Isisekelo Sobuhlobo Bezinhlangano Zehulumeni

Ohulumeni bendawo nezwe basebenza phakathi kobuhlobo obuhleliwe obuchaza indlela amandla, umthwalo, nengcebo esasazwa ngayo. Ezimisweni eziningi zentando yeningi, lobu buhlobo bubunjwe umthetho-sisekelo noma uhlelo oluyisisekelo olungokomthetho olunika iziphathimandla ezithile ezingeni ngalinye likahulumeni. Ohulumeni bezwe ngokuvamile bayaqhubeka belawula izindaba zezwe lonke ezikhathaza u-— defense, inkambiso yemali, nezohwebo zezentengiselwano, kanti ohulumeni bendawo baphatha izinkonzo zosuku nosuku ngalunye nomthetho othinta izakhamuzi ngokuqondile emiphakathini yabo.

Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwamandla akuqinile. Ukubusa okuningi komphakathi okucindezela kakhulu kwekhulu lama-21 i-— ushintsho lwezomnotho, ukungalingani, izimo eziphuthumayo zempilo yomphakathi, nezimiso zemisebenzi ezibolile i-&mdash. Akukho silinganiso sikahulumeni ongasingatha lezinselele sodwa. Ukubusa okuphumelelayo kuxhomeke ohlelweni oluvumela ohulumeni besizwe nabasendaweni ukuba bahlanganyele ulwazi, ukuhlanganisa izinhloso zezimiso, nokufeza izinhlelo ezihambelanayo.

Umsebenzi Womthetho - sisekelo Nomthetho

Emazweni anezimiso zikahulumeni i-— njenge-United States, iJalimane, iCanada, ne-Australia — umthetho-sisekelo ubala ngokucacile imibuso kahulumeni wezwe kuyilapho ugcina imibuso esele ezindaweni noma ezifundazweni. Ohulumeni bendawo, nabo bathola igunya labo kuhulumeni wesifunda noma wesifundazwe. Lesi sakhiwo esinemigoqo siveza kokubili amathuba nenkinga yokubambisana. Umthetho wesizwe uvame ukubeka izindinganiso ezilinganiselwe noma ukunikeza izisusa zemali, kuyilapho ohulumeni bendawo besakwazi ukuvumelana nezimiso zezifunda.

Ngisho nasezimisweni ze-uniters — njengeFrance, iJapane, noma i-United Kingdom — lapho uhulumeni wezwe unegunya eliphelele khona, kuye kwaba nokuthambekela okukhulu ekuthotyeni. Ohulumeni bendawo kulamazwe baye bathola umthwalo owengeziwe wokunikeza inkonzo, ukuthuthuka kwezomnotho, nokuhlela umphakathi. Izimo ezingokomthetho kulezi zimiso zimisa izimiso zokuxhumana, ukwenza izinqumo, nokuhlanganyela komnotho phakathi kweziphathimandla eziphakathi nendawo.

Isimiso Sokungaqondi

Isimiso esiqondisayo ebuhlotsheni bohulumeni obuphakathi: izinqumo kufanele zenziwe ezingeni eliphansi kakhulu likahulumeni okwazi ukuzisingatha ngokufanele. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi ulwazi lwendawo kanye nokukhetha komphakathi kwazisa ukusetshenziswa kwezimiso kuyilapho kuvumela ohulumeni besizwe ukuba bathathe isinyathelo lapho izimpikiswano ziyanda ngokwezwe noma ngokwezomnotho. Ukuzibandakanya kwezwe kukhuthaza ukuphumelela, ukulandisa, nokusabela. Uma ukuphikisana komphakathi i — okunjengesemzimbeni yezokuthutha wesifunda noma isilinganiso sezinga lokuhamba komoya i-— i-affectsssssssssssss issssssss.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Ehlanganyelwayo Ngaphesheya Kwemikhakha

Ukwahlukana kwemithwalo yemfanelo phakathi kohulumeni bendawo nobesizwe akuvamile ukuba kuphelele. Izindawo eziningi zezimiso zihlanganisa igunya elihlanganyelwe noma elilalelwe. Ukuqonda lokhu okuhlangene kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi ukubusa okubambisanayo kusebenza kanjani ngempela.

Izakhiwo Nezokuhamba

Ohulumeni bezwe basekela futhi balawule imigwaqo emikhulu ephakathi kwezwe, izikhumulo zesitimela, izikhumulo zezindiza, nezikhumulo zemikhumbi. Ohulumeni bendawo baphatha imigwaqo, amabhuloho, izimiso zokuthutha umphakathi, izisekelo zokuthutha amanzi, kanye nezindawo zokuphatha imfucumfucu. Nokho, imisebenzi emikhulu yezemisebenzi yezemisebenzi idinga ukuxhasana nokuhlelwa kwezindawo. Ngokwesibonelo, isimiso esisha sezitimela, singathola imvume kahulumeni, ukuvunyelwa kwendawo ezungezile nemvume yokusebenza kwendawo. Ukuhlelwa kwazo zonke izakhiwo kuqinisekisa ukuthi izakhiwo zihlangabezana nezindinganiso zokuphepha, zihambisana nemigomo yokuthuthukisa izifunda, futhi zivikele ukusekela komphakathi okudingekile.

Ukuphepha Komphakathi Nezinkonzo Eziphuthumayo

Amaphoyisa endawo, iminyango yomlilo, nezinkonzo zezokwelapha eziphuthumayo zixhaswe kakhulu futhi ziphethwe yizo hulumeni abaphethe izifundazwe. Ohulumeni bezwe bamisa izindinganiso zomthetho, banikeza imithombo ekhethekile (njengezimboni ze-operansic noma izinhlangano zobuphekula), futhi bavumelanisa ukusabela ezimweni eziphuthumayo ezinkulu. Phakathi nenhlekelele yemvelo i-— njengasesiphepho, imvula, noma ukuzamazama komhlaba i-— abathathi-ms bezokuqala embonini, kodwa izinhlangano zesizwe ezifana ne-FEMA eUnited States noma izinhlangano ezilinganayo kwamanye amazwe zinikeza usizo lwezezimali, imishini, nesisekelo sosizo somthetho-mthetho yokuxhumana, nezokuqeqesha.

Imfundo

Isimiso semfundo siyisibonelo somthwalo wemfanelo ofanayo. Ohulumeni bezwe bavame ukubeka imigomo yemfundo ebanzi, ukunikeza izikole eziswele imali, futhi baphoqelele ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo omphakathi. Uhulumeni noma ohulumeni bezifundazwe bamisa izindinganiso zohlelo lwezifundo, izimfuneko zokufundisa, nezimiso zokulandisa. Izikole zendawo zilawula imisebenzi yosuku lonke, ziqasha othisha, zilondoloze izikhungo, futhi zihlanganyele namalungu omphakathi. Umsebenzi uqinisekisa ukuthi izinto eziza kuqala lelizwe — ezifana nokuthuthukisa i-STEM noma ukuvala imingcele efezini efeziwelayo i-— zihunyushelwe ezintsheni eziphumelelayo zendawo ngaphandle kokulawula umphakathi.

Impilo Yomphakathi

Isifo se-COVOVAD-19 sabonisa kokubili isidingo nobunzima bokubambisana kwezempilo yomphakathi. Amanxusa empilo esizwe njenge CDC noma iWHO anikeza isiqondiso, ukwaziswa kokuqapha, amandla okucwaninga, nezimali. Iminyango yezempilo yendawo isebenzisa ukuhlola, ukulandelela, imikhankaso yokugoma, nemizamo yokuxhumana yomphakathi. Ukusabela okuphumelelayo okudinga ukwaziswa kwangempela, ukuhlanganisa iziyalezo zezempilo zomphakathi, kanye nokusakaza izithuba zokwelapha. Isifo sembula futhi izikhala ezihlangene: imiyalezo ephikisanayo evela emazingeni ahlukene kahulumeni, izimiso zemininingwane ehlukene, nokuncintisana ngemithombo yemithombo enzima. Lezi zifundo zigcizelela ukubaluleka kokwakha izinhlangano eziqinile phakathi kwezindawo ezingoko ezisezinhlonzekile ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke.

Isivikelo Sendawo Ezungezile

Izindaba zendawo ezungezile zidlula imingcele elawula imvelo ngokwemvelo. Ukungcoliswa komoya, ukungcoliswa kwamanzi, nokulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo akupheleli emingceleni yedolobha noma yemingcele yezwe. Ohulumeni bezwe bamisa imingcele yegesi engcolisayo, balawula ukungcola kwezezimboni, bavikela izidalwa ezisengozini, futhi baxoxa ngezivumelwano zezindawo ezizungezile zomhlaba. Ohulumeni bendawo basebenzisa izimiso zemvelo ezisetshenziswayo, balawula imithombo engokwemvelo phakathi kwemingcele yabo, baphoqelela ukuba imishini yokwakha ukuze kusebenze kahle amandla, futhi basebenzise izinhlelo zokubuyisela nokunciphisa ukungcola. Uhulumeni wezemvelo owesazi esihlangene ngokuvamile uhlanganisa ukuhlobana, ukuhlanganiswa kwemininingwane yesayensi, kanye nezenzo zokugcinwa kwezimiso zokulwa kokungcoliswa kwezindawo ezisebenza ngapha namazwe amaningi.

Izindlela Zokukhanyisa

Lo hulumeni usebenzisa amathuluzi nezinqubo ezihlukahlukene ukuze uvumelane ezindabeni zomphakathi.

I - Fiscal Federalism Nokuthunyelwa Kwezindawo Ngezindawo

Elinye lamathuluzi anamandla kakhulu okubambisana liyimali exhasayo. Ohulumeni bezwe banikeza iziphakamiso, izikweleti, amalungiselelo emali, nokuboleka imali kohulumeni bendawo ngenxa yemisebenzi ethile noma izinhlelo eziqhubekayo. Lokhu kuthunyelwa kwezimali ngokuvamile kuhambisana nezimo ezifuna ohulumeni bendawo bahlangabezane nezindinganiso ezithile, umbiko ngemiphumela, noma ukufanelana nengxenye ethile yezimali. Izimali zikhuthaza ukuthobela izakhiwo zendawo eziza kuqala zesizwe, kuyilapho zisavumela ukukhokha ukwahlulela kokufezwa. Ukungakhokhwa noma ukukhokha imali kunikeza ohulumeni bendawo ushintsho oluthé xa bebona ukuthi zifanelekile. Umklamo walamalungiselelo amanani aphambili ukhuthaza ukubambisana okuphumelela kakhulu ekusebenzeni kanye nohulumeni bendawo.

Ukuqondiswa Kwesimiso Nokubekwa Kwemithetho

Uma ohulumeni bendawo bethatha izimiso ezivumelana nezimo zesizwe, yenza ukungaguquguquki, ukunciphisa ukukopisha, futhi bavumela ukuthobela izakhamuzi namabhizinisi. Ohulumeni bezwe basungula imithetho yokulingisa, iziqondiso ezingcono kakhulu, nezindinganiso zokuqondisa ohulumeni bendawo abangazamukela ngokuzithandela noma njengesimo sokuthola imali. Ngokwesibonelo, ukwakha imithetho yendawo, imithetho yendawo, nezindinganiso zokwaziswa zomuntu siqu ngokuvamile zisuka ezingeni lesizwe kodwa ziphoqelelwe endaweni. Inqubo yenqubo ethile yokuthuthukisa i-— njengamabutho ombuso wezwe noma amabutho ombuso womsebenzi we-— ivumela izikhulu zendawo ukuba zinikele ngekhono nemibono yazo ngaphambi kokuba izimiso zesizwe ziphele.

Amabutho Omsebenzi Ahlangene, Imishini, Namaqembu Asebenzayo

Ukuze babhekane nezindaba ezithile ezincishiswayo, ohulumeni bakha izindikimba zesikhashana noma ezihlala njalo ezihlanganisa abameleli abavela emazingeni amaningi. Ibutho elisebenza ngokungenamakhaya lingase lihlanganise izikhulu ezivela ezinhlanganweni zezwe, eminyangweni yezenhlalakahle, nasemagumbini esizwe, nasemaqenjini okukhosela. Lezizakhiwo zenza kube lula ukuhwebelana kokwaziswa, ukuqoqa izimpahla, nokuhlanganisana kwezenzo. Zibuye zakhe ubuhlobo nokwethembana phakathi kwezikhulu ezingase zisebenze e-silos.

Izimiso Zokwaziswa Ezihlukahlukene

Ukubambisana okuphumelelayo kuxhomeke ekwaziweni okuqondile, okufike ngesikhathi, nokufinyelelekayo. Ohulumeni bezwe nabezindawo batshala izimali ngokuqhubekayo emapulatifomu ahlanganisa ukwaziswa okuthola ukwaziswa okubonisa, ukuqondisa izinhlelo zezinhlelo, nokuphawula izindaba ezivelayo. Izibonelo zihlanganisa izimiso zokubika ngobugebengu eziphuma eminyangweni yamaphoyisa yendawo, izimiso zokuhlola impilo zomphakathi eziqoqa izindaba ezivela ezibhedlela nasemitholangweni yomnyango, kanye nezindawo zokuhlola izinto zokuhamba ezihlanganisa amanani ezingozini, imibiko yengozi, kanye nemininingwane yezezimo zemisebenzi yemisebenzi evela ezikhungweni eziningi. I-data-operatectal messagements, izindinganiso zezente, nezivikelo zobumfihlo zibalulekile ukuze lezi zimiso zezempilo zisebenze kahle.

Izivumelwano Zobuciko Nezigigaba Zokuqonda

Ohulumeni bahlanganisa izibopho zabo ngokubambisana ngezivumelwano ezingokomthetho. Ukuqonda phakathi kwenhlangano yesizwe nohulumeni wedolobha kungaveza indima, imithwalo yemfanelo, iminikelo yokuxhasa izimali, nokubika izimfuneko zomsebenzi ohlangene. Lamathuluzi angokomthetho anikeza ukucaca, ukulandisa, nokuqhubeka, ikakhulukazi lapho kuhileleke izinguquko zobuholi noma izinhlangano eziningi.

Izici Eziyinhloko Zokubusa Okukhulu

Nakuba ukubambisana kwenzeka cishe kuyo yonke imikhakha yesimiso, ezinye izindawo zidinga ukubambisana okuseduze nohulumeni.

Ukusabela Kwenhlekelele Nokulawula Okuphuthumayo

Izinhlekelele ezingokwemvelo nezibangelwa abantu zidlula isilinganiso sendawo kuphela cishe ngencazelo. Ohulumeni bezwe balondoloza izakhiwo zokusabela ezikhethekile — njengamaqembu esizwe sase-U.S., ukuseshwa kwezindawo zasedolobheni, kanye ne-odokisi elihambayo, kanye nemishini yezokwelapha i-&mdash, ezingahlela ukuba zithinteke ezindaweni ezithile. Kodwa le mithombo iphumelela kuphela uma ihambisana nezakhiwo zendawo zokuqondisa. I-Incidentrudet system Sy (ICS) inikeza uhlelo oluvamile lwezisebenzi ezisebenzelayo, imishini, nezokuxhumana ezisebenza njalo kanye nezokushaya imishini. I-mibhobho yokulungisa i-mfonto ehlangeneyo ne-yonke-zweni.

Ukuthuthuka Kwezomnotho Nokuqeqeshwa Kwezisebenzi

Uhulumeni wezwe baklama izimiso ezinkulu zezomnotho i-— izisusa zezentengiselwano, izivumelwano zezentengiselwano, imithetho yezentengiselwano i-— ehlela indawo ezungezile ukuze kukhule ngokwezomnotho. Ohulumeni bendawo basebenzisa amasu aqondile: ukukhanga kwezebhizinisi nokuzigcina zisezingeni eliphezulu, izinhlelo zokuqeqesha amabhizinisi amancane, nentuthuko yezemisebenzi eyenza ukuba abantu bakhange abaqashi. Ukuhlobisa ngentuthuko yezomnotho ngokuvamile kuhilela ukuhlanganisa ukuqeqeshwa kwezisebenzi ngokwaziswa kwezemisebenzi yezwe, ukuhlanganisa izisusa zebhizinisi zokuvimbela ukuncintisana okusaphaza kwezindawo ezingomakhelwane, kanye nokutshala imali ezindaweni eziphambili noma emapaki embonini.

Izindlu Nentuthuko Yasemadolobheni

Imali yokuthola indawo yokuhlala iyinkinga enzima emazweni amaningi. Ohulumeni bezwe banikeza izimali zokwakha izindlu ezibizayo, izinhlelo zokuqasha, nokuthuthukisa izakhiwo zomphakathi. Ohulumeni bendawo bayalawula izakhiwo, ukusetshenziswa kwendawo, iziqondiso zokwakha, nentela yempahla i-— imishini yokulawula ethonya ukutholakala kwezindawo zokuhlala kanye nezindleko. Izimali zihlanganisa ukuhlelwa kwezimali eziphambili zezwe ngezinhlelo zezindawo zokuhlala, ukugeleza kwezinhlelo zemisebenzi ezigunyaziwe, nokuhlanganyela ukwaziswa ngezidingo zezindlu nemibandela yezentengiselwano. Uma la mazinga ohulumeni emisebenzi ekwakhiweni kwezindawo eziphamba i-— ngokwesibonelo, lapho izimali zesizwe zihlela emiphakathini ehlela izindlu ezintsha zezindawo ezihlukene zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo ezizimele, i-Antacconsigatedstings.

Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu Nokuzinza Kwaso

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kudinga ukuthatha isinyathelo kuzo zonke izinga. Ohulumeni bezwe bahlela ukuncishiswa kwegesi, balawule ukungcoliswa kwezimboni, bafake izimali ekucwaningeni ngamandla ahlanzekile, futhi bahlanganyele ezivumelwaneni zesimo sezulu emhlabeni wonke. Ohulumeni bendawo basebenzisa izinyathelo eziningi eziqondile ezifinyelela lezo zisulu: ukuvuselela izimpawu zokwakha, ukwandisa ukuthutha komphakathi, ukufaka amandla avuselelwayo ezakhiweni zomphakathi, ukunciphisa imfucucu, nokuvikela izindawo ezingokwemvelo eziye zasetshenziswa icarbon carbon. Amakhulu amadolobha emhlabeni wonke aye athatha izinqubo zesimo sezulu ezingaphaya kwezimfuneko zezwe, ukubonakalisa ukuhola kwendawo. Imisebenzi ihlanganisa ukukwazi ukufinyelela izakhiwo zomphakathi, ukuhlanganisa izakhiwo zemisebenzi yokulungisa, ukusekela izakhiwo zezwe nokulungisa inqubo yokulandisa izakhiwo.

Izinselele Nezithiyo Zokuthuthukisa Ubuhlobo Ngokuphumelelayo

Naphezu kwezinzuzo ezisobala zokubambisana kohulumeni, kusele izithiyo ezinkulu. Ukuqaphela lezi zinselele kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuzinqoba.

Ukulahlekelwa Kwemali Nokucindezeleka Okungokomnotho

Ohulumeni bendawo bavame ukubhekana nemali elinganiselwe kanye negunya elilinganiselwe lokuthola imali. Uma ohulumeni bezwe begunyaza izinhlelo ezithile noma izindinganiso ngaphandle kokunikeza i-&mdash eyanele yokuxhasa ngemali; baziwa njengegunya elingekho futhi libangela ukucasuka kwemicebo yendawo. Ngisho nalapho kutholakala izimali, kunikeza izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi, ukubika izimfuneko, nezibopho zezimali ezihambelanayo kungaba umthwalo emiphakathini emincane enezikhundla zokuphatha ezilinganiselwe.

Izingxabano Zemithetho Neