Isingeniso

Uhulumeni nohulumeni bendawo bakha umgogodla wokunikeza inkonzo yomphakathi e-United States, uthinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwansuku zonke kusukela emfundweni nasekulondekeni komphakathi kuya ekuthutheni nasempilweni. Nakuba izinga ngalinye linemithwalo yemfanelo ehlukile, izinkonzo eziphumelela kakhulu zikhona lapho lohulumeni bebambisana. Ukubambisana kubavumela ukuba bahlanganyele izimali, izimiso ezihlelayo, futhi basabelele ezidingweni zendawo lapho besebenza ngesilinganiso esiphezulu sikahulumeni. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela umbuso nohulumeni bendawo abasebenza ngayo ndawonye, izinselele ababhekene nazo, kanye namasu aholela ekuphumeleleni kwezakhamuzi.

Ukuhlobana akuyona nje indlela yokuqondisa; ngokuvamile kuyisidingo esingokomthetho noma esiwusizo. Izinhlelo eziningi zikahulumeni zidinga uhulumeni nokubambisana kwendawo, futhi izindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi ezifana nokusabela enhlekeleleni, ukulawulwa kwendawo ezungezile, kanye nokuthuthuka kwezomnotho okufunwayo okuhlangene. Ukuqonda amandla alobubu buhlobo kusiza izikhulu zomphakathi, abahlaziyi bezimiso, nezakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele izinqubo ezenza umsebenzi wokubusa.

Umlando Wendawo Kahulumeni @ honover: status

Ubuhlobo phakathi kukahulumeni bendawo nohulumeni bendawo buye baqala kakhulu emlandweni waseMelika. Ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., kunezimo ezibusayo, futhi izindawo zithola amandla azo kumthetho-sisekelo wezwe nezimiso. Loluhlelo olungokomthetho, olwaziwa ngokuthi iDillon’s Lave, ukuzimela okulinganiselwe ngokwesiko, okudinga imvume kahulumeni yezenzo eziningi zendawo. Nokho, phakathi nekhulu lama-20 leminyaka, amazwe amaningi anika amadolobha nezindawo ukubusa kwasekhaya okukhula, kwawavumela ukuba avumelane kakhulu nokubhekana nezindaba zendawo.

I-New Deal Era yaba nokwanda kwezimali zikahulumeni ezifundazweni, ezabe sezidlulisa izimali ezindaweni zezezemfundo nezinhlelo zezenhlalakahle. Kamuva, izinhlelo ze Great Society zo-1960 zagcizelela ukubambisana kombuso, lapho uhulumeni nohulumeni bendawo besebenzisana khona ngokubambisana. Emashumini eminyaka amuva, ukuthambekela okunjengokwehla kwemicikilisho kuye kwashintsha imithwalo yemfanelo engaphezulu emazweni nasezindaweni ezithile kuyilapho kushintsha izindlela zokusekela izimali. Lomlando ugcizelela ukuthi ukubambisana akumi ndawonye; kuvumelana nezombangazwe, i-gascal, nezinguquko zezenhlalo.

Izici Eziyinhloko Zokuxubana

Ingxenye ngayinye inikeza amathuba ayingqayizivele nezinselele zokubambisana.

Imfundo

Imfundo mhlawumbe iyindawo ebonakalayo kakhulu yombuso-wendawo esebenzelanayo. Amazwe amisa izindinganiso zemfundo, ukwabela ama-plot afundisayo, futhi engamele iziqinisekiso zokufundisa, kuyilapho izifunda zendawo ziphatha amakilasi, izisebenzi, namathuluzi esikole. Ngokwesibonelo, iCalifornia’s Local Control Funding Formula (LCFF)[FL:1] i-odoculture inikeza amandla ama-oda esekelwe kudinga abafundi kuyilapho iwenza abekelwe ezimigomo zezwe.

