhola izinqubo eziphuthumayo, i-protocol esebenzayo, nezimiso zokuvikela. Izimiso zokuyala zibuye zithathe isinyathelo somthetho wokulungisa inqubo, ezinye izifundazwe zilinganise ukujezisa njengokususa nokuxosha okuncane eziphakasweni.

Isiqondiso sikahulumeni ngaphansi kwesihloko IX sibusa nendlela izikole ezisingatha ngayo ukuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili nokuhlaselwa, zidala izibopho eziyinkimbinkimbi eziqhubeka zishintshana nomphathi ngamunye. Umphumela walezinkambiso uthinta isimo sezulu sesikole nenhlala- kahle yabafundi.

Ithonya Eziphumeleni Zabafundi: Ukuvumelana, Ukutholakala, Nokuphumelela

Ukukhetha izimiso kunquma ukuthi yiziphi izifundo ezithuthukisiwe, othisha abafanelekayo, ukusekelwa kwengqondo okwanele, nemisebenzi ecebisayo yangemva kwesikole.

Ukutholakala Kokwehlukana Kwezinombolo Nobuchwepheshe

Phakathi nalesifo, ukuhlukana kwenombolo kwaba yinkinga esobala yokungalingani. Abafundi ezifundeni ezingaphansi kwe-Internet babengenazo imishini kanye nokungena kwe-Internet ekhaya, behlehlisa ikhono labo lokuhlanganyela ekufundeni okukude. Izinhlelo zikahulumeni njenge-Emergencymetaity Fund ne-Balband ezibanzi zikahulumeni ziye zasiza ekuvaleni amagebe akhona, kodwa ukuhlukana kuyaqhubeka. [2023] I-Common Seact Media [ Umbiko wathola ukuthi i-15% yentsha etholile etholile ethembekile ingekho ekhaya lo intanethi.

Ukusekelwa Kwabafundi Abane - Risk

Izinhlelo zikahulumeni ezihlotshiswe njengesihloko I, McKinney-Vento (kubafundi abangenamakhaya), kanye noMthetho wemfundo okhubazekile ziklanyelwe ukuhlobisa inkundla yokudlala kubantu abasengozini. Nokho, izithiyo ezingapheli ezithokozisayo nezingalawuleki zisho ukuthi abafundi abaningi abafanelekayo abalutholi ukusekelwa okugcwele. Ukuhluleka ukuxhasa imfundo ekhethekile ngokwanele, ngokwesibonelo, ukuphoqelela amazwe ukuba aphambukise imfundo evamile ukuze ahlangabezane nemithetho engokomthetho, afuze imithombo yemali kwezinye izinto eziza kuqala.

Izifundo Zesikole Nengane Yonke

Imali ehlelwa isikole ithinta ngokuqondile ukutholakala kwemidlalo, ubuciko, umculo, kanye nezindawo. Uma izigodi zibhekene nokunqanyulwa kwemali, lezinhlelo zivame ukuba ezokuqala ukuncishiswa noma ziqedwe, zithinte ngokungenakulinganiswa abafundi abangenawo amathuba okucetshiswa ngasese. Ukucwaninga kwe iWallace Foundation[ kubonisa ukuthi izinhlelo zemfundo eziphezulu ngemva kwesikole nehlobo zithuthukisa imiphumela yemfundo, ukufika, nokuthuthuka kwezenhlalo, kodwa ukufinyelela kuhlala kungekhona.

Ukuhlanganyela Nobungcweti Emphakathini: Ukulawula Inqubo

Abazali, othisha, abafundi, nezinhlangano zomphakathi banezindlela eziningi zokuthonya isimiso kuzo zonke izinga.

Ezombangazwe Zebhodi Lesikole Nezikhundla Zendawo

Ukhetho lwesikole luye lwaba izinkundla zokulwa kwemibono yesizwe, kodwa luhlala luyindlela eqondile kakhulu yokuba imiphakathi isungule isimiso sesifunda. Amabhodi anquma ukuhlelwa kwemali, ukutholwa kwezifundo, nokuqashwa kwezisebenzi. Ukuya emihlanganweni, ukubalekela isikhundla, nokuvota kuyizindlela zokusungula izisekelo. Ngo-2024, izifunda eziningana zabona umvoti ephendulisa impikiswano elandela izimpikiswano ezincwadini zomtapo wezincwadi nezimiso zabafundi.

Izinhlangano Zothisha Nezinhlangano Ezilawula Isikole

Izinhlangano zesikole nezinkampani eziphethe zinikeza iziteshi ezihleliwe kubazali nothisha. Lezi zindikimba zivame ukululeka othishanhloko ngamasu okuthuthukisa isikole, amasu okuthembisana umkhaya, nokuqoqa imali. Nokho, ithonya labo liyahlukahluka kakhulu, futhi bangazama ukumelela izinhlobonhlobo ezigcwele zomphakathi wesikole ngaphandle kokuphumelela.

Umbuso Nezentengiselwano Ezizimele

Ngalé kwesilinganiso sendawo, abaxhasi bemfundo bangathonya umthetho ngezinhlangano zobuchwepheshe njenge- National Education Association (NEA) kanye ne-American Federation of Teachers (AFT)[[FLT]], kanye nakuwo wonke ama-pattings ahlukene [[FLT]], kanye nakuwo wonke amaqembu ezentengiselwano-omkhakhayo wemfundo. Ukuhlola ekomitini ukuzwa, nokuhlanganyela ekwahluleleni komthetho, nokuphendula obala ngemithetho ehlolwayo kuyasebenza. Ukuphakama kwezokuxhumana kwezenhlalakahle yomphakathi nohlelo lwemiphakathi nakho nakho kuye kwenza kwaba lula kakhulu emaqenjini otshaneni otshani ukuze kuzwayo njengamaqembu esikoleni akhokhelwayo nasemakhosha.

Isiphetho: Umsebenzi Oqhubekayo Wentando Yeningi Yemfundo

Izinqumo zikahulumeni zigcwele kuzo zonke izici zokuphila kwesikole, kusukela ekuxhaseni ukusekela ukusebenza kwezindinganiso ezimisa imfundo nezimiso ezichaza isimo sezulu sesikole. Isimiso semvelo singokombangazwe, siveza izindinganiso eziphikisanayo ngobutengi, ukuphumelela, nenkululeko. Kubafundisi nemikhaya, ukuhlala bazi ukuthi lezi zinqumo zenziwa kanjani futhi zihileleke ezimisweni zentando yeningi eziveza lokho okungakhonziwe ku-— kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izikole zomphakathi zigcwalisa isithembiso sazo kubo bonke abafundi. Ngokuqonda amakheli emfundo, abagcini bemidanga banganyakazisa ukukhungatheka, ukukhuthaza izinqubo ezisekela abafundi, ukunikeza abafundi amandla anamandla, futhi akhe imiphakathi eqinile.