Umklamo Wenkululeko: Indlela Abasunguli Abaklama Ngayo Uhulumeni Ukuze Uzilinganisele

I-American azama ukuzibusa ngokwayo isekelwe esubeni elilodwa eliqinile: lawomandla kumelwe amiswe ngemiklamo. Lapho oFata Abasunguli beqoqwa ePhiladelphia ngo-1787, babenezinkumbulo ezintsha zesiphithiphithi sobukhosi nesimiso somthetho ngaphansi kweZihloko zeConfederation. Ikhambi labo lalingekona nje ukudala uhulumeni onamandla kakhulu, kodwa ukudala lowo onemingcele eyakhelwe ngaphakathi. Isimiso sokuhlola nezilinganiso abazakhele sahlala siyisakhiwo esiqinile esake sasungulwa ukuvimbela ukuhlanganiswa kwegunya lezombangazwe. Ukuqonda lesi sakhiwo sibalulekile kunoma ubani ofisa ukuvikela inkululeko yakhe siqu nokugcina uhulumeni wabo unecala.

Ukuhlakanipha kokuhlola nokulinganisela kusekuqondeni okuphikisanayo: indlela engcono kakhulu yokulinganisela amandla ukubeka amandla ngokumelene namandla. Kunokuba bathembele emseni wabaholi, abasunguli badala isimiso lapho ukufisa ukuvelela kuzakulwa khona. Igatsha ngalinye liyoba nakho kokubili isikhuthazo namathuluzi omthetho womthetho womthetho wokwenqabela ukugqekeza abanye. Lo mklamo wokuzibhubhisa ulondoloze inkululeko yaseMelika amakhulu angaphezu kwamakhulu amabili, njengoba nje isizwe saguqulwa ekuhlanganeni kolwandle sisuka embusweni kwezwe lonke.

Isisekelo Esingokwefilosofi: Ukusuka EMontesquieu Kuya EMadison

Izimpande zokuhlakanipha komthetho nezilinganiso zifinyelela ekujuleni kweSikhanyiso. Umthombo onamandla kakhulu kuBasunguli kwakunguBaron de Montesquieu, isazi sezombangazwe saseFrance, esisebenza ngo 1748 Umoya woMthetho [ waphikisa ukuthi inkululeko idinga ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kahulumeni. UMontesquieu waphawula ukuthi uma isikhulu, isikhulu, negunya lokwahlulela kuhlanganiswa kumuntu oyedwa noma emzimbeni, inkululeko yakhe engenakusinda. Ukutadisha kwakhe kohulumeni okuhlangene kwamenza aqiniseke ukuthi amandla agxile ngokungenakugwenywa kuholela ekubushiqela, kungakhathaliseki izinhloso zalabo ababambelela kuyo.

James Madison, umklami oyinhloko wesimiso somthetho-sisekelo waseMelika, wathatha futhi wandisa ukuqonda kwe-Montesquieu. Federalist No. 51, uMadison wabhala ukuthi kungaba umusho owodwa obaluleke kakhulu emfundisweni yezombangazwe zaseMelika: ̴ ukuthatha isithunzi kumelwe kwenziwe ukuze kulwisane nokufuna ukuvelela. Ku-” Waqaphela ukuthi isigaba samandla sodwa sasinganele. Igatsha ngalinye lalidinga imbulunga yalo kuphela yegunya kodwa futhi nezindlela zalo siqu zokumelana nokucukutshelwa abanye. Madimeadne waqonda ukuthi abantu abangezona izingelosi, futhi uhulumeni ophumelelayo kumelwe ulandise lokhu.

Izimpikiswano eMhlanganweni woMthetho-sisekelo zabonisa ukungavumelani okukhulu ngokuthi zingaphoqelela kangakanani lezizimiso. Ezinye izihambeli, njengo-Alexander Hamilton, zathanda isikhulu esinamandla kakhulu esikwazi ukuthatha isinyathelo esiwujuqu. Abanye, njengoGeorge Mason noPatrick Henry, babesaba ukuthi noma yimuphi uhulumeni oyinhloko ekugcineni uzogwinya izifundazwe. Isimiso esavela kulezimpikiswano sasiwukuhlehla kwe ̬ umshini ohlelwe kahle lapho igatsha ngalinye lathola amandla anele okuvikela amalungelo alo, kodwa hhayi ukubusa amanye.

Beyond Montesquieu, the Founders drew on the political experience of ancient Rome, where the mixed constitution of consuls, senate, and popular assemblies provided an early model of divided authority. They also studied the British system, where the Crown, House of Lords, and House of Commons had developed an informal balance over centuries. What the Founders contributed was something entirely new: a written constitution that codified these relationships into enforceable law.

Ukwakhiwa Komthetho - sisekelo: Amagatsha Amathathu, IRepublic Eyodwa

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. umisa amagatsha amathathu ahlukene kahulumeni, ngalinye elinamagunya ahlelwe ngokwezinye futhi ngalinye lincike kwezinye ukuze lisebenzise igunya ngokugcwele. Lomklamo ubekwe ezihlokweni ezintathu zokuqala zoMthetho-sisekelo, ezichaza umthetho, umphathi, nokwahlulela ngalolohlelo i-̬ ukulandelana okubonisa uMsunguli ̱ inkolelo yokuthi amandla omthetho wemithetho aqala esimisweni sabameleli.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: Eliphakathi Kwabantu Abalinganayo

ISiphakamiso I soMthetho-sisekelo sifaka wonke amandla omthetho eSishaya-mthetho eSishaya - mthetho, esihlukaniswa saba amagumbi amabili: Indlu yabameleli neSigele. Lesi sakhiwo ngokwaso simelela isheke langaphakathi, njengoba zombili izindlu kumelwe zivumelane kunoma yimuphi umthetho ngaphambi kokuba zinikezwe uMongameli. Indlu yaklanyelwe ukuba isondele kubantu, amalungu akhethwe njalo ngemva kweminyaka emibili futhi ahlukaniswa abantu. ISigele sasihloselwe ukuba sibe nokukhululeka kakhulu, amalungu akhethwe ekuqaleni yizishaya-mthetho futhi asebenze izintambo zeminyaka eyisithupha ezinyaka enyakazazisayo. Ngakho igumbi ngalinye limelela ukufaneleka okuhlukile nokulandisa okuhlukile kwezombangazwe.

Imibuso ebaliwe yeSishaya-mthetho ihlanganisa igunya lentela, ukuboleka imali, ukulawula izimali, ukulawula izimali zezentengiselwano, ukumemezela impi, ukuphakamisa nokusekela amabutho empi, nokunikeza ibutho lempi. La mandla aneziphakamiso eziqondile. UMthetho-sisekelo ubeka imingcele eqondile, njengokuvinjelwa kwentela yentela nemithetho yeposi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSimemezelo seSimemezelo seshumi asikho wonke amandla anikezwanga eUnited States ezifundazweni noma kubantu. Ingqungqungquthela ilawula izikhwama zemali zikahulumeni wombuso, iwunika amagatsha amakhulu. Akukho hlelo lwezikhulu lungakhona ngaphandle kweminyango, futhi akukho nkokhiyo yokwahlulela encishisiwe uma uma uma uma uma umahluleli esese.

Igatsha lemithetho liphinde libe namandla agxekayo okungagunyazi. Indlu ingaba izikhulu zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise noMongameli, we-̴ umcabango, ukufumbathisa, noma obunye ubugebengu obukhulu kanye nokungalungi. i-̵ iSigele sizama ukujezisa, ngokuvota okudingwayo okuphindwe kabili-mithathu. Lo mbuso usebenza njengesehlo somthetho ngokumelene nomphathi noma ukuziphatha okubi, siqinisekisa ukuthi akukho sikhulu esingaphezu komthetho.

Igatsha Eliphethe: Amandla Nokulandisa

ISiphakamiso II sifaka amandla okuphatha kuMongameli oyedwa, okhonza kokubili njengenhloko kahulumeni nomphathi kahulumeni. Abasunguli baphikisana ngokuthi yini ukuba bakhe umphathi oyedwa noma umkhandlu omkhulu, ekugcineni banqume ukuthi ubunye bomyalo budingekile ukuze kube namandla, ukunquma, nokulandisa. UMongameli i-’ imisebenzi eyinhloko yomthetho zihlanganisa ukuphoqelela imithetho edluliswa yiSishaya-Mkhandlu, ukusebenza njengomphathi wamabutho ahlomile, ukuqhuba imithetho yakwamanye amazwe, nokumisa izikhulu zikahulumeni ngeseluleko nemvume yeSigele.