Impilo Yomphakathi

Izinkinga zempilo yomphakathi, kusukela kubhadane kuya ku-opioid ewumshayabhuqe, ifuna ukusebenzelana okungenamsoco. Iminyango yezempilo yezempilo inikeza izinkonzo zokucwaninga, ukuhlaziya ukwaziswa, nezimali, kuyilapho iminyango yezempilo yendawo ilawula imitholampilo, ihlola, futhi idlulise umphakathi. Izikhungo zezifo zokulawula nokuvimbela izifo (CDC) ngokuvamile zisebenzisa imithombo yezimali ngezinhlangano zikahulumeni eziya kubantu abasebenza nabo, njengoba kuboniswa phakathi komthola-CHOVID-19. Uhlelo lwezethumbutho kanye nezingosi ezihlanganyelayo kuthuthukisa ukuvela nomphumela.

Ukuthutha

Izakhiwo zokuhamba zidinga izakhiwo zikahulumeni nohulumeni bendawo ukuba bahlele, bafake imali, balungise imigwaqo, bagcine amabhuloho, iziteshi, nezikhumulo zezindiza. Iminyango yezokuhamba yoMbuso iphatha imigwaqo emikhulu nezindawo ezisemuva, kuyilapho ohulumeni bendawo bephatha imigwaqo nezindawo zokuthutha. Izizwe eziningi zisebenzisa izinhlangano zokuhlela amadolobha ukuze ziqondise imisebenzi yesifunda, zihlanganise izimali zikahulumeni nezinto eziza kuqala zendawo. Ngokwesibonelo, izakhiwo zobunganiselane zaseFlorida zihlanganisa izindawo zasemaphandleni nasemadolobheni, zinciphisa ukuminyana nokuthuthukisa ukuhamba kwezindawo.

Izinkonzo Eziphuthumayo Nokusabela Kwenhlekelele

Lapho kugadla izinhlekelele, ukubambisana phakathi kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni nezindawo eziqondisa izimo eziphuthumayo kuyanzima. Abaphendula kuqala bendawo bakhona, kodwa bathembele emikhiqizweni kahulumeni yemishini, imishini, kanye nokubambisana nezinhlangano zikahulumeni njenge FEMA. Ihhovisi lesifunda sezwe esiphuthumayo laseTexas lisebenza eduze nezikhulu zesifundazwe nedolobha ukuze zibonise izimpahla, izisebenzi ezisebenza, futhi zilawule izithuthi. Ngemva kweSiphepho Harvey ngo-2017, lendlela ehlangene yokusindisa ukuphila nokululama kwemoto.

Isivikelo Sendawo Ezungezile Nemithombo Yemvelo

Izinselele zendawo ezungezile ezinjengokungcola kwamanzi, izinga lomoya, kanye nokulondoloza umhlaba zidinga imizamo eminingi yokulahla. Izinhlangano zikahulumeni zendawo ezungezile zimisa imithetho nemibandela evumelayo, kuyilapho ohulumeni bendawo bephoqelela imithetho emisiwe, balawule imfucumfucu, futhi bagcine izindawo ezivulekile. Izindlela ezibanzi ezinjengo i-EPA’s Green Infraclactive Program[ inikeza iminikelo nosizo lobuchwepheshe emadolobheni, ngokuvamile elula imishini yezemvelo, ukuze inciphise futhi ithuthukise.

Intuthuko Yezindlu Nezenhlalo

Izindawo zinciphile futhi zithuthuke kakhulu, izakhiwo zifuna ukukhokha izimali zokukhokha nokubambisana kwezindawo. Izwe lidala izinhlelo zezimali zezindlu zokukhokha nokukhuthaza ukukhokhwa kwezindlu, kuyilapho izindawo zithatha imithetho yezokwakha nemvume yokunikeza imvume. Izindawo ezinjenge-Oregon ziye zadlulisela imithetho yokusebenzisa umhlaba efuna amadolobha ukuba ahlelele ukukhula kwezindlu, izivumelwano zikahulumeni ngokumiswa kwendawo. Izinyathelo zokufaka izikweletu zentela zempahla zivame ukuhlanganisa izikweleti zezindawo zentela zezindawo zendawo ukuze zibhebhethelise intuthuko.

