Njalo eminyakeni eyishumi, ngemva kwe-United States Census, inqubo ethulayo kodwa elandelayo iyavela kulo lonke izwe: ukuveza imingcele ekhethiwe. Ukudwetshwa kwemingcele yekhethelo kunquma indlela imiphakathi emelelwa ngayo emazingeni ezindawo, ombuso, nohulumeni. Kukude nomsebenzi wokulawula wezwe, ukuhlaziywa kuyinsika eyinhloko yentando yeningi. Kuhlela ukuthi amaqembu ezombangazwe aphethe amandla, lapho imiphakathi inezwi, futhi isiphi isimiso siyaba nempikiswano.

Umqondo "womuntu oyedwa, ivoti eyodwa" waqiniswa yiNkantolo Ephakeme ezicaleni eziphawula ingqophamlando njengaye Reynolds v. Sims (1964), iveza ukuthi izigodi zemithetho kumelwe zilingane emphakathini. Nokho, indlela leyomigqa edwetshiwe ngayo iye yahlala iwubuciko bezombangazwe obuncintisana kakhulu. Lesihloko siphula uhlelo olungokomthetho, inqubo yezobuchwepheshe, izimpikiswano ezizungezile igerryrmaning, nendima ebucayi yezakhamuzi zingadlala ngayo ekulolongeni ubuciko bazo siqu.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Nesemithetho

Ukulungisa akuyona nje indlela yezombangazwe; kuboshelwa inqwaba yezinguquko zomthetho - sisekelo, izimiso zikahulumeni, nezimiso zenkantolo. Ukuqonda lesici kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela izinhlu ezidonswa ngayo futhi kungani zidonswa ngayo.

Inani Eliyi - cornerstone

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. ugunyaza ukubalwa kwabantu njalo ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi (I, i-Candelo 2). Ukwaziswa okuwumphumela wokuthola kwenani labantu kunquma ukwabiwa kwezihlalo ezingu-35 zeNdlu yabameleli phakathi kwezifundazwe. Khona - ke amazwe asebenzisa le mininingwane eqinile, evimbelayo ukuze adwebe ulwazi lwezishayamthetho nezindawo zobubhishobhi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa isikhathi sokubala okunemiphumela eqondile yokusakaza amandla ezombangazwe. I-2020 Censusbes yabhekana nezinselele ezingakaze zibonwe ngaphambili, kuhlanganise nempi yeNkantolo ephakeme yezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano, futhi kubambe isikhathi esibangelwa yi-CHOVID-19. Lokhu kunciphisa isikhathi sokuncitshiswa kwemisebe lokusebenza kwemininingwane esetshenziswayo.

Iziphambeko ZeNkantolo Ephakeme

Izikhombo eziningana eziphawulekayo zakha itshe eliyisisekelo lomthetho ohlukanisayo futhi zichaza imingcele abadwebi bamabalazwe okumelwe basebenzise kuyo:

  • Baker v. Carr (1962): wavula umnyango ukuze izinkantolo zikahulumeni zilalele amacala okulungisa, ukumisa ukuthi izibalo zokungalawuleki zilungile kunokuba zibuze imibuzo yezombangazwe kuphela.
  • Wesberry v. Sanders (1964): yamisa "umuntu oyedwa, ivoti eyodwa" isimiso sezifunda ezihlangene, ifuna ukuba zilingane ngokwezibalo.
  • Reynolds v. Sims (1964): Wasebenzisa "umuntu oyedwa, indinganiso eyodwa" esekelweni yezifunda zomthetho, esho ukuthi zombili izindlu zesishaya-mthetho sezwe kumelwe zabiwe ngokwesisekelo somphakathi.
  • Ruuko v. Isizathu Esivamile (2029): Isinqumo esibalulekile lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme yathi i-Gaultrymander ithi inikeza umbuzo wezombangazwe ongaphezu kwamandla ezinkantolo zikahulumeni, ngokuphumelelayo uphindisela lendaba ezinkantolo zombuso nasezindlu zomthetho.

UMthetho Wamalungelo Abantu (VRA)

I-Voting Rights Act ka-1956, ikakhulukazi i-Foractic 2, inqabela noma iluphi ushintsho noma inqubo ephumela ekunqabeni noma ekuncishisweni kwelungelo lokuvota ngenxa yesizwe noma ibala. Leli ithuluzi elinamandla ngokumelene ne-gerrymanting. Isiqephu 5, esidinga amagunya athile anomlando wokukhetha "kuvota" noma yiziphi izinguquko emithetho yabo yokuvota ngoMasipala, zafakwa ngokuphumelelayo yiNkantolo Ephakeme Shelby County v. Haverer[FLT:] (20). Icala lamuva [FLT] lokulwa nomthetho ohlukile wohlobo (FLT) liyokwamukelwa yi-offalor) embusweni ye-omfacense (irced ). Icala elinomothelela ukulwa kwe-onqanyulu.

Umshini Wokwenza Izindawo Ezibomvu: Odweba Imigqa Nendlela Ozondwa Ngayo

Inqubo yokuhumusha ukwaziswa okungaqondakali emabalazweni akhethiwe ihilela abadlali abathile, izinketho, nobuchwepheshe. Ukuqonda la makhenika kunciphisa indlela isimo sezwe sezombangazwe sikahulumeni esiqokonyiswa ngayo.

Ubani Odonsa Imigqa?

Inhlangano enakekela ukuvuselelwa kwezindawo iyahlukahluka ngokuphawulekayo ngokwezwe, yakha umsebenzi oyisidina wokulandisa nokubona ngokucacile ezweni lonke:

  • I-State Legislatures:[ Ezizweni eziningi, isishaya-mthetho silawula lenqubo. Lokhu kudala impi yesithakazelo, njengoba izishayamthetho zidweba izigodi zona ngokwazo ezizongena (noma ezijoyina iqembu lazo). Lesisifanekiso sithambekele kakhulu ekuthatheni i-gerryani.
  • Imishini ezimele: Ezinye izifundazwe (umzk., California, Arizona, Michigan) zasusa lenqubo kwezazi zezombangazwe ngokuphelele, zinikeza amandla ekhomishaneni yezakhamuzi ezizimele noma ebhartishani. Lesisibonelo sithandwa kakhulu njengenguquko yokulwa ne-gerrymaning, kodwa zingabhekana nezinselele zazo ngokumisa i-gridbock noma ukumisa kwezombangazwe.
  • Commissions: Isibonelo esixubile lapho izikhulu ezikhethiwe zimisa khona amalungu, ngokuvamile okuholela ekulweni okuhlukanisayo okubonisa isishaya-mthetho ngokwaso.
  • I-Advisory Commissions:[ Ezinye izifundazwe zisebenzisa izikhokhi ezidweba amabalazwe, kodwa lawomabalazwe kumelwe avunyelwe yisishaya-mthetho, nikeza isisho sokugcina kwezazi zezombangazwe.

Ungabona ukuwohloka okubanzi kwenqubo ye-website kazwelonke eqondene ne- i-National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL)[[FLT: 1].

Izinqumo Ezingokwesiko Zokuvuselela Imvelo

Ngaphandle kwezimfuneko zikahulumeni, imibuso eminingi iye yamukela iqoqo lezindinganiso ezingokwesiko zokuvuselela ibalazwe ezisebenza njengezinsimbi zokuqapha ukuze kudwetshwe ibalazwe:

  • Ukulingana kokuhogela: Indinganiso eyinhloko. Izigodi zamaKhongolo-ngqungquthela kumele zifinyelele ukulingana okuqondile kwezibalo. Izifunda zikahulumeni zemithetho zingabekezelela ukuphambuka okuncane uma kuthethelelwa ngemigomo kahulumeni.
  • Ukuzimela: Zonke izingxenye zesifunda kumele zixhumene ngokomzimba. Isifunda asinakuba neziqhingi zensimu ezihlukene.
  • [[NTL:0] Ukusebenza: Indawo kufanele ibe cishe isesimweni esinesimo. I-Bizarre, isimo esithandekayo ngokuvamile siyisibonakaliso esibonisa i gerymanindering. Ama-metric afana ne-Polsby-Ppaper ukulinganisa lokhu.
  • Izindawo zesithakazelo: Mhlawumbe indinganiso esekelwe kakhulu. Lokhu kuhloselwe ukugcina izindawo ezihlangene, amaqembu amasiko, izifunda zezomnotho, nezindawo zasemadolobheni ndawonye ukuze bakhethe ummeleli oqonda izidingo zabo ezihlanganyelweyo. Ukuveza nokumisa "ama-common esithakazelo" kuyiphuzu eliyinhloko lokuncintisana phakathi nokuqulwa kwezindaba zomphakathi.
  • [[NTL:0] Igcine amakhorali eMidlalo Engaphambili: Izifundazwe eziningi zifuna abakhi bamabalazwe ukuba bagweme abavoti abahlukanisa ngokungadingekile ezifundeni ezintsha, ezingadida abavoti ngokuthi ubani obamelelayo futhi baphazamise izinkonzo ezisunguliwe zobungani.

Indima Yokwaziswa Nobuchwepheshe

Ukwenziwa kwe-reddiprocementation kwanamuhla kuwumzabalazo omkhulu. Abadwebi bamabalazwe basebenzisa i-software ekhethekile ye-Gographic Information System (GIS) njenge-Maptoditude for Redificing. Ukutholakala okwandayo kwemininingwane eveza ukuvota okuvota ngokunemba okukhulu, ulwazi oluphathelene nabantu, ngisho nokwaziswa kwabathengi kwenza ukuba i-gerrymantin icace ngokwengeziwe, iphumelele futhi kube nzima ukuyiqonda ngaphandle kokucubungula okuyinkimbinkimbi. Amamepu angazilingisa imiphumela yokhetho ngokunemba okukhulu nganoma yimuphi umklamo webalazwe.

UGerrymandering: Inselele Ephikelelayo Yokungalungi

Nakuba ukudweba imigqa yesifunda kudingekile, umkhuba wokusebenzisa leyo mikhakha ukuze kuzuze ezombangazwe noma ngokobuhlanga waziwa ngokuthi i-gerrymanindering. Leligama laqanjwa ngo-1812 lapho uMbusi waseMassachusetts Elbridge Gerry asayina ibalazwe lesigodi elifana nesamandelander. Namuhla, kuyisayensi eyinkimbinkimbi esongela ngokuqondile ukulandisa ngentando yeningi.

I - partisan Gerrymandering

Lokhu kwenzeka uma iqembu elisebuthweni lidonsa izigodi ukuze landise izihlalo zalo futhi linciphise izihlalo zokuphikiswa. Amasu amabili ayinhloko yi:

  • Ukusakaza: ukusakaza iqembu eligcwele labavoti abaphikisayo ezifundeni eziningi lapho baba yidlanzana kuzo zonke, benciphisa amandla abo okuvota.
  • Ukuhlanganisa: ukuhlanganisa abavoti bokuphikiswa esifundeni esisodwa, ukuvumela iqembu eliphethe ukuba liwine ngokunethezeka ezifundeni ezizungezile.

Isibonelo esivelele sivela eOhio naseNyakatho Carolina ngo-2010, lapho izishaya-mthetho zamaRepublican zadweba khona amabalazwe anika ngaso sonke isikhathi isigaba sawo 75-80% izihlalo zokuvota ezihlangene naphezu kokuwina kuphela 50-55% yevoti kazwelo. Njengoba kuphawuliwe, iNkantolo Ephakeme inqulu e [[Flut:0] [Isizathu esivamile] i-Rucho v. [[FLD] [FLD] [2009] [209]) isusa izinkantolo zikahulumeni ezibonisa igemfunda-gerrymanniting. Nokho, izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziye zawela ekwaphukeni, zishaya amabalazwe ngaphansi kwemithetho e-Ohiouni, i-Pennsylvanican, ne-Mexico. Lokhu kwenza isimo sombuso-mgangatho nokhetho lwe-osahlulele.[5] I-B.[5]

Ukuwohloka Kobuhlanga

IVoting Rights Act iyasebenza lapha. Isinqumo sezinhlanga se-Garrymanting senzeka lapho ku-"predomanin" ekudwebeni imigqa yesigodi, futhi asinakuthethelelwa ngesithakazelo esiphoqelelayo. Lokhu kuhlukile ekudaleni "indawo esemthethweni" yezifunda lapho kufunwa khona ngaphansi kwesigaba 2 ukuvimbela ukuvota. Isinqumo seNkantolo ePhakathi yeNkantolo ePhakathi [FOLD]] Allen v. Milligan (2023) [FLT] [umen]] kwakuyindawo yokunqoba okuphawulekayo yamalungelo okuvota, ukuthatha ibala ibala le-parbacco cishe kwaphulwa i-Alabamgame ngokulahla amandla obuNsundu. INkantolo yayala ukuba idwebe ibala ibala iphinde ibala ibala ibalase ibalazwe esifundayo. Isifunda sesibili lapho iveza khona icala elingcono kakhulu kulokhu kukhetha kwezinhlanga, kulokhu kuvela nakuhlu olubomvu.

Indlela Yokuthola Amagciwane

Abasekeli nezazi baye basungula isilinganiso sokulinganisela ukuze balinganisele ngokufanelekile ukuthi ibalazwe lilungile yini:

  • Igebe lokuphumelela: ilinganisa amavoti "wawaliwe" (amavoti omvoti olahlekileyo noma amavoti omfundi ophumelele ngaphezu kwalokho okwakudingeka ukuze awine). Igebe elikhulu lokuphumelela libonisa ukuthi omunye udlala amavoti amaningi kunabanye.
  • Paryan Bias: qhathanisa indlela amaqembu asebenza ngayo phakathi kwesimo esinikezwe i-proced divice efanayo esabelweni sokuvota. Ilinganisa ukuthi ibalazwe liphatha amaqembu ngokulinganayo yini.
  • Umehluko we-Mean-Median: Umehluko phakathi kwevoti yesigodi evamile nevoti yesifunda sezindaba ihlanganyela. Igebe elikhulu lisho ukusekela iqembu nomthonga ophansi.

Amalungelo Akho Namathuba Okuhlanganyela

Ukuvuleka akuyona inqubo evalekile egcinelwe izisebenzi zezombangazwe. Izakhamuzi zinamalungelo anamandla nezindlela zokufuna ukumelelwa ngendlela elungile. Izinga lokubona nokwaziswa komphakathi liyahluka ngokwezwe, kodwa ukuthambekela kukhululeke kakhulu.

Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi Enqubweni Yokudweba Ibalazwe

Izifundazwe eziningi kudingeka zilalele obala lapho izakhamuzi zingafaka ubufakazi ngendlela amabalazwe ahlongozwayo athinta ngayo imiphakathi yazo. Indlela engcono kakhulu yokuyithatha iwukufaka ibalazwe lakho siqu. Izifunda eziningi manje zivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zithumele amabalazwe azo aphelele zisebenzisa imininingwane ekhona nohlelo lwe-software. I-Platforms njenge- yenza kube lula nganoma ubani ukudweba nokuthumela ibalazwe elingokomthetho esifundeni sombuso noma kuhulumeni wazo.

Uma uhlanganyela, kusiza ukucacisa kahle ukuthi isiphi isithakazelo sakho. Ingabe siyisifunda sesikole? Iphasishi elingokomnotho, ifa lezempucuko noma lobuzwe? Izakhamuzi ezingachaza lemiphakathi, uma kunzima kakhulu ngabenzi bamabalazwe ukuba bayihlukanise ngaphandle kokuthethelela. Ukunikeza izinkulumo ezibhaliwe nobufakazi obungasho lutho phakathi nenkathi yokukhulumela umphakathi kuyindlela engcono kakhulu yokuthonya ibalazwe lokugcina.

Ukubona Ingaphandle Nokubuyisela Okungokomthetho

Izifunda-zwe eziningi zinemithetho eqinile "Imithetho Engacaci" edinga wonke amabalazwe okwaziswa, ukuxhumana, namabalazwe okukhishwe ngokwezimo zomphakathi. Uma usola ukuthi i-gerrymanidering (i-racom noma i-transforming ezinkantolo zikahulumeni), izinselele ezingokomthetho zinganyuswa. Amaqembu afana ne-Campaign Legal Center, i-ACLU, ne-NACP Leal Defense Fund iletha lamacala njalo. Izakhamuzi zingasekela futhi izigebengu zazo zama-odrentia azimele ukuze zamukele ama-ocessinglantia azimele enkambiso ye-2030. Ukuqonda isikhathi esithile somjini we-Redigline nezikhathi zomthetho kubaluleke kakhulu ukuze kuphumelele ukuphatha i-avconce.

Ikusasa Lokulungisa Imibandela: Inguquko Nobuchwepheshe

Iminyaka eyishumi yamuva iye yashintsha kakhulu endleleni izivikelo ezilawulwa ngayo, okuyindlela ebangela umjikelezo ka - 2030.

Ukuvela Kwezimemezelo Zokuzibusa

Ekusabeleni enhlekeleleni esheshayo, abavoti ezifundazweni eziningi baye bavumela izinyathelo zokuthatha i-bollat zokwakha amakhomishane azimele okuzimela. Michigan (Propolatis 2, 2018), iColorado (i-Amend Y/Z, 2018), ne-Ohio (I-Isyue 1, 2015) bonke baye bashukunyiselwa ukuba babheke ezifanekisweni ezisusa abezombangazwe enqubweni yokudonsa i-opixel. Le zinhlangano ngokuvamile zinemithetho eqinile ngokuphathelene ne-birticanshishishishishi, ukuzwa komphakathi, nokubonakala. Lilindele le nhlangano ukuba izuze umjikelezo obalulekile ohambayo owe-2030, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni lapho iqembu elithile lilawula khona yonke inqubo yokuhlukanisa i-redi.

Ukwenziwa Kwemithetho Yomthetho Nokuhlakanipha Okuklanywe

Kukhona isithakazelo esikhulayo ekusebenziseni amanani okudweba "izigodi ezizimele" ngokuhlela kahle izilinganiso ezithile (njengokuhlangana noma ukuncintisana) kuyilapho bengayinaki imininingwane yezombangazwe. Nokho, amanani okudweba amabalazwe ngokwemvelo angowezombangazwe: kungadingeka ukuba i-algorithmentment ye-algorithment incintiswe, noma iqinisekise ukuthi imiphakathi yendawo igcinwe ingaphazamiseki? Ukuhlakanipha kokwenza umshini kungasetshenziswa ukudala amakhulu ezinkulungwane zamabalazwe ngemizuzwana, uvumele abenzi bamabalazwe ukuba bakhethe okungcono kakhulu kweqembu labo. Ngokuhlukile, amathuluzi e-A angasiza umphakathi okwazi ukuqaphela i-gerryders nokuveza izindlela zobuchwepheshe ezilungile, ukucunga amakhono obuchwepheshe obukathiwe yize abelwe abaholi bezombangazwe.

Ukulungiselela Ngo - 2030

Abasebenzi be-activoliv, izintatheli, nezakhamuzi ezithembisene ukubeka isisekelo somjikelezo olandelayo wokuhlola. Ukulwela ukubalwa kwabantu okugcwele nokunembile kuyaqhubeka. Amaqembu ezingane afuna imithetho eqinile emelene nombuso kanye nemithetho eqinile nemithetho eqinile. Ukuqonda imithetho yalomdlalo manje kuyindlela engcono kakhulu yokuthonya indlela ibalazwe elidwetshwa ngayo kusukela manje. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuhlelwa kobalo lwezibalo, ukusabela kwemithetho yemithetho eqinile, kanye nokuhlelwa kwemithetho esemthethweni ezungeze i-Voting Rights Act.

Ukuvuleka kuyindlela engabonakali yokwakha idemokrasi yaseMelika. Inquma ukuthi ngubani owenziwe wakhuliswa futhi othule. Nakuba le nqubo iyinkimbinkimbi futhi ivame ukuthuntubezwa ezimpini ezilwayo, ingenzima ukuba izakhamuzi ezivamile zifinyelele. Ngokuqonda izimiso ezingokomthetho, izimiso zobuchwepheshe, kanye nezinqubo zokufakwa komphakathi, ungabheka uhulumeni wakho njengonecala ngokudweba amabalazwe alungile.

Ukuqomisana kubucayi. Ukulwela ukumelelwa kobulungisa akupheleli enkantolo noma emjikelezweni owodwa wokhetho. Kudinga ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kwe-social. Hlala wazi ngemizamo yokulungisa isimo sombuso wakho ngokulandela izindaba zendawo, ukuzwa izindaba zomphakathi, nokusekela izinhlangano ezinikezelwe ekuboneni obala nangokungakhethi. Izwi lakho nevoti yakho kuyisisekelo sentando yeningi esebenza.