Amandla abaluleke kakhulu uMongameli aphethe phezu kwegatsha lemithetho i-veto. Uma uMkhandlu unikeza uMongameli incwadi ewumthetho, angasayina, ayibuyisele eMkhandlwini ngempicabadala. UKhongolo lungadlula ngevoti yama-3 amabili kuphela kuzo zombili izindlu i-#812; umnyango ophakeme ngamabomu owenza ukuba ingabi khona. Lokhu kunikeza uMongameli iphimbo elinamandla enqubweni yomthetho ngisho nakuba engakwazi ukuletha umthetho ngokuqondile. Ngakho i-veto iyithuluzi lokuvikela, okwenza ukuba umphathi avimbele ukuvota ama-contial awe ngenkathi eshiya isinyathelo sokuthatha isinyathelo sokuya eMkhandlwini.

UMongameli futhi unamandla amakhulu okumisa, agunyaza amajaji kahulumeni, onobhala bamakhathekhathi, amanxusa, nezinye izikhulu ezibekwa phezulu. Nokho, lokhu kumisa kudinga ukuqinisekiswa kweSigele, kwakhe isheke eliqondile kubaphathi abaphethe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMongameli angaxoxa ngezivumelwano, kodwa izivumelwano zidinga ukuvunyelwa amagatsha amabili-mitha amathathu eSigele. La mandla ahlanganyelayo aphoqelela amagatsha aphethe nezomthetho ukuba asebenzisane ekuziphatheni kwezindaba zakwamanye amazwe kanye nezisebenzi zikahulumeni wombuso.

Ngaphandle kwalamandla adwetshiwe, uMongameli usebenzisa igunya eliyifa njengeliwukuphela kommeleli wesizwe sonke. Lokhu kuhlanganisa amandla okukhipha iziyalezo zezikhulu, ukuphatha izikhulu zikahulumeni, nokusabela eziphuthumayo. Nokho, lamandla alinganiselwe ngokuhlela nokuhlola kokwahlulela. UMongameli angathatha isinyathelo ngokushesha, kodwa phakathi kwemingcele ebekwe umthetho noMthetho-sisekelo.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Igatsha Lesilo Liyingozi

ISiphakamiso III simisa iNkantolo Ephakeme futhi sigunyaza uMkhandlu ukuba wakhe izinkantolo zikahulumeni eziphansi. Abasunguli balindele ukuba ijaji libe elibuthakathaka kunawo wonke emagatsheni amathathu, lingenawo amandla esikhwama semali (esikaMkhandlu) noma amandla enkemba (ekaMongameli). IHamilton yachaza i-judiary ku-Federalist No. 78 njengegunya lokulawula i-#820; futhi ngeke ikwazi, kodwa ngeke ihlulele. i-̵ kodwa lokhu kubuthakathaka okusobala kufihla amandla amakhulu. Amandla okubukeza i-̬ igunya lokumemezela imithetho yokungathathi i-socitual  izinkantolo njengegunya lokugcina ngencazelo yoMthetho-mthetho.

Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo ungakhulumi ngokuqondile ngokubukezwa kwezokwahlulela, isimiso samiswa ekuqaleni kwesizwe i’ umlando. Endabeni eveleleni yecala Mardison, uMahluleli omkhulu uJohn Marshall wagcizelela iNkantolo Ephakeme ̱ amandla okuqeda umthetho wesivumelwano ophikisana noMthetho-sisekelo. Marshall waphikisa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo ungumthetho ophakeme wezwe nokuthi unomthwalo wegatsha lokwahlulela ukusho ukuthi umthetho uyini. Lokhu kwaguqula igatsha le-judicary laba judiary laba baphathi bezwe ukuba libe yigatsha elilinganayo lokuhlola kokubili uKhongolo noMongameli.

Amajaji angokombuso amiswa ukuze aphile, atholwe ukuziphatha okuhle, futhi amaholo abo angeke ancishiswe phakathi nokucindezela kwabo kwezombangazwe. Nokho, lezi zivikelo ziqinisekisa ukukhululeka kokwahlulela ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe. Ijaji lihlolwa amanye amagatsha ngezindlela ezibalulekile. UKhongolo lunquma ubukhulu nezimiso zezinkantolo zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nenani lamajaji eNkanto ePhakemende. ISigebe seSishaya-mthetho kumelwe liqinisekise bonke abameleli abaphethe. ISishaya-mthetho ungabuye uhlongoze ulwenze ukulungiswa kwemithetho yezomthetho, futhi iNdluyalo ingabeka abahluleli abahluleli bemithetho engokomthetho ngenxa yezenzo ezingafanele. UMongameli, ngoMnyango wezomthetho, i-#812; isho ukuthi i-judiary ixhomeke ekugcineni egatsheni eliphethe igatsha elikhulu ekukhipheni ukubusa kwayo.

Ukuhlola Nokulinganisela Ekwenzeni: Indlela Isimiso Esisebenza Ngayo Ngempela

Isimiso esingokomthetho semibuso ehlukene siyingxenye yendaba. Ungqondongqondo wesimiso saseMelika usemazindleleni eziqondile igatsha ngalinye elingahlola ngazo ezinye. Lezizinqubo zakha imidlalo eshukumisayo edinga ukubambisana nokuxoxisana, njengoba ibangela ukungezwani.

I-veto amandla anikeza isibonelo esibonakalayo kakhulu. Lapho uMongameli Andrew Jackson eveza i-tetracter ye-Second Bank yase-United States ngo-1832, waqinisekisa imfundiso ebanzi yamandla okulawula eyanwetshwa ngaphandle kwemithetho engokomthetho ukuba ihlele ukungavumelani. U-Jackson waphikisa ngokuthi uMongameli unelungelo lokukhipha noma yisiphi isimemezelo acabanga ukuthi asihlakaniphile noma siyingozi, ngisho noma ekholelwa ukuthi siwumthetho ngokomthetho. Le ncazelo ikhona, futhi amongameli banamuhla babambelele njalo emthethweni ezisekelweni zemithetho. Ingqungquthela igcina amandla okulawula, kodwa umnyango owesithathu wenza kube nzima. Phakathi nonyaka ka-1789 nowamanje, umongameli baye bangenisa izikwele ezingaphezulu kwezingu-5, kanti u-Congresskorporresston unamathellances amaphesenti angaphansi kwamahlanu.

Igunya lokuqinisekisa linikeza iSigele izwi eliqondile ekumiseni kwezikhulu nokwahlulela. Lokhu kuhlola kuye kwaba nokuphikisana okukhulu kwezombangazwe zanamuhla, njengoba amongameli neziphathi eziphikisanayo ziphikisana namaqembu aphikisanayo. Inqubo yokuqinisekisa iphoqelela amongameli ukuba bathintane nabameli kanye nabaqondisi abakwaziyo ukusekela kakhulu. Uma iSigele senqaba ukuqinisekisa abameleli, uMongameli kumelwe akhiphe ukuhlobana noma athole othile owamukelekayo. Lokhu kulolo phawu luye lwabumba i-jaji elingu-jaji elingu-jaji elingu-Rhosalji.

Isivumelwano samandla sifuna ukuba uMongameli axoxe ngezivumelwano ezingathola ukusekela kwezingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zeSigele. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekusebenzeni okuhlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nezivumelwano zezikhulu ezingadingi ukuvunyelwa kweSigele. Nokho, lezi zivumelwano azibophi omongameli besikhathi esizayo futhi zingashintshwa abaphathi abalandelayo. Ngakho amandla esivumelwano asemthethweni ahlala ewukuhlolwa okulawula izindaba zakwamanye amazwe.

Amandla okuhlola kokwahlulela asebenza njengendlela yokuhlola yokugcina yomthetho-sisekelo. Uma iNkantolo Ephakeme ishaya umthetho njengongavumelani nomthetho, noma uMongameli ngeke awuvuselelele ngaphandle kokulungiswa komthetho-mthetho. Esinqumoni se Marbury v. Madison, iNkantolo yamisa leligunya ngokokuqala. Kusukela ngalesosikhathi, iNkantolo iqede amakhulukhulu emithetho kahulumeni nesombuso. Izibonelo ezinkulu zihlanganisa i-Curt 787 DD Scott isinqumo (ngokugxekwa umthetho)], izinqumo zika-1935 ezishaya umthetho umthetho, ezishaya umthetho omusha, kanye nesinqumo sango-2012 se-Afford. Izenzo ezinkulu zecala ngalinye lalezi zikhombisa amandla enkantolo.[FLT.17]

UKhongolose futhi usebenzisa amandla esikhwama sokuhlola umphathi wemali. Ayikho imali engasetshenziswa kuBeki yezimali ngaphandle kokudluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho. Lokhu kunikeza iKhongolose izikhali ezinkulu zesimiso sokuqondisa. Phakathi nokuphathwa kweNixon, uKhongolose wasebenzisa amandla ayo okunqanda ukuxhaswa kwemali yeMpi yaseVietnam. Kuwo-1980, uMkhandlu wabeka izimo zosizo kumaContras eNicaragua. Muva nje, iKhomisha iye yasebenzisa inqubo yokulawula i-Proprice ukuze ivice inqubo yempathi yezente ephethe i-jongala, i-octroption, i-gassss wireat, nezinye izindaba eziphikisanayo.

Igunya lokungagunyazwa lisebenza njengendlela yokugcina yokumelana nokuxhashazwa kwezikhulu noma kwezahlulelo. Indlu iye yafunda komongameli abathathu: uAndrew Johnson ngo-1868, uBill Clinton ngo-1998, noDonald Trump ngo-2019 no-2021. URichard Nixon wahoxa ngo-19671 ngaphambi kokuba iNdlu egcwele ivote izihloko zokungagunyazi. Akekho kubaphathi abafundisayo owalahlwa yiSigele, ebonisa ibhande eliphezulu ukuze isuswe. Noma kunjalo, ithemba nje lokungabengi umongameli liyakwazi ukunqanda ukuziphatha, njengoba usongo lokususa noma isikhulu sesikhulu senkampani.

Injongo KaPhilosophiya: Isizathu Sokuba Ukuzibamba Kubalulekile Enkululekoni

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela sifeza izinjongo ezingaphezulu kakhulu kwempumelelo yokuphatha. Ukuzithethelela kwaso okujule kakhulu kusekuqondeni okukhethekile kwemvelo yomuntu namandla ezombangazwe. Abasunguli babengenakho ukuqashelwa ngabantu ababengabusa. Balahla umqondo wokuthi umphakathi ungathembela ebuhleni babaholi bawo kuphela. Njengoba uMadison abhala kuFederal No. 51, ̴ ukuba abantu babeyizingelosi, akukho hulumeni obewudingeka. ̴

Ukuqonda okuyinhloko ukuthi amandla, lapho esenawo, athanda ukukhula. Lokhu kuthambekela akulona uphawu lokuhluleka kokuziphatha kodwa kuyinto engokoqobo engokwezombangazwe. Labo abanamandla ngokwemvelo bafuna ukukulondoloza nokukunweba. Okuwukuphela kokuhlola okunokwethenjelwa kulokhu kuthambekela ukudala izikhungo zamandla aphikisanayo ezinamandla kanye nesibindi sokumelana. Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela sikwenza kube yingxenye evamile yokubusa kunokuba kube yisenzakalo esingavamile.

Lendlela ivikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye ngezindlela ezintathu ezihlukene. Okokuqala, ivimbela noma yiliphi iphuzu ekuthatheni wonke uhulumeni futhi iphoqelele ukuba ufune. Ukuveza izimpawu eziningi kuloluhlelo kwenza kube nzima nganoma yiliphi iqembu ukumisa izinguquko ezinkulu ngaphandle kokuvumelana okubanzi. Okwesibili, iqinisekisa ukuthi izenzo zikahulumeni zihlolwa ngokwemibono eminingi. Umthetho obonakala unengqondo kuMkhandlu ungabonakala ungavumelani noMongameli noma izinkantolo. Lempi ephendukile yenza kube nzima ukuveza amaphutha nokuxhaphaza okungalawuleki. Okwesithathu, yakha isiko lokunikeza ukuvumelana nokuvumelana okungalawuleki. Njengoba kungekho gatsha lingasebenza lilodwa, ukubambisana kungaba okudingekile ukuze kuqondiswe. La mabutho ezombangazwe afuna izicelo zawo ezivamile nezivamile.

Lesimiso sikhuthaza ukulandisa ngokudala imigqa ecacile yomthwalo wemfanelo. Abavoter bazi ukuthi yiliphi iqembu elilawula uMkhandlu nokuthi ubani ophethe umongameli. Bangavuza noma bajezise labadlali ebhokisini lebhola lombhede. Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kwenza kube nzima ngezikhulu ukuba zinikeze abanye icala, ngoba igatsha ngalinye liyichaze ngokucacile imithwalo yemfanelo. Uma uhulumeni ehlulekayo, abavoti bangabona ukuthi iliphi igatsha elinecala lokwehlulekayo.

Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo Okungokomlando: Indlela Isimiso Esiye Sashintsha Ngayo Njengoba Isikhathi Sihamba

Nakuba ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo eziyisisekelo zokuhlola nokulinganisela kuhlala kuqinile, isimiso siye sashintsha ngokuphawulekayo ngenxa yokuzijwayeza, inqubo, nenhlekelele. Irepublic yakuqala yabona ukukhula kwamaqembu ezombangazwe, aguqula ubuhlobo phakathi kwamagatsha. Uma iqembu elifanayo lilawula kokubili iKhongolo nomphathi, amasheke nezilinganiso phakathi kwalamagatsha ziyancipha. Ukwethembeka kweqembu ngokuvamile kudlula ukwethembeka kwezinhlangano, kuholela ekungaqondiseni kakhulu futhi kunciphe kakhulu. Uma kuvela uhulumeni ohlukene, amashekethisi avame kakhulu futhi alwa njalo.

Ukuvela kwezwe lanamuhla lokuphatha nakho kuye kwaguqula ukulinganisela kwamandla. Kusukela nge-New Deal ku-1930 futhi ishesha phakathi kwe Great Society ngawo-1960, iSishaya-mthetho sanika izinhlangano eziphethe igunya eliqinile. Lezinhlangano zihlanganisa izishaya-mthetho, izikhulu, nokwahlulela ngezindlela ezaziyothusa abasunguli. Zikhipha imithetho ngemithetho, ziphoqelela leyo mithetho, futhi zifaka izimpikiswano ezisekelwe kuzo. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwamandla phakathi kwegatsha elikhulu kuye kwabangela ukuphindaphindwa kwezingcingo zenguquko futhi kuye kwabangela ukubekwa phambili kwemithetho yegunya lezenkolo.

Ukwanda kwegunya lomongameli ezindabeni zakwamanye amazwe nokulondeka kwesizwe kumelela okunye ukushintshwa okuphawulekayo. Kusukela eLouisiana Purchase ngo-1803 kuya ekusetshenzisweni kwebutho lezempi eLibya ngo-2020, amongameli baye bathatha isinyathelo ngokungahloniphi ezindaweni lapho uMthetho-sisekelo ubonakala udinga ukugunyazwa kwesivumelwano sombuso. ISigqi seWar Powers sombuso sango-1973, sadluliswa phezu kukaMongameli Nixon ̱ i-veto, yazama ukuphinde ilawule izivumelwano zempi. Nokho, abaphathi bayo yomibili imibango baye baphikisana nomthetho womthetho womthetho ngokomthetho wayo futhi ngokuvamile baye benza ngokungazinaki izimfuneko zayo.

Ijaji liye lashintsha futhi. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yandisa indima yayo ekubukezeni umthetho nezenzo zokubusa, ikakhulukazi ngokufakwa kweBhili lamalungelo ezwe. Manje iNkantolo inquma ukuthi izizukulwane zangaphambili zaziyobheka inkathi yezombangazwe kunokuba ibhekwe ngokomthetho. Lokhu kuye kwenza inqubo yokuqinisekisa yayaleza kakhulu futhi iye yaqinisa izimpikiswano ngokuphathelene nobukhulu obufanele bamandla okwahlulela. INkantolo ̱ izinqumo eziphathelene nokukhishwa kwezisu, amalungelo emalini, izimali zomkhankaso, nezempilo iye yayibeka esikhungweni sempikiswano yezombangazwe.

Izinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo: Ukunciphisa Ilanga, I - gricklock, Ne - Institutional Sray

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela sibhekene nokucindezela okukhulu ekhulwini lama-20 lokuqala. Inselele ebonakalayo kakhulu ukuhlanganisa amagatsha. Uma amaqembu ezombangazwe ehlukane kakhulu futhi elingana, kwakuvamile ukuba amalungu e-Congress anqamule imigqa futhi asebenze nomongameli weqembu eliphikisanayo. Namuhla, ubunye buphakeme, futhi ukubambisana kwe-bipartarian kuyinto engavamile. Lokhu kwenza ukuba itshelo nokulinganisa kube okungalingani kakhulu.

I-Gridlock isiyisici esiphikelelayo sokubusa kwe-Melika. Uhulumeni ohlukene uvame ukubangela ukugogeka kwemithetho, ngoba abacuphi ababili abakwazi ukuvumelana ngemibuzo yesimiso esiyisisekelo. Ngisho noma iqembu elifanayo lingalawula womabili amagumbi ombuso nomphathi, ukuhlukana ngaphakathi kweqembu kuvimbela isenzo. Umphumela uwukuthi izinkinga ezinkulu azinazintambo, futhi uhulumeni uncike kakhulu ezimisweni zezikhulu, izinqumo zokwahlulela, nokubekwa kwemithetho ukuze kufinyelelwe izinhloso zesimiso. Lokhu kuthambekele ekuyekeni inqubo yomthetho womthetho kululaza ukuhlelwa.

Inqubo yokuqinisekisa iye yaba inkundla yokulwa kwezingxabano zobandlululo. Impi yeJaji, ikakhulukazi, iye yahlukahluka kakhulu, futhi abavoti basebenzisa amasu okumisa ama-procedroduc ukuze babambezele noma bavimbe ama-mine. Ukususwa kwe-monicbuster enkantolo ephansi ngo-2013 kanye neNkantolo Ephakeme ngo-2017 kuye kwanciphisa umthombo owodwa we-prograck brack kodwa kwaqinisa inqubo. Umphumela uwukuthi ukumiswa kwekomiti yokwahlulela kuye kwaba yimpikiswano enkulu kukhetho lukamongameli, futhi izinkantolo seziye zatholanake kakhulu ngezikhundla ze-Rhoverse.

Abaqondisi baphaphamele ukuphambana okulokhu kuphakamisa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiliphi iqembu eliphethe iWhite House. Abameli babo bobabili abaphethe baye basebenzisa iziyalezo zezikhulu ukuze bafeze imigomo yesimiso abangeke bayifinyelele ngomthetho. Nakuba iziyalezo zabaphethe ziwukusetshenziswa okungokomthetho kwegunya lobumongameli, izinga labo elikhulayo nokuphindeka kwazo kuye kwaphakamisa imibuzo ngokuthi bayavumelana yini nokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso. Indaba efanayo iyasebenza ekusetshenzisweni kwezivumelwano zezikhulu, ukusayinwa kwamazwi, nenqubo yokubusa.

Ukwengamela kwe-Congregational kwaqala ukuphatha futhi akusebenzi kakhulu. Ukuzwa izindlebe, lapho isisebenzi sokuziphendulela esiphethe, siye saba amathuba okuthatha isikhundla sokubusa ngokulandelana kwezikhulu. Umthamo womsebenzi wobubonisi uyehla ngokuphawulekayo kuye ngokuthi i-Congress kanye nomphathi ulawulwa yini umkhandlu owodwa. Uma kuwukuthi, ukuqondisa ngokuvamile kuyancipha kakhulu. Lendlela inciphisa ukulandisa futhi ilulaza umsebenzi wokuhlola umsebenzi wegatsha le-wisc.

Ukulondoloza Isimiso: Lokho Izakhamuzi Ezingakwenza

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela asizixhasi. Kudinga izakhamuzi ezifundile eziqonda izimiso zayo futhi ezifuna ukuba abameleli bazo bahloniphe imingcele yomthetho-sisekelo. Impilo yesimiso ixhomeke ekwakhekeni kwezakhamuzi okuzisa inkululeko ngaphezu kokusebenza kahle futhi okuqaphela ukuhlakanipha kwamandla ahlukene.

Ukuqonda uhlelo lomthetho-sisekelo kuyisinyathelo sokuqala. Isakhamuzi ngasinye kufanele sazi isakhiwo esiyisisekelo sikahulumeni, imibuso yegatsha ngalinye, kanye nezinqubo abahlola ngazo. Lolwazi lukwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuhlaziya izenzo zikahulumeni futhi senze izikhulu zibone ukuthi ziphamba.

Ukuhlanganyela enqubweni yezombangazwe kubalulekile. Ukuxhumana nezikhulu ezikhethiwe, ukuthatha iqhaza ekuqulweni kwecala lomphakathi, nokusekela izinhlangano ezivikela izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo konke kusiza ekulondolozeni isimiso. Amasheke namasilinganiso kungasebenza kuphela uma izakhamuzi zizimisele ukusebenzisa amandla azo siqu omthetho-sisekelo i-#812; kuhlanganise namandla ebhokisi le-colot ̬ ukuphoqelela ukulandisa.

Ukusekela ukuzimela kwezinhlangano nakho kuyingozi. Izinkantolo, imithombo yezindaba, nenkonzo yomphakathi konke kufeza indima ekulondolozeni ukuhlukana kwemibuso. Uma lezizinhlangano zihlaselwa, ikhono lazo lokuhlola abaphangi bakahulumeni libuthakathaka. Izakhamuzi ezazisa isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela kufanele zivikele ukuzimela kwalezi zinhlangano, ngisho nalapho izinqumo zazo zingathandeki.

Okokugcina, izakhamuzi kufanele zimelane nesilingo sokusekela isiphathi esiphathwe kabi lapho silawula umongameli. Isimiso somthetho-sisekelo siklanyelwe ukulinganisela amandla kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubani ophethe. Labo abavikela lesi simiso kuphela lapho sizuzisa iqembu labo lishiye isimiso ngokwaso. Ukulondolozwa kwenkululeko isikhathi eside kudinga ukuzinikela esimisweni i̱ ubuqotho, hhayi emiphumeni yaso.

Isiphetho: Ukuvuselelwa Okuhlala Njalo Kwabasunguli ’ Umklamo

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela oFata abaFuniweyo kuseyisivikelo esibaluleke kakhulu senkululeko yaseMelika. Ayisebenzi kahle futhi ayihleleki. Ibangela izingxabano, ukulibala, nokukhungatheka. Kodwa lemibi iyintengo yobuhle obukhulu: ukulondoloza inkululeko. Njengoba uJames Madison aphikisa ku-Federalist No. 10, isakhiwo sikahulumeni kumelwe sikhokhele ukungapheleli kobuntu.

Abasunguli baqonda ukuthi amandla avame ukonakalisa futhi amandla aphelele onakalisa ngokuphelele. Bakha uhulumeni ovuma leli qiniso futhi ngokwawo izakhiwo ngokwawo. Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kwakha isimiso lapho ukulangazelela izifiso zenkosi kuhlola khona ukuvelela, lapho kunikezwa khona amandla ukuze kungabi nagunya elilodwa elilawulayo. Lesimiso siye sasinda empini, ukucindezeleka, izingxabano zombango, kanye nenhlekelele yezombangazwe. Siye sabangela ushintsho lwe-United States esuka ezweni lezentengiselwano kuya embusweni wembulunga yonke.

Kubantu abahlala ezakhamuzini namuhla, inselele iwukuqonda lesi simiso nokusivikela. Amasheke namasu angokomlando awazona izilinganiso ezingokomlando. Zisebenza njengohulumeni ozibusayo odinga ukunakwa njalo nokusekelwa. Uma isimiso sisebenza ngendlela eklanywe, sibhuntshisa izifiso zabanamandla futhi sivikela amalungelo ababuthakathaka. Ezweni lapho ohulumeni abaphethe ngempoqo benyuka, isimiso saseMelika sokuhlola nokulinganisela simi njengesivumelwano sombono ohlukile: ukuthi inkululeko ivikeleke kakhulu hhayi abaholi abathembayo, kodwa ngokubavimbela.

UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza isisekelo: Ukuqapha kwezakhamuzi kunikeza amandla. Phakathi kwazo, isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela siyaqhubeka sifeza injongo yaso yasekuqaleni: ukutholela izibusiso zenkululeko kithina nakuzizukulwane zethu.

ISikhungo somthetho-mthetho wesizwe ’ i-Internactive Constitution inikeza ukubheka okuningiliziwe kwesihloko ngasinye nokulungiswa. Kulabo abanesithakazelo kuMsunguli i-’ izimpikiswano, umbhalo ogcwele we-Federali Papers utholakala nge-Muzilla we-Congress.