Izici Zokukhangisa

Ukuqonda lezi zinqubo kusiza izikhulu ukuba zikhethe indlela engcono kakhulu yokusebenzisa umongo wazo.

Izimpahla Nezindlela Zokusekela Imali

Ohulumeni bavame ukunikeza izimali ezindaweni ezithile ngezinjongo ezithile — ukulungisa imigwaqo emikhulu, imishini yokuphepha yomphakathi, noma izinhlelo zezempilo. Lezi zibonelelo zivame ukuza nezimo ezikhuthaza ukubambisana, njengezimfuneko ezihambelanayo zezikhwama noma i-million. Ngokwesibonelo, U.S. Ukuhlolwa kwemininingwane yezwe nezezimali zendawo kubonisa ukuthi usizo lwezwe luhlanganisa ingxenye enkulu yemali ehlelelwe izindleko zendawo, ikakhulukazi izikole nezakhiwo.

Izivumelwano Zokubambisana Kuhulumeni (IGAS)

I-IGAs iyizivumelwano ezibopha ngokomthetho ezihlanganisa imithwalo yemfanelo, ukuphatha izindleko, nokuhanjiswa kwenkonzo phakathi kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni nezindawo. Zivamile ezinkonzweni ezihlanganyelwayo njengo-911, amapaki ezifunda, noma i-oparter zi-oda. I-IGA ingasho ukuthi iliphi izinga eligcina ibhuloho, ukuthi ingahlukanisa kanjani izindleko zokusabela ngokuphuthuma, noma indlela yokuhlanganyela imininingwane. Lezivumelwano zinciphisa ukwanda nokucaciswa kwezidingo.

Amabutho Omsebenzi Ahlangene Nezibhodi Zokuqondisa

Amabutho omsebenzi ahlanganisa izikhulu zikahulumeni nezindawo, ochwepheshe, namalungu omphakathi ukuze axazulule izindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ngokwesibonelo, uhulumeni ungakha umsebenzi owenzelwa abaqondisi bemisebenzi yezenhlalo kanye nomphathi-dolobha wesifunda sesifundazwe. Amabhodi emisebenzi, njengekhomishane yezokuthutha nabameleli bendawo, anikeza izinqumo eziqhubekayo ezinqunyweni zezimiso. Lezi zindikimba zikhuthaza ukuthembana nokuqinisekisa ukuthi imibono yendawo izazisa isimiso sikahulumeni.

Izinhlangano Zesifunda Nezinkampani Ze - Metropolitan Planning

Imikhandlu yohulumeni (i-COGs) ne-MPOS yizinhlangano zokuzithandela zohulumeni bendawo abahlela ukuhlelwa nokusetshenziswa emingceleni ephethe izifundazwe. Bavame ukuthola izimali zikahulumeni futhi bavumelane ngezokuhamba, intuthuko yezomnotho, kanye nezindaba zendawo ezungezile. iNhlangano yesizwe yoCories (NACO) inikeza imithombo yemali ngendlela lemikhandlu eqinisa ngayo umbuso //indawo esebenzelanayo ngokuhlanganisa imithombo yezentengo kanye nobuchwepheshe obuhlangene.

Izinselele Ekukhandlekeni

Ukuqonda lezi zithiyo kusiza abaholi ukuba bavumelane ngokuqina, naphezu kwezinzuzo, ukubambisana kubhekene nezithiyo zangempela ezingavimbela ukudluliselwa kwenkonzo.

Umehluko Ongokomnotho

Igebe phakathi kwezindawo ezicebile nezimpofu lidala ukuphikisana. Izwe kumelwe lilinganise izimali nezindlela zendawo, kodwa uma izimali zikahulumeni zilinganiselwe, izindawo ezinezikhungo zentela ezincane ezilwayo ukuhlangabezana nezidingo eziyisisekelo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukumangalelwa kwezezimali ezisesikoleni kuye kwaqokomisa indlela ukuthembela ezinkokhisweni zendawo eziholela ngayo ekungalinganini kwentela yendawo, ukukhuthaza amazwe ukuba athathe izindlela zokuthuthukisa. Nokho, ukumelana kwezombangazwe kungenza inguquko ibe nzima.

Ukudukiswa Okubalulekile

Uhulumeni nohulumeni bendawo bangase babe nemibono ehlukene yezombangazwe noma isikhathi. Isishaya-mthetho esigxile ekunciphiseni intela singanciphisa ukuxhaswa kwentela ezindaweni ezithembele kuzo, kuyilapho umkhandlu wedolobha uhlela izinhlelo ezintsha. Lokhu kungafani kungavala imisebenzi ehlangeneyo noma kuholele ezimpikiswaneni. Ukukhulumisana okuphumelelayo nokuhlela imigomo kusemqoka ekuhleleni izinto eziza kuqala.

I - Bureaucracy Nenhlanganisela Yokuphatha

Izimiso ezihlukene, imithetho, nokubika izimfuneko zokwengamela kwakha izintambo eziphezulu. Isikhulu sendawo esifaka isicelo semvume kahulumeni singase sibhekane nenqubo eyinkimbinkimbi yokusebenza, kuyilapho izikhulu zikahulumeni zilwisana nezinqubo eziningi zendawo. Ukuhlela amaphepha nokwamukela amapulatifomu obuchwepheshe anganciphisa ukukhuhlana. Izimiso zokwaziswa ezisekelwe kumafu, njengalezo ezingenziwa ngamapulatifomu anjengo Ditrectus[, zivumele izinhlangano zendawo ukuba ziphathe futhi zihlanganyele ngokulondekile ngaphandle kwemizamo.

Izikhawu Zokukhulumisana Nokwethembana

Uma izikhulu ezihlukene zingakhulumisani njalo, ukungezwani kuyakhula. Ukungathembani kungaholela ekubeni ungabangethembi ukuhlanganyela imithombo noma ukwaziswa. Ukwakha ubuhlobo ngemihlangano yasikhathi sonke, ukuqeqeshana, nezingxenye zokuhlela ezibambisanayo kubalulekile. Ubuhlobo obuningi obuphumelelayo bungenisa izikhundla zokuxhumana ibhuloho nezinhlangano zendawo.

Izibonelo Eziphumelelayo Zokukhazimula

Ukuhlola okuningi kubonisa ukuthi ukubambisana okuphumelelayo kunjani lapho kusetshenziswa.

I - Local Control Funding Formula (LCF) YaseCalifornia

Igunyazwe ngo-2013, i-LCFF ithatha indawo yesimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi semikhakha elula enikeza izigodi ukuvumelana nemali kuyilapho ifuna ukukhokha izimali kubafundi abaswele kakhulu. Umbuso uhlela izimali eziyisisekelo nezibonelelo ezisekelayo kubafundi baseNgilandi nabafundi abathola imali ephansi. Izinhlangano zemfundo yendawo kumelwe zithuthukise amasu okubonisa ukuthi izoyisebenzisa kanjani imali ukuthuthukisa imiphumela, futhi uhulumeni uzinika isibopho sokulandisa nge-Fornia School Dishboard. Le migomo efana nemithetho evumelanayo nemithetho ye-athomu, okuphumela ekutholeni imithombo eyengeziwe kubafundi abaningi abasweleyo.

INew York City-golden Public Health shareau international transfer system

Umnyango wezempilo waseNew York City usebenza eduze noMnyango wezempilo waseNew York State ekuhloleni izifo, imikhankaso yokugoma, nokuvimbela izifo okungamahlalakhona. Phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVOVID-19, bahlanganyela ukwaziswa, bahlanganisa izindawo zokuhlola, nokuthumela imiyalezo. Imizamo yabo yahlangene yanciphisa ukudluliselwa kwesifo futhi yathuthukisa ukufaneleka kwempilo emiphakathini egciniwe. Ubudlelwane bubonisa indlela amazinga amabili angakhulisa ngayo amandla omunye nomunye.

Ukulawulwa KweTexas Ngokuphuthumayo

ITexas Division of Emergency Management (TDEM) isebenza nabaphathi besifundazwe namadolobha abasizayo ukulungiselela nokusabela eziphephweni, ezikhukhula, nasemililweni yequbula. I-TDEM ihlanganisa izivumelwano zokusizana, futhi inikeza ukuqeqeshwa. Izikhulu zendawo zinokufakwa ngokuqondile ekuhleleni kwezwe ngemikhandlu yesifunda. Ngemva kweSiphepho iHarvey, lenethiwekhi yasiza ekuhlolweni okukhulu kokufuna nokwehlisa ijubane emlandweni we-U.S.

Isimiso Sokuhlela Izinto Zokuhamba SaseFlorida

I-Department of Transportation (FDOT) yaseFlorida isebenzisa uhlelo "lokuhlelwa" oluhlanganisa ohulumeni bendawo ekuklameni imigwaqo efanelana nezidingo zomphakathi. I-FDOT inikeza ukusekela komnotho nezobuchwepheshe, kuyilapho izinhlangano zendawo zokuhlela zinquma imisebenzi ngamapulani okuhamba amade. Lolu hlelo olubambisana lunciphise ukulibala kweprojekthi futhi luthuthukiswe. Umphumela yi-'network' esebenzela kokubili abantu bendawo nezakhamuzi zendawo.

Imikhuba Engcono Kakhulu Yokukhangisa Okuphumelelayo

Ithathela ekucwaningeni nasekutholeni ulwazi lwezwe elingokoqobo, le mikhuba ingaqinisa izibalo-endaweni yobuhlobo:

  • [ Izindima nemithwalo yemfanelo ecacile ngezivumelwano ezingokomthetho ezichaza izinhlangano eziholayo, ukuhlukanisa ngokwezimali, negunya lokwenza izinqumo.
  • Ingenele ekwakheni ubuhlobo ngemihlangano yasikhathi sonke, ukuqeqeshwa okuhlangene, nokuhlanganyela amathuba okuthuthukisa uhulumeni nezisebenzi zendawo.
  • Sebenzisa umniningo nobuchwepheshe obubodwa ukuze ulandelele ukusebenza, uphawule izidingo, futhi uxhumane nentuthuko. Vula amatheku okwaziswa namapulatifomu asekelwe emafwini kunciphisa ulwazi.
  • Izisusa ezingathi shubile ngokuklama izinhlelo ezinikeza ukubambisana nokujezisa ukuhlanganisa. Ukuxhasa ngemali okusekelwe ekusebenzeni kungakhuthaza ukuxazulula inkinga ehlangeneyo.
  • Abafaki bemali [ bahlanganisa izakhamuzi, inzuzo, namabhizinisi. Umfakela wabo usiza uhulumeni nabaholi bendawo ukuba babeke izinto eziza kuqala futhi bakhe ukusekela komphakathi.
  • Gcina ukuvumelana nobunzima ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezishintshayo. Izinhlelo zokuhamba nezinhlelo ezimisiwe zivumela ohulumeni ukuba bahlole ukusondela ngaphambi kokulinganisa.

Indima Yobuchwepheshe Nokwaziswa Okuhlukahlukene

Ubuchwepheshe banamuhla buye baguqula indlela izifunda zikahulumeni nendawo ezisebenza ngayo. Izindawo zokwaziswa ezisizayo zivumela ukuhwebelana kokwaziswa kwangempela ngezihloko ezinjengezibhebhe zempilo yomphakathi, izimo zomgwaqo, futhi zivumela imvume. Ngokwesibonelo, izifundazwe eziningi ziye zakha izinqolobane zemininingwane eziphakathi ezikwazi ukufinyelela ekuhleleni nasekubikeni. Diectus [i-Directus] [i-CMS] ethambileyo kanye nesiteji yokwaziswa okusiza ohulumeni ukuba bahlanganise imithombo yemininingwane enezisekelo, yenza kube lula ukwabelana amarekhodi omphakathi, ukuphatha okuqukethwe, nokubambisana nemisebenzi ngaphandle kwezimfuneko eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Ubuchwepheshe buthuthukisa futhi ukubonakala. Izakhamuzi zingahlola indlela ama-dollar azo ekhokha ngayo emisebenzi yombuso neyomphakathi, zikhuthaza ukulandisa. Izimiso zokwaziswa ze-Gographic (GIS) zivumela izikhulu ukuba zibone izifunda ezidlulele futhi zibone amagebe ekuhlanganiseni umsebenzi. Njengoba ohulumeni bethatha izinyathelo ezihlakaniphile zamadolobha, ubudlelwane obuhlanganisa izakhiwo ezisemqoka zikahulumeni nentuthuko yendawo buzoba bucayi nakakhulu.

Iziyalezo Zesikhathi Esizayo

Izwe lombuso-ukubambisana kwe-local lihlela. Isihluthulelo esizohlela ubuhlobo besikhathi esizayo sihlanganisa:

  • Ukukwazi ukumelana nenqubo: Njengoba izenzakalo zesimo sezulu ezingathi sína ziyanda, isifundazwe nohulumeni bendawo kumelwe bahlele ndawonye ukunyuka kolwandle, ukushisa, nemlilo. Amasu esimo sezulu angenazimo ezingemuva ayakuba yisilinganiso esivamile.
  • Ukuguqula kobujijini: Ukushintshela kuma-inthanethi kudinga i-protocol nezimiso ezisebenza nge-inthanethi. I-United States izodinga ukusiza izindawo ezincane zithuthukise izakhiwo zazo ze-misterssion.
  • Izimali eziqondiswe kahle: nezinhlelo zikahulumeni zigcizelela ngokuqhubekayo ukulingana kwezinhlanga nezomnotho. Ukusetshenziswa kwendawo kuyodinga ukusekela kwezwe ekuqoqweni kokwaziswa kanye nokubotshwa komphakathi.
  • Ukuthuthuka kwezisebenzi: Zombili amazinga kahulumeni abhekene nokuswelakala kwezisebenzi. Izinhlelo zokuqeqesha ezibanzi namadamu anezitayela ahlukene angakha amandla ngaphesheya kohulumeni.
  • Ukulungiselela okungaqondakali: Izifundo ezisuka ku-COVID-19 ziyoholela ezimweni ezihlala njalo eziphuthumayo zempilo yomphakathi, kuhlanganise nezinqolobane, iziteshi ze-telehealth, nemithetho yokuxhumana.

Isiphetho

Uhulumeni nohulumeni bendawo babambisana ekudluliseleni izinkonzo zomphakathi. Uma bebambisana ngokuphumelelayo, bandisa imithombo yemali, bahlanganisa izimiso, futhi babhekane ngokunenzuzo nesidingo sezakhamuzi. Izinselele — ukuhlukana kwezindawo, ukuqina kobugqila, nokungathembi — zingokoqobo, kodwa zinganqotshwa ngezindlela zenhloso, izivumelwano ezicacile, kanye nokuzimisela ukuhlanganisa izinhloso. Ngokufunda ngezindlela eziphumelelayo nangezindlela ezintsha zobuchwepheshe, ohulumeni bangakha ubuhlobo obusiza ngempela imiphakathi. Njengoba ukulindele komphakathi kukhula futhi izinselele zikhula, ikhono lamazwe nezindawo lokusebenza ndawonye liyothola izinga lokubusa kwezizukulwane ezizayo.