Table of Contents
Ngazo zonke izikhathi lapho ushayela emgwaqweni wendawo, ushayela ucingo lwe-911, uvakashela umtapo womphakathi, noma uthumela izingane zakho esikoleni somphakathi, uthola izinkonzo ezixhaswe ngesimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi sikahulumeni wezwe . Nakuba uhulumeni uhlela imali nombuso ochitha izihloko eziphambili, iqiniso liwukuthi ohulumeni bendawo / "ohulumeni, izinombolo, amadolobhana, amalokishi, kanye nezifunda ezikhethekile zenza ukuphila kwansuku zonke. Ukuqonda indlela labohulumeni abaphakamisa futhi bachithe ngayo imali akukona nje ukuyisebenzisa; ulwazi olubalulekile ngenxa yokukhokha izakhamuzi.
Izinqubo zikahulumeni wendawo ekhona ngezimali ze- ngokukhokha izintela nezibopho zingabonakala zivamile, kodwa zinquma ukuthi umphakathi wakho unezindawo zokuhlala ezinakekelwe kahle noma izindawo zokudlala ezichithekayo, izikole zanamuhla noma izikhungo eziphelelwe yisikhathi, izinkonzo ezisabelayo noma izikhathi eziyingozi. Lezi zinqumo zezimali zithinta inzuzo yempahla, ukuthuthuka kwezebhizinisi, izinga lokuphila, futhi ekugcineni, ukuthi abantu bakhetha ukuthuthela, ukuhlala, noma ukushiya umphakathi.
Kodwa izakhamuzi eziningi zinokuqonda okungacacile kwezimali zikamasipala. Zingakhononda ngentela yempahla noma ukuvota ezindinganisweni zesibopho ngaphandle kokuqonda ngempela ukuthi lezi zingxenye zihlangana kanjani ukuze zixhase izinkonzo zendawo. Leligebe lolwazi linciphisa ukungenela kwentando yeningi futhi livumela izinqumo zezezimali ezingezinhle ukuba zingaphazanyiswa. Ngokuqonda indlela izinkonzo zokukhokha imali, izakhamuzi zingazihlola kangcono ngayo iziphakamiso zemali, izikhundla zokufuna ukuthatha izikhundla, futhi zihlanganyele ngokunenjongo ezinqunyweni ezakha imiphakathi yazo yezizukulwane ngezizukulwane.
Isisekelo: Ukuqonda Inzuzo Kahulumeni Wendawo
Isikhundla Esiyingqayizivele Sohulumeni Bendawo
Ohulumeni bendawo banesikhundla esihlukile esimisweni sikahulumeni weMelika. Ngokungafani nohulumeni kahulumeni wezwe, onganyathelisa imali futhi asebenzise izikweleti ngokungenasiphelo, noma ohulumeni bakahulumeni bakahulumeni abanamandla amakhulu entela, ohulumeni bendawo babhekene nemithetho eqinile evimbelayo [ ekunyuseni kwabo imali futhi bayisebenzise. Imibuso eminingi ifuna ukuba kulinganiswe izimali zabo ezisetshenziswayo minyaka yonke, inqabe ukuncishiswa kwemali esetshenziselwe usuku lonke.
Lokhu kuyiqiniso kusho ukuthi ohulumeni bendawo kumelwe bavumelane ngokucophelela nezimali ezikhokhwayo, benze ukukhetha okuqinile ngezinkonzo zokusiza futhi ngaliphi izinga. Abakwazi ukuboleka nje ukukhokha izizumbulu zokusebenza njengohulumeni, futhi abanakukwazi ukusebenzisa imithombo yenzuzo ehlukahlukene ekhona ezindaweni ezithile. Kunalokho, bathembele kakhulu emfucumfucwini elinganiselwe yemali, ngokuyinhloko intela yempahla, okubenza babe sengozini yokuwohloka kwezomnotho nezinguquko zenani labantu.
Ubuhlobo phakathi kohulumeni bakahulumeni bendawo nohulumeni bubangela ukuba kube nzima kakhulu ukuxhasa imali. Izwe lilawula ukuthi yiziphi izindawo zentela ezingase zikhokhiswe i-levy, ngokuvamile limise amazinga aphezulu nemithetho ekhululekile. Izwe lifuna izivumelwano zendawo ezikhethekile zemali [ ezinkonzweni ezithile ngaphandle kokunikeza izimali, liphoqelela ukuba izindawo zithole imali ngaphakathi kwemigoqo yemali. Lokhu kubangela ukungezwa okuqhubekayo phakathi kokuzimela nokulawula kombuso.
Ingxube Yemali: Lapho Ivela Khona
Inzuzo kahulumeni wendawo ivela ezinhlotsheni ezine eziyinhloko: izintela, ukuthunyelwa kwentela phakathi kukahulumeni, izintela nenkokhelo, nemithombo ehlukahlukene. Ingxube ekhethekile ihluka kakhulu esekelwe emithethweni kahulumeni, ezimweni zezomnotho zendawo, kanye nasekukhetheni umphakathi.
Amatheku avame ukuveza 35-40% yemali yendawo, nakuba leli nani lisukela kuma-60% emadolobheni acebile angaphansi kwekhulu kuya ku-20% emiphakathini ethembele kakhulu ekusizeni kukahulumeni. Izintela zempahla zilawula intela yendawo, kodwa izintela zentela, intela yeholo, nentela ehlukahlukene zinikela kakhulu ezindaweni eziningi.
Ukudluliswa kwemali esemthethweni kahulumeni, `imali evela kuhulumeni wombuso nombuso] ilingana namaphesenti angama-35-40 emali yendawo ngokwesilinganiso. Usizo lwezwe lwemfundo lumelela ingxenye enkulu kakhulu, nakuba iminikelo kahulumeni yezokuthutha, izindlu, nezinkonzo zezenhlalo futhi inikela kakhulu. Ukubaluleka kokuthunyelwa kwezezikhundla ze-othoni kuyahluka kakhulu; amanye asemaphandleni ancike kuhulumeni nasemalini kahulumeni yemali yemali yemali yemali yabo engaphezu kwe 60%, kuyilapho amabhanki ecebile engathola imali engaphansi kwe 10%.
Amakhokha kanye nenkokhiso kukhokhelwa imali ekhokhwayo ekhokhwayo ekhokhwayo ekhokha cishe amashumi amabili nanhlanu yemali yendawo , emboza yonke into ephuma ezindlekweni zamanzi kuya ekwakheni imvume. Lemali "intela" iye yakhula njengemikhawulo yemali enikezwayo ngokwesiko. Ngokungafani nentela, izintela zihlobana ngokuqondile nokusetshenziswa kwemali yomsebenzi, zikhanga kulabo abakhetha izimali zikahulumeni ezifana nezemaketheki.
Intela Yempahla: Isekela Lemali Yendawo
Indlela Intela Yempahla Esebenza Ngayo
[ Intela engenisa imali ilokhu iwumthombo wemali obaluleke kakhulu wohulumeni bendawo, iveza amadola angaphezu kwezigidi eziyinkulungwane ezingu-500 ngonyaka ka-1950 ngonyaka kabanzi. Lokhu kulawula kwentela kusuka ezinzuzoni eziningana: impahla ayinakubalekela ukugwema intela, izindinganiso azikho ngokuqhathaniswa, futhi intela ixhumana ngokuqondile nezinkonzo zendawo ezisiza abanikazi bempahla.
Inqubo yentela yempahla iqala [ inqunyelwa ngokuhlola [inani lempahla ngalinye elikhokhelwayo]. Abahloli bemisebenzi basebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene ezihlanganisa ukuhlaziya okulinganayo, izindlela zemali ezisetshenziswayo zempahla yezentengiselwano, kanye nezindleko zezakhiwo ezikhethekile. Izindawo eziningi zizimisele ukuhlola indawo ngenani eligcwele lemakethe, nakuba amanye amazwe esebenzisa izimiso zokuhlola amaqoqo.
Uma izakhiwo sezihlolwa, ohulumeni bendawo basebenzisa amazinga entela (abizwa amanani emali noma izigayo) ukuze bakhiphe inzuzo edingekayo. Isigayo esisodwa silingana nentela ngenani le-R1,000. Uma ikhaya lakho lilinganiselwa kuR3,50 000 futhi isilinganiso esihlangene semali ewu 25, ukhokha intela yempahla ngonyaka.
Izindawo eziningi ezihleliwe zikhokha impahla efanayo. Umninikhaya angakhokha intela yempahla esifundeni, edolobhaneni, esifundeni sesikole, ezindaweni zomphakathi, nasezifundeni ezihlukahlukene ezikhethekile zemitapo, isivikelo somlilo, noma amapaki. Inhlangano ngayinye ihlela isilinganiso sayo siqu phakathi kwemingcele emiselwe uhulumeni, futhi iqoqa zonke izintela ngemali eyodwa.
Ukuphatha Intela Nezinselele
Ukuqondisa intela yempahla okuphumelelayo kudinga isisekelo esiqinile nobuchwepheshe. amahhovisi okuhlola kumelwe agcine amarekhodi anembile [ ezigidini zamaphasela, izinguquko zokunaba, imvume yokwakha, nezimo zezentengiselwano. Ukuphindaphindeka njalo ("inani elikhona) kuveza izimo zamanje zemakethe, nakuba ukuhlaziya ukubheka kabusha ngokuvamile kubangela ukuwohloka kwezombangazwe uma izindinganiso zinyuka ngokuphawulekayo.
Izinqubo zokudlulisa izigwebo zivumela abanikazi bempahla ukuba baphikise ukuhlola okukholelwa ukuthi akulungile. Lokhu kudlulisa izimali ezinkulu, ikakhulukazi lapho umnotho uwohloka lapho abanikazi abaningi bephikisana ngempahla yabo bekhubazeka kakhulu. Abanikazi bezindawo zezentengiselwano, abanemithombo yokuqasha abameli nabahlolayo, badlulisa isikhalo ngokuphindwe kakhulu kunabanikazi bezindlu, okungasusa umthwalo wentela ezikhungweni zokuhlala.
Ukukhulula nokukhulula intela yempahla kunciphisa izisekelo zentela yempahla, kulinganisela amathuba emali. Ukungakhokhi okuvamile kuhlanganisa ukukhulula ekhaya ezindlini eziyinhloko, izakhamuzi ezikhulile zivale amahlala khona, inzuzo yomuntu omdala, kanye nezinhlangano ezingahlawuli inzuzo. Izisusa zezentengo zezentengiselwano zivame ukunikeza izintengo zesikhashana zokudonsa amabhizinisi, ukuhwebelana ngenzuzo emshadweni wesikhathi eside.
Iqoqo nokugcinwa kwemithetho kuletha izinselele eziqhubekayo. Amanani aqinile asukela ku-2-5% kodwa angakhuphuka phakathi nokwehla kwezomnotho. Ohulumeni bendawo kumelwe balinganisele iminikelo enzima egcina inzuzo ngozwela kubanikazi bezindlu abalwayo. Intelezi yentengo, nakuba idingeka ekuqoqweni, ingabhubhisa imiphakathi uma izakhiwo eziningi kakhulu zingeniswa nguhulumeni.
Ezombangazwe Zokukhokha Intela Yempahla
Intela yempahla idala impikiswano enkulu yezombangazwe kunanoma imuphi omunye umthombo wemali yendawo. Abanikazi bamakhaya bathola izikweleti ezicace ngokunembile[ ezibonisa ukuthi banecala elingakanani, ngokungafani nokuthengisa noma ukukhokha intela yeholo okufakwa entengiselwaneni. Amagugu empahla anyukayo angandisa izikweleti zentela ngisho nangaphandle kwesilinganiso, adala "isibambi semali" abezombangazwe abazama ukuchaza.
Okuhlangenwe nakho kwaseCalifornia kubonisa ukuphakama kwentela yempahla yezezimali. Ukukhokha intela yempahla kwadlula ngo-1978, intela yempahla ekhushuliwe yanda ngamaphesenti amabili ngonyaka kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kunakho ukunakwa kakhulu. Nakuba abanikazi bekhaya bevikeleka ekunyukeni kwentela ephawulekayo, kwabangela umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwezakhiwo ezifanayo nezindawo eziphoqelelwe ukuba zincike kakhulu ezintelani zokuthengisa kanye nentela. Izinyathelo zokuvukela intela ezifanayo zanda ezweni lonke, zicindezela izimali zikahulumeni wasendaweni yonke amashumi eminyaka.
Imali yesikole yenza intela yempahla ibe nzima kakhulu. Ezizweni eziningi, intela yempahla yendawo inikeza imali enkulu yesikole, idala ukwahlukana okukhulu phakathi kwezifunda ezicebile nezimpofu. Izinselele zeNkantolo kulezimiso ziye zaphoqelela amazwe amaningi ukuba ashintshele izimali zesikole, ngokuvamile izimali eziyandayo zikahulumeni lapho ecindezela igunya lentela yempahla yendawo.
Ukuthengwa Kwentela: Umshini Wenzuzo Ophinde Usebenze
Ukuthengisa Intela Kwendawo
Nakuba intela yempahla ilawula intela yendawo, intela inikeza izimali ezibalulekile ezisekelayo [, ikakhulukazi emadolobheni nasebalweni. Izimo ezingamashumi amane nanhlanu zigunyaza uhlobo oluthile lwentela yokuthengisa yendawo, ibangela izindleko ezingaphezulu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-200 zohulumeni bendawo ngonyaka. Lentela ivame ukuhlanganisa "i-piggyback" ezintela zikahulumeni, kanye nezingalo zendawo zinezela ku-1-3% emazingeni kahulumeni.
Intela yendawo yokuthengisa iza ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Jikelele intela yokuthengisa isebenza ezithengisweni eziningi, inikeza inzuzo engenamingcele yemisebenzi evamile. Intela yokuthengisa ekhethekile isetshenziselwa imisebenzi ethile ekhethekile njengezokuthutha, ukuphepha komphakathi, noma izakhiwo zenhloko - dolobha. Izintela zesikhashana zifuna ukuvunyelwa komvoti, izakhiwo ezicaciswe noma izidingo ngaphambi kokuyeka.
Isisekelo sentela − `ikhokha intela' ngokuphawulekayo) kwemikhankaso. Izifunda eziningi zikhulula ukudla nemithi egunyaziwe ekuthengeni intela, nakuba ezinye izindawo zingayidlulisa lentela. Izinkonzo ngokuvamile ziyayigwema intela yentela, nakuba ezinye izikhungo zentela ezikhethekile njengesikhathi sokuhlala ehhotela noma ukudla kokudlela. Intela ye-Online ishintshe ngokushesha ngemva kwesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ka-2018, ivumela amazwe nezindawo ukuba zithengiselwe intela.
Imiphumela Engokomnotho Nemiphumela Yomngcele
Izintela zokuthengwa zithonya kakhulu ukuziphatha kwezomnotho, ikakhulukazi eduze kwemingcele yemingcele. Intela ivame ukudlula imingcele ukuthenga lapho amazinga ephansi, ikakhulukazi ekuthengeni okukhulu njengezimoto noma izinto ezisetshenziswayo. Lo mncintiswano wentela ungabangela "ukubhalisa amabhande phansi" njengoba amaza aseduze enciphisa amazinga okuchuma kwezentengiso.
Ohulumeni bendawo basebenzisa izisusa ezikhuthaza ukuthengwa kwentela ukuze bahehe ukuthuthuka kwezitolo, ikakhulukazi "ibhokisi elikhulu" izitolo nemishini edayisa izimoto engenisa imali enele. Lo mncintiswano ungazuzisa abathengi ngamanani aphansi kodwa ungangalinganiswa ngokungaphumeleli njengezindawo ezithengiswayo. Ukugcizelelwa kokuthuthukiswa kwentengo kungadala futhi izindlela zokukhula okungalawuleki ezixhomeke ekukhuleni okuqhubekayo kokuthenga.
Izinhlangano zentuthuko yezomnotho zivame ukuthengisa izintela zokuthengiselana njenge "ukuthumela" umthwalo wentela kubantu abangebona abadayisa indawo. Izihambeli eziya ezindaweni ezibuka izivakashi zizuza kakhulu kulokhu kusebenza, kanye ababheki bekhokha izintela ezinkulu zendawo zokuthengisa [[. Nokho, lokhu kuncika ekuthengeni imali okungekhona okwakhona kwenza ukuba izimali zibe sengozini yokuhlelwa kwezindawo zokuvakasha noma izinguquko ezimweni zezitolo.
Ukukhathazeka Ngokulinganayo Nokuncintisana
Izintela zokuthengisa zibhekene nokugxekwa okukhulu njengentela ekhokhwayo leyo mithwalo ephansi ngokungenakulinganiswa yezakhamuzi ezikhokhiwe ezichitha amaphesenti emali emali edonswayo ezimpahla ezikhokhiswayo. Umkhaya ohola ama-$30 000 ungakhokha amaphesenti amahlanu emali eholo ezintela zentengo, kuyilapho umkhaya othola imali ekhokhayo ihholwa kuphela i-1%, ngisho nokuthenga ezitolo ezifanayo.
Izindlela ezihlukahlukene zizama ukunciphisa ukuntengantenga intela. Ukukhipha izidingo ezifana nokuthengwa kwempahla kanye nemithi kuvikela abathengi abathola imali ephansi ezintelani ezithengwayo ezidingekayo. Ezinye izikhungo zinikeza intela yokuthengwa noma izikweleti ngezimiso zentela zeholo, nakuba lezi zingasizi labo abangabhali intela ebuyayo. Intela ebizayo ezintweni ezibizayo[ njengezikebhethe noma izitsheli zemali eziyigugu zinganezela intuthuko, nakuba zingakhiqizeli imali encane futhi zikhuthaze ukuthenga emngceleni.
Ukukhula kwezokuthenga kuyi-inthanethi kushintshe kakhulu intela yentela. Isinqumo Sawayfair [ sidinga abadayisi abakhulu be-inthanethi ukuba baqoqe intela yohwebo esiza ukuhlobisa indawo yokudlala yabathengisi bendawo kuyilapho bevikela izimali zikahulumeni wendawo. Nokho, ukucushwa kwentengiselwano yabathengisi abancane kanye nokungahoxi kwemininingwane yezohwebo ku-inthanethi kusho ukuthi isimiso sihlala singaphelele.
Ngaphezu Kwentela Engokwesiko: Imali, Intela, Nenzuzo Ehlukile
Ukusebenzisa Imali Esetshenziswayo
Ohulumeni bendawo bathembela ngokuqhubekayo ezinkokhelweni nasemalini yomsebenzisi ezihlobanisa ngokuqondile inkokhelo yokusetshenziswa kwenkonzo. Lemali ikhokhelwa ngemali ngezimali zebhizinisi(imisebenzi yokuzisekela ngokwayo esebenzayo njengamabhizinisi phakathi kukahulumeni. Amanzi nezimiso zokukhuculula indle zimelela imisebenzi emikhulu kakhulu yamabhizinisi, kodwa izikhumulo zezindiza, izikhumulo zezimoto, nezifundo zegalofu zisebenza futhi njengezebhizinisi.
Izindleko zomsebenzi zidlulisa izicelo zezombangazwe ngoba zibonakala zilungile kunentela ezikhokhwayo. Lendlela enjengemakethe ingathuthukisa ukuphumelela ngokwembula isidingo senkonzo yeqiniso nokukhuthaza ukulondolozwa kwemisebenzi. I-prigeting eyandayo ngokusebenzisa, ngokwesibonelo, ikhuthaza ukulondolozwa kwesimiso uma kuqinisekiswa ukulondolozwa kwemali ngokwezimali.
Nokho, izimali ezisekelwe ekukhokheleni ziphakamisa ukukhathazeka okungalinganiyo. Izakhamuzi ezithola imali ephansi zingazama ukuthenga izinkonzo ezibalulekile njengamanzi noma iqoqo lemfucumfucu ezixhaphakile ezimunce kalula izakhamuzi. Izakhiwo zemali ezikhokhwayo [ zingathwesa imikhaya empofu umthwalo ngokungenakulinganiswa, ikakhulukazi uma intela ithatha indawo yentela eqhubekayo. Eminye imiphakathi ikhuluma ngalokhu ngenani lentambo noma ngezinhlelo zosizo, nakuba lokhu kwenezela ukuyinkimbinkimbi kokulawula.
Umehluko phakathi kwentela nentela ngokuvamile ufiphaza, kudala izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho. Izinkantolo zivame ukubheka amacala "amacala" uma ehlobana nezindleko zenkonzo zokuzithandela, ezihlobene ngokunengqondo, futhi ezizuzisayo. Intela ezikhokhelwayo ezidlula izindleko zenkonzo noma ezinikeza izinzuzo zingabhekwa njengezingekho emthethweni ezifuna izinqubo ezihlukene zokwamukelwa.
Izindlela Ezikhethekile Zokuhlola Nentuthuko
Izilinganiso ezikhethekile[ zikhokhisa abanikazi bezakhiwo ngokuthuthukisa okuzuzisa izakhiwo zabo ngokukhethekile. Ukufakwa kwesiteji, ukukhanya komgwaqo, noma ukunwetshwa kwendle kuvame ukusebenzisa izinqumiso ezikhethekile, ezinezindleko ezibekwe ngokwezilinganiso ezingaphambili, indawo, noma ezinye izingozi ezizuzisayo. Lokhu kuhlola kungakhokhwa ngokushesha noma ngezigaba ezenezelwe ezikweletini zempahla.
Izindleko zokuthuthukisa intuthuko zidinga izindleko ezintsha zokwakha ukuze kudingeke isisekelo. Ingxenye entsha ingakhokha izindleko zemigwaqo, amapaki, izikole, nezingodo ezisekelwe ezimfunekweni zenkonzo ezitshaliwe. Lemali ingaba nkulu [1] Ngezinye izikhathi ingaphezu kukaR350 000 egumbini lezindlu ezisemasimini aphezulu. Ngokusayina ithinta ukukhokha izindlu.
Imali engokwezimali yentela (TIFF) ithatha ukukhuliswa kwentela ezifundeni ezimisiwe ukuze iqoqe intuthuko kulezo zindawo. Uma izifundazwe ziphumelela, amanani empahla akhushuliwe aveza inzuzo yezezisekelo zezemfundo nezokuthuthukisa. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi i-TIFF iphambukisa inzuzo ezinkonzweni ezivamile nasekuthuthukiseni okungayenzeka.
I - Franchishes Neminye Imithombo Yemali
Ohulumeni bendawo baqoqa izimali eziningi ezincane ezinikela ngemali ezuzisayo njengeqembu. Intela esetshenziswayo ekusebenziseni amalungelo omphakathi, ngokuvamile ebalelwa njengamaphesenti emali emali enkulu. Ithelevishini, ugesi, igesi, nezinkampani zezokuxhumana zikhokha izinkulungwane zezigidi ngenkokhelo yemali ephansi minyaka yonke.
Imali elungile nenkokhelo emathikithini ezimoto, ukuphulwa kwemithetho, nemali ekhokhwa enkantolo kuletha inzuzo, nakuba impikiswano izungeze imibuso ebonakala ingenisa imali ephambili ngaphezu kokuphepha komphakathi. Uphenyo lwe-Forguson lwembula indlela imali eshibhile nemali ekhokhwayo engabuqeda ngayo ubumpofu futhi ilulaze ubuhlobo bamaphoyisa.
Imali ekhokhwa ngemali engenamsebenzi inikeza inzuzo elinganiselwe kodwa ewusizo. Ukuphathwa kwemali kungaveza izigidi zezisebenzi ezinkulu, nakuba inzalo inciphe kakhulu muva nje. Abanye ohulumeni batshala imali emalini ebekelwe izimali isikhathi eside ukuze bandise imbuyekezo ngesilinganiso esivumelekile sezingozi.
Ama - Bond KaMasipala: Ukwakha Ikusasa
Ukuqonda Isibopho SikaMasipala
Uma ohulumeni bendawo bedinga ukuxhasa izakhiwo ezinkulu zenhloko- dolobha − izikole ezintsha, izikhungo zokulapha amanzi, imigwaqo, noma izikhungo zomphakathi − bakhipha izibopho zomjovo . Lemibopho ivumela ohulumeni ukuba baboleke imali kubatshali bezimali futhi bayikhokhe ngesikhathi esingakanani, basakaza izindleko ezinkulu eminyakeni eminingi nabasekhokhi bentela abazozuza ezintweni ezisaphila isikhathi eside.
Izibopho zikamasipala zinikeza abanikazi bezimali inzuzo yentela enciphisa izindleko zikahulumeni ezibolekwayo. Inzuzo ehlawulwa ezibophweni eziningi zikamasipala ikhululekile ekukhokheleni intela yeholo kahulumeni futhi ngokuvamile intela kahulumeni yezakhamuzi ezisesifundazweni. Lokhu kukhulula intela kusho ukuthi ohulumeni bangaboleka intela ephansi kunababoleki benkampani, kugcine izigidi zenkokhelo ngezindleko zenzalo.
Imakethe yesibopho sikamasipala inkulu futhi iyinkimbinkimbi, enezibopho ezingaphezu kwezigidi zezigidi ezingu-4 zamaRandi ezivelele neziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-400 zaminyaka yonke. Izinkulungwane zezigidi zezincwadi zemali zenza amakheshi ezifundazwe ezincane kuya emadolobheni amakhulu − lemisebenzi esukela emalolini omlilo ukuya ezikhumulweni zezindiza. Lokhu kuhlukahluka kudala isayensi eyinkimbinkimbi yabanikazi bezimali, ababhali, abashicileli, nezinhlangano zokulinganisela.
Isibopho esivamile somthetho we-v. Revoce Bond
Izigaba ezimbili ezinkulu zezibopho zikamasipala [1] isibopho somthetho (GO) nezibopho zemali --"eye-integer" ngokuyisisekelo kukhuseleko nokuvunywa kwesidingo.
Izibopho ezibopha isibopho ezivamile ziqinisekisa amandla agcwele akhokhelwayo omkhokhisi. Uma izimali zehluleka, ohulumeni kumelwe baphakamise intela noma banciphise ezinye imali ukuze benze isibopho. Lokhu kulondeka okuqinile kuthola izibopho eziphezulu zokuthenga ngesikweleti kanye nezinga lenzalo ephansi. Izifundazwe eziningi zidinga imvume yabavoti yezibopho ngenxa yokuthi bafaka intela esikhathini esizayo.
Izibopho zemali ziqinisekisa izimali ezikhethekile zenzuzo ekhokhwayo zezindawo ezingenisa amanzi zokwenza imali − njengokukhokha intela emigwaqweni. Abatshali bazimali basengozini enkulu kakhulu ngoba ohulumeni abazukuphakamisa intela uma inzuzo yeprojekthi ingakhohliswa. Lokhu kuyingozi kakhulu kusho inzalo ephakeme, kodwa izibopho zemali azifuni imvume yabavoti ngenxa yokuthi abathembisi intela. Izibopho zemali zixhasa intuthuko enkulu, izikhungo zezindiza, nezinye izinhlangano zezebhizinisi.
Umehluko phakathi kweGO nobopho lwemali ngezinye izikhathi uyafiphaza. Iziphathisi zokuhlanganyela (ama-COP) nezibopho zemvume eziboshwelweyo zisebenzisa izakhiwo zokudala ukuze kugwenywe izimfuneko zokuvota uma ngokuyinhloko zifaka intela. Lezi zimfihlo zabonakala zinenkinga phakathi nenkathi yeNguquko Enkulu lapho eminye imikhakha elwela ukukhokha izindleko zemali ezibambe imingcele yemali yetyala.
Inqubo Yokuzibamba
Ukukhipha izibopho zikamasipala kuhilela abahlanganyeli abaningi nezinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Lenqubo iqala ngokuhlelwa kwekhanda [ okuveza izidingo zomsebenzi nezimfuneko zezimali. Abaqondisi bezimali basiza ekuhleleni izici zesibopho, ukunquma izilinganiso ezifanele, ukubiza amalungiselelo, kanye nezici zokuphepha.
Ngaphansi kwezincwadi − amabhange athengisela izibopho kubathengisi futhi azithengise kubatshali-mali − dlala izindima ezibalulekile. Ukuthengisa ngevolution kuhilela ababhali abacela ukunikeza inzalo ephansi kakhulu, kuyilapho kuxoxwa ngomsebenzi wokuthengisa nabangaphansi kombhali abasiza ekuklameni nasekuhwebeni ngemikhakha. Ukukhetha phakathi kokuncintisana nokuthengiswa kwentengo kuhilela ukukhulula phakathi kokuncintisana kwentengo nokubulala.
Izinhlangano ezilinganisela izimali zokuthenga ngezimali [1] Izinhlangano ezibonisa ukuthenga ngemali, i-S&P, ne-Fitch(evalutetes) abakhokhi bemali yokuthenga nokuhlela isilinganiso esithonya izindleko ngokuphawulekayo. Izilinganiso eziphakeme zisho izindleko eziphansi, ngakho ohulumeni bafaka umzamo omkhulu ekulondolozeni isilinganiso esiqinile ngokuhlela imali ngokulinganisela, ngokugcina imali ngokwanele, nangokuphatha okungochwepheshe.
Iseluleko sesibopho `isibopho') .Qonda imiyalo engokomthetho yokuthi izibopho ziyasebenza futhi inzalo iyakulahlekelwa intela. Lemibono ibalulekile ekuthengisweni, ngoba abanikazi bezimali abasoze bathenga izibopho ngaphandle kwemvume engokomthetho engokomthetho. Izimfuneko ze-dislosure ngaphansi kwemithetho kahulumeni yokugunyaza izimali, imisebenzi, nezingozi.
Ukusingatha Isikweletu Nezikweletu
Ukuphatha izikweleti okungokomthwalo kudinga ukulinganisela izidingo zezisekelo ezidinga ukukhokhwa. Izimiso zezemali zimisa iziqondiso zamazinga ezikweletu amukelekayo, avame ukuvezwa njengesilinganiso senani elihlolwayo, iholo lomuntu siqu, noma inzuzo yokusebenza. Amaphawu avamile asikisela inkonzo yezikweletu akumelwe idlule ku-10-15% yemali esetshenziswayo, nakuba amazinga afanele ehluka ngokwezimo zomphakathi.
Izinqumo ezihlelwe ngokwezikweleti zithinta kakhulu izindleko ezithatha isikhathi eside. Izikweleti ezisesilinganisweni zigcina imali ekhokhwa njalo ngonyaka, ukwenza kube lula ukuhlelwa kwemali kodwa kwandisa izindleko zenzalo. Ukukhucululwa kwemali kunciphisa ingqikithi yenzalo ehlangeneyo, kunciphisa ingqikithi kodwa kudala izindleko ezinciphileyo. "Ukwehlisa izindleko zokukhokha." Izimo ezihlanganisa izikweletu ezintsha nezikhona ukuze kugcinwe izindleko ezizinzile.
Amathuba okukhokha aphakama lapho amazinga enzalo ehla noma ukukhokhwa kwemali kuthuthuka. Njengokubuyiselwa kwemali yentela, ukubopha isikweleti kunganciphisa izindleko zemali kakhulu. Ukuqhubekela phambili kwezibopho ngaphambi kokuba ziqanjwe ku-(-acconted") kwakuvamile ngaphambi kuka-2017 izinguquko zentela zisusa ukudebeselelwa kwayo kwentela. Ukubuyisela intela uma izibopho ziqala ukubiza kuhlala kuwusizo ekunciphiseni izindleko zokuboleka.
Ukukhuliswa kwemali ngesibopho somshuwalense noma ngezinhlamvu zebhange zemali kunganciphisa izindleko zokuboleka kubakhokhi abanezinga eliphansi. Nokho, imboni yomshuwalense yesibopho icishe inciphe phakathi nenkinga yezimali. Ohulumeni abaningi manje "imali yokuzifaka" ngokuphatha imali kakhulu kunokuthenga ukuthuthukisa kwesikweletu kwangaphandle.
Inqubo Yohlelo Lohlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali: Ukukuhlanganisa Konke
Ukuthuthukiswa Kohlelo Lohlelo Lomsebenzi Lwaminyaka Yonke
Inqubo yokuhlelwa kwemali yaminyaka yonke iguqula izinto eziza kuqala emphakathini zibe yiqiniso elingokwezimali. Lento eyinkimbinkimbi iqala ezinyangeni ezingu-6-9 ngaphambi kokuba unyaka wemali uqalise, ihlanganisa ukuhlaziywa okukhulu, ukufakwa komphakathi, nokuxoxisana kwezombangazwe.
Uhlelo lwemali luqala nge [[FLT: 0] ukubikezela inzuzo evela emithonjeni ehlukahlukene. Ukwenyuka kwezomnotho, ukwehla kwamandla emali, nokukhula kuqhubekisela lezizingcaphuno. Ukubikezela okuqhubekayo kuvikela ekushiyekeni kodwa kunganqanda izinkonzo ngokungadingekile. Izinketho zokwehlela izindleko zibangela ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kodwa buhlungu uma inzuzo ingaphumeleli.
Amanhloko omnyango afaka izicelo zemali zokuhlela imali ezivame ukutholakala kakhulu, eziphoqelela ubunzima bokuhlelwa kusengaphambili. Ukuhlola nohlelo kunikeza izilinganiso[ ngokuqhubekayo zazisa lezi zinqumo, zihamba ngalé kokulungisa okulula. Ukuhlela uhlelo lwendlela yokuhlela ehlelelwe izindleko ezisekelwe kuleyo naleyo ekhona ngonyaka.]
Abaphathi bedolobha noma abaqondisi bezimali bahlanganisa izicelo zezimali zeminyango ezihlongozwayo ekuhlolweni kwezimiso zomthetho. Le nqubo ihlanganisa ukuxoxisana okukhulu njengoba iminyango incintisana ngemithombo elinganiselwe. Amapulani okuthuthukisa izakhiwo ahlela ukuhlelwa kwezezimali zezezimali zaminyaka eminingi kanye nemiphumela esebenzayo yaminyaka yonke.
Ukuhlanganyela Kwasobala Nokutholwa
Imithetho yoMbuso ifuna ukuqulwa kwecala phambi kokuhlelwa kwendlela yokusetshenziswa kwezindawo zomphakathi, nakuba ukuhlanganyela kwesakhamuzi okunenjongo kusalokhu kuyinselele. Ukuzwa kwamasiko kuvame ukudonsa inani elilinganiselwe lalabo abaya kuyangena ngaphandle kokuba kuvele izimpikiswano eziphikisanayo. Amasu okuthembisana kabusha [ [1] hlanganise amathuluzi angaphakathi, imihlangano yomphakathi, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemali yokuhlukanisa. /ccan] ukuthatha iqhaza ngaphezu kwabashisekeli abavamile.
Amabhukwana ohlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali asuka kuma-tome angenakuqondakala kuya emamathuluzini okuxhumana achaza imisebenzi kahulumeni. I-Association of Office yezezimali i- ekhutshaziwe i-Award yoHlahlelo lokuHlela [ iqaphela ukufaneleka kwemibhalo yemali ebhaliwe, ikhuthaza ukunikezwa okucacile kokwaziswa okuyinkimbinkimbi okungokwezimali.
Ukucabangela imithetho kuhilela ukuqulwa kwamacala omphakathi, ukubukezwa kwekomiti, nokulungisa izinqubo. Amalungu oMkhandlu alinganisela izithakazelo zesifunda nezidingo zedolobha lonke lapho esebenzisa imishini yezombangazwe. Ukusetshenziswa kwemali esetshenziswayo ngokuvamile kudinga iziqu eziyinhloko ezilula, nakuba eminye imibuso igunyaza ukukhushulelwa kwentela okukhulu.
Uma sekusetshenziswa, uhlelo lokuhlela alulukho umbiko oqinile. ama-applity ancishiswe [ phakathi nonyaka we-akheli elishintshayo, nakuba izinguquko ezidlulele zingalulaza ukuhlela nokulandisa. Imibiko yezimali yemikhondo ngokumelene nohlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali, ikhomba ukuguquguquka okudinga ukulungiswa.
Ukuhlela Izimali Kwesikhathi Eside
Ukuphatha ngokwezimali okungokomthwalo kudlulela ngalé kwemali esetshenziswa minyaka yonke ekulondolozeni isikhathi eside. Izibikezelo zezimali zeminyaka eminingi ziveza inzuzo nezindleko zemali eminyakeni engu-3-5 ngaphambili, ziphawula ukungalingani kokwakha ngaphambi kokuba kube yizinkinga. Lezi zibikezelo zitshela izinqumo eziphathelene nezinga lenkonzo, ukutshala izimali kanye nezidingo zemali.
Izimiso zemali ezilinganiselayo zimisa amazinga okuvikela izimali ezikhokhwayo ezimpontshelwayo noma izindleko ezingalindelekile. Izinhlangano ezilinganiselayo zilindele ukuba izindawo ezigciniwe ezilingana nezindleko ezisebenzayo ezingamaphesenti ayishumi namashumi amabili, nakuba amazinga afanele axhomeke ezicini zemali nezingozi. Ukwakha nokugcina imali enele kudinga ukugcinwa kwemali okungabiziwe ngesikhathi esihle.
Ukuhlelwa kwezinhlelo zokuthuthukisa izakhiwo zekomkhulu kuhlanganisa izakhiwo ezidinga amandla amade okuzinakekela ngokwezimali. Izimiso zokuphatha izakhiwo, ukuhlola isimo sesakhiwo, kanye namasu enzuzo esazi kahle azisa izinto eziza kuqala zokutshala imali. Ukuhlela ukulondolozwa kwezakhiwo ezigciniwe [ kuhlasela ohulumeni abaningi abaphila ngokomlando abangaphansi kwezakhiwo ezisemqoka, okudala izingozi ezinkulu zesikhathi esizayo.
Isibopho sokuzibophezela nezempilo nokuthatha umhlala-phantsi kumelela izibopho ezinkulu zesikhathi eside ezithinta ukulondolozwa kwemali. Ohulumeni abaningi babhekana nezikweletu ezingenakukhokhwa kakhulu zemali ekhona ngonyaka, idinga iminikelo ekhushuliwe ephazamisa ezinye izinkonzo. Izinguquko ze-penion(hhh, kuhlanganise nokuncishiswa kwenzuzo, iminikelo yezisebenzi eyandayo, kanye nezicwangciso zenhlanganisela ) ezihlala zinzima ngokwezombangazwe kodwa zidingekile ngokwezimali.
Izinselele Ezibhekene Nemali Kahulumeni Wendawo
Ukuwohloka Kwezomnotho Nokunganciphi kwenzuzo
Ohulumeni bendawo babhekene nokwanda kwenzuzo njengoba imijikelezo yezomnotho ikhula futhi ishesha. I-Great Recessing yabonisa indlela intela eshesha ngayo ukuwa kwemali ($inkokhiso eshisiwe) ekugcineni yancipha ngamaphesenti angu-20 esizwe kuyilapho ukuthengwa nezintela zeholo kwehla ngokuphindwe kakhulu. Umqedazwe we-COVID wadala ukuphazamiseka okuhlukile kodwa okungathi sína ngokufanayo, kanye nokunye ukuwohloka kwemali kuyilapho ezinye zibonakala zinamandla ngokumangalisayo.
Ukuncibilika kobunjani kunganciphisa i-DENUIT kodwa akunakwenzeka ngaso sonke isikhathi. Imiphakathi incike ezimbonini eyodwa noma emithonjeni yenzuzo ibhekene nokungezwani okuthile. Izifunda ezizimeleyo zibhekana nemijikelezo esheshayo ehambisana namanani kagesi. Izifici zokuvaka zihlupheka lapho uhambo luncipha. Imiphakathi yaseBedorome izama ukuzama ukuguqula indlela.
Imali yosuku nemali egciniwe inikeza izikhawu ezibalulekile ezimelene nenzuzo. Nokho, ukucindezela kwezombangazwe kokusebenzisa imithombo ekhona kwenza izakhiwo zibe nzima. Abavoshi babuza ukuthi kungani ohulumeni bephethe "ama-surpluise" kuyilapho izinkonzo zingasathandeki. Izinqubo ezicacile nokuxhumana ngezinjongo zokugcinwa kwemali kusiza ekulondolozeni ukukhucululwa kwemali.
Izinguquko Zenani Labali Nezidingo Zenkonzo
Izinguquko zenani labantu zithinta kakhulu kokubili inzuzo yemali nenkonzo. Amanani andayo adinga izinkonzo ezihlukene/izindawo zokusiza ezihlukene kunezinhlelo zentsha, ukusabela kwezimo zezimo eziphuthumayo kunemisebenzi yesikole. Abaholi abathathe umhlalaphansi abamelana nokwanda kwentela kuyilapho bedinga izinkonzo ezibizayo. Abantu abahlala phakathi kwabantu asebekhulile bavame ukubhekana nokwehla kwenani lempahla njengoba imfuno incipha.
Ukushintsha kwezindawo kanye nezinguquko zamasiko kuguqula izidingo zenkonzo kanye nezindlela zokuhambisa. Izinkonzo zezolimi eziningi, ukuqeqeshwa kwamasiko, nokuzilibazisa okuhlukile kudinga ushintsho. Nakuba abafuduki bevame ukuvuselela imiphakathi, izindleko zokuqala zokuhlanganisa zinganciphisa imali ngaphambi kokuba izinzuzo zezomnotho zivele.
Ukungafani kwemisebenzi yezizukulwane ezilindele ukufika kwezisebenzi ezifuna ukuthunyelwa ngokwesiko. Izakhamuzi zeMillennium neGen Z zilindele izinkonzo ze-tem-get, imikhuba eqinile, kanye nezinga elihlukile kunezizukulwane ezidlule. Zingase zimelane nokuxhasa inzuzo engokwenzuzo kuyilapho zifuna ukutshala imali kwezobuchwepheshe, ezethutho, nezinga eliphezulu lokuphila.
Inkinga Yezakhiwo Nokulondolozwa Kwazo
Izesisekelo zendawo yaseMelika zibhekene nenhlekelele ebhalwe kahle. I-American Society of Civil Enginegers inikeza isisekelo se-C yebanga lase-U.S., ilinganisa amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-20,6 ezimalini ezidingekayo. Ohulumeni bendawo banezakhiwo zomphakathi eziningi zezemisebenzi .(izindawo ezihamba phambili, izimiso zamanzi, izikole, amapaki) kodwa abanayo imithombo yokuzinakekela ngokwanele.
Ukulungiswa okugciniwe kunqwabelana lapho ohulumeni behlehlisa ukulungisa ukulinganisela uhlelo lwemali. Izinkinga ezincane ziba ukuhluleka okukhulu /imigodi enkulu ekwakhiweni kabusha kwemigwaqo, izimbobo zophahla ziba indawo yokwakha. Izindleko zokuhlala zibonisa ukuthi izindleko zokulondolozwa kwezindleko zincane kakhulu kunokulungisa isimo esiphuthumayo, kodwa ukucindezela kohlelo lwemali lwesikhathi esifushane ngokuvamile kudlula ukuhlelwa kwesikhathi eside.
Ukushintsha kwezisekelo zezenhlala - kahle zezezulu kudala inselele. Ukuwohloka okukhulu kwesimo sezulu okuklanyelwe izimo ezingokomlando. Ukukhuphuka kolwandle kusongela izakhiwo ezisegungwini. Isomiso nezikhukhula zisongela isimiso samanzi acindezelayo. Ukulungisa izakhiwo ukuze kukwazi ukumelana nesimo sezulu kudinga ukutshala imali eningi kakhulu abantu abaningi abangakwazi ukuthenga ngaphandle kosizo lukahulumeni.
IMibuliso KaHulumeni Nentengo
Ubuhlobo phakathi kombuso nohulumeni bendawo bucindezela ngokuqhubekayo ukuzibusa kwendawo. Imithetho yesifundazwe ifuna ukuba ohulumeni bendawo banikeze izinkonzo noma bahlangabezane nezindinganiso [ ngaphandle kokunikeza ukuxhasa ngemali. Izimfuneko ezikhethekile zemfundo, iziqondiso zendawo ezungezile, nezisebenzi zizuza imiyalelo elawula ukusetshenziswa kwemali eyanda ngaphandle kokulawula indawo.
Ukuhlengwa kwezwe kuvimbela izindawo ekukhuliseni inzuzo noma imisebenzi yokuqondisa. Izifunda eziningi zinqabela ukukhokha izintela zeholo lendawo, ukulinganisela intela yempahla, noma ukuvinjelwa kwenkokhelo ethile. Ukwenyuka kweholo lendawo, ukuvinjelwa kwezikhwama zepulasitiki, noma imithetho yokuqasha yesikhashana ilinganisela kokubili igunya lokulawula nokukhetha inzuzo.
Intela nezindleko ezilinganiselwayo (i-TELS) ezamiswa phakathi nokuvukela kwentela ziyaqhubeka zicindezela imali yendawo ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka. U-Taxhayle Bill of Rights (TEBOR) kaColorado ufuna ukuvotelwa nganoma ikuphi ukwanda kwentela nokwenyuka kwemali ekhokhwayo ekunyukeni kwamandla emali kanye nokwanda kwenani labantu. Nakuba ukuvikela abakhokhi bentela, lokhu kulinganiselwa kungavimbela imiphakathi ekuthengeni imali ezinkonzweni ezidingekayo noma ezisekelweni zemisebenzi.
Ikusasa Lemali Kahulumeni Wendawo
Ubuchwepheshe Nokubuyiselwa
Ubuchwepheshe buthembisa ukuguqula izimali zikahulumeni wendawo ngokuthuthukisa impumelelo nezindlela ezintsha zokuthutha. Izinkonzo zobufundisi zinciphisa izindleko zentengiselwano kuyilapho zithuthukisa ukusebenziseka kwamakhasimende. Ulwembu lwe-Online luvumela izinhlelo, ukukhokhela intela, nokukhokha intela konga isikhathi sezisebenzi futhi kuthuthukise iqoqo. Ukuhlakanipha kokwenza kungaguqula ukuhlolwa, ukuhlelwa kwemali, nokuthola ngokukhwaba.
Ubuchwepheshe basemadolobheni obuhlakaniphile bunikeza impumelelo kodwa budinga ukutshala imali eningi. Imishini ehlola izimoto, izimiso zamanzi, nokusetshenziswa kwamandla inganciphisa izindleko. Nokho, izingozi zokungalondeki kwe-inthanethi, ukukhathazeka ngemfihlo, kanye nokungalawuleki kobuchwepheshe kudala izinselele ezintsha. Ohulumeni abancane ikakhulukazi balwisana nokutshala imikhiqizo nobuchwepheshe obulinganiselwe.
I-blockchain ne-cypripture ingaguqula izimali zikahulumeni. Amanye ama-ocester amukela ukukhokha ngokuyimfihlo, kuyilapho amanye ehlola i-blockchain ukuze agcine amarekhodi nokubona. Imishini yamanani ebhange eliphakathi ekugcineni ingaguqula ukuthunyelwa kwezezimali ezihlangene nohulumeni kanye nokuphathwa kwemali. Nokho, ukungaqiniseki komthetho kanye nokulinganisela ukutholwa kwamanje.
Ezinye Izikokhiso Zokuhambisa Inkonzo
Ukujongana nemingcele, ohulumeni bahlola ngokuqhubekayo izindlela zokuhambisa inkonzo eziza kwezinye izindlela. Izivumelwano zezinkonzo ezandisiwe [ phakathi kwama-gundane afinyelela isilinganiso sezomnotho zemisebenzi ekhethekile. Izikhungo zezindawo zokuthumela, izivumelwano zokuthenga, kanye nemishini ehlanganyelweyo zinciphisa izindleko kuyilapho zilondoloza izinga lenkonzo.
Izinhlangano zomphakathi zomphakathi (amaP3) ezisebenza ngasese zomuntu siqu kanye nobuchwepheshe bemisebenzi yomphakathi. Abasebenza nabo ngasese baklama, bakhe, basekele izimali, futhi basebenze izakhiwo ukuze bakhokhe imali ende noma bahlanganyele izimali. Nakuba amaP3 engasheshisa ukuthunyelwa kwemisebenzi kanye nezingozi zokudluliselwa kwemisebenzi, adala izibopho zezikhathi ezinde futhi anciphise ukulawula komphakathi.
Ukuqamba nokutholana kuseyimpikiswano kodwa kuvame ukuxabana. Ohulumeni abaningi bafaka izinkonzo ezinjengokuqoqwa kwemfucumfucu, ukugcinwa kwemikhumbi, noma ukunakekelwa kwepaki ezimbonini ezizimele. Impumelelo ixhomeke ekuqondiseni izivumelwano ngokucophelela, ukuhlola ukusebenza, nokugcina umncintiswano. Ukuhluleka kwezindawo zokuzifaka komuntu siqu kubonisa ukuthi ukuthutha akuzidlulanga ngokuzenzakalela ilungiselelo lomphakathi.
Ukuzinza Nokuzinziswa Kwemali
Ukwakha isakhiwo esiqinile kudinga izinguquko eziyisisekelo ezisingatha ukungalingani kwemali ekhona phakathi kwemali ekhona nezindleko. Ukuguqula iPisension, ukutshala izakhiwo, nokulungisa izakhiwo nokusebenzisa imishini yenkonzo ye-octives, akunakuhlehliswa phakade. Izinhlangano kumelwe zihlole ngokwethembeka ukuthi yiziphi izinkonzo ezingazithenga futhi zenze ukukhetha okunzima mayelana nezinto eziza kuqala.
Ukubambisana kwesifunda kunikeza amakhambi angenzeka ezinselele zezentengiselwano. Ukuhlanganyela kwentela kunciphisa ukuncintisana okubhubhisayo kuyilapho kuqinisekisa ukulingana kwezindawo. Izigodi zezentengiselwano zesifunda zixhasa amasiko nezimiso ezizuzisa izifunda ezihlukene. Uhulumeni we Metropolitan uhlanganisa, nakuba kunzima kwezombangazwe, ungafinyelela ukuhlanganisa okuphawulekayo.
Ukukwazi ukumelana nenkinga ye-Fiscal − ikhono lokulondoloza izinkonzo naphezu kokushaqeka − − kungaphezu nje kokugcinwa kwemali. Umnotho oweqinisiwe, izinhlangano ezivumelanayo, kanye nemiphakathi ebhekene nezinkinga zezulu ezingcono. Umqedazwe we-COVID-19 wabonisa ukuthi imiphakathi eqinile iyakwazi ukujwayela ngokushesha, ubuchwepheshe bokulawula imishini, nokugcina ukubambisana kwezenhlalo naphezu kokuxega okungokomzimba.
Isiphetho: Indlela Izinkonzo Zohulumeni Bendawo Ezisekela Ngayo Izimali
Uhulumeni wendawo usekela imali ngentela namabopho ngaphezu kokuzivivinya noma izinqubo zokulinganisela (ihlanganisa ukulawulwa kwentando yeningi) nesilinganiso sayo esiyisisekelo. Zonke izinqumo zemali, intela, ivoti, nesibopho kuveza izindinganiso zomphakathi, izinto eziza kuqala, kanye nokubona ikusasa. Ukuqonda lezimiso kunika izakhamuzi amandla okuhlanganyela ngokubaluleka ezinqumweni ezibumba ukuphila kwazo kwansuku zonke kanye nesimiso somphakathi eside.
Ubunkimbinkimbi bezimali zikamasipala bungabonakala bunzima, nemithombo yayo yenzuzo eminingi, imingcele engokomthetho, kanye nobuchwepheshe. Nokho lobubunkimbinkimbi akumelwe buthethelele ukuhlukaniswa kwezakhamuzi. Idemocracy idinga ukuthatha isinyathelo ngolwazi, futhi akukho lapho lokhu kuyiqiniso khona kakhulu kunakuhulumeni wendawo lapho amazwi ngamanye enesisindo esiphezulu kakhulu khona kanye nemiphumela eqondile.
Izinselele ezibhekene nezimali zikahulumeni wendawo .Kusukela ekuwohlokeni kwezesisekelo kuya ekushintsheni kwenani labantu, kusukela ekunqabeni kwezwe kuya ekuphazamisekeni kwezobuchwepheshe, − okuye kwabangela ukucubungula kwezakhamuzi eziqonda kokubili izinkinga nezixazululo ezingase zivele. Ukukhononda nje ngezintela eziphakeme noma ngezinkonzo ezingezinhle ngaphandle kokuqonda izinto ezingokoqobo. Inguquko enenjongo idinga izakhamuzi ezithatha izintambo zokuhweba, eziqaphela ukuvinjelwa, futhi ezihileleke ngokunenzuzo ekutholeni izixazululo.
Ukubheka phambili, ukusekela kwezimali zikahulumeni wendawo kuxhomeke ekuvuseleleni kabusha ukuhlangana kwezakhamuzi nohulumeni bazo. Lokhu kusho ukwamukela umthwalo wemfanelo ngezinkonzo zokuxhasa imali ezizifunayo kuyilapho kubheka ohulumeni ukuba balandise ngokuphumelela, ngokuphumelela. Kusho ukuqaphela ukuthi "intela ngokumelela" idinga kokubili ukuzimisela ukukhokha izimpahla zomphakathi nokuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo ezinqumweni eziphathelene nelungiselelo labo.
Izincwadi zemali zendawo, ezitholakala kakhulu kuyi-Intanethi, zinikeza ukwaziswa okuningi ngenzuzo nezindleko. Imihlangano yomphakathi, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi ingadingwanga kahle, inikeza amathuba okuthonya izinqumo. Izikole zezakhamuzi namakomiti emali ezimiso zokuhlela izinto zemisebenzi kahulumeni zisiza izinkonzo zokufundisa izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde izimali zomphakathi.
Indaba yezimali zikahulumeni wendawo ekugcineni iyindaba yomphakathi − indlela esihlanganisa ngayo izimali ukuze senze lokho esingenakukufeza sisodwa. Kusukela eminyangweni yomlilo yezisebenzi zokuzithandela yasemadolobheni amancane kuya kohulumeni abayinkimbinkimbi abakhonza izigidi, ohulumeni bendawo bamelela ukubambisana kwabantu ngesilinganiso somphakathi. Ukuqonda izimali zabo akukona nje ukulandela imali; ukuqonda indlela imiphakathi eshintsha ngayo imithombo yabasebenzi ibe yinzuzo efanayo.
Zonke izimbobo ezigcwele, zonke izimo eziphuthumayo ezisabela kuzo, zonke izincwadi ezihlolwa emtatsheni wezincwadi womphakathi zimelela isimiso sezezimali sikahulumeni sendawo esisebenzayo. Lezi zimangaliso zokuphila kwanamuhla azizenzeki ngokuzenzekelayo. Zidinga ukukhetha okunengqondo mayelana nokukhuphula nokusebenzisa imithombo yemali. Ngokuqonda indlela ohulumeni bendawo abasekela ngayo izinkonzo ngezintela nangezibopho, izakhamuzi ziba abahlanganyeli kulokhu kukhetha kunokuba zithathe iqhaza lemiphumela yazo.
Ikusasa lezimali zikahulumeni wendawo lizobhalwa izakhamuzi eziboshelwe ukuqonda amandla azo nokulinganiselwa kwazo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imiphakathi iyachuma noma iyawohloka, noma ithuthuka, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izinkonzo ziyakhula noma zithuthukiswa, noma isivumelwano sixhomeke ekukhetheni kwabantu bonke okwenziwa ngenqubo yentando yeningi. Ukuqonda izimali zikamasipala kuguqula lezi zinqumo zenqubo yezentando yeningi eziyimfihlo zibe izinqumo ezingaqondakali zentando yeningi lapho izindaba zesakhamuzi ngasinye zithinta khona izwi.
Kulenkathi yokungahleleki nokuhlukana kwezwe kukahulumeni, ohulumeni bendawo bahlala benezindawo lapho inkinga esheshayo exazululayo inganqoba khona ukuhlukana kwemibono. Kodwa lokhu kuphela okusebenzayo lapho izakhamuzi zisebenzisa ulwazi oluqinile nolwakhayo. Ubunkimbinkimbi bezimali zemali kamasipala wanamuhla abudingi ukuhoxa kodwa bufuna ukuncishwa okukhulu, hhayi ukugxeka kodwa ukuthemba okunolwazi ngekhono lobudenariyu. Ngokuqonda indlela imiphakathi yethu ezixhasa ngayo, siyaqonda ukuthi idemokhrasi isebenza kanjani ngesilinganiso sayo esiyisisekelo kakhulu sokusebenza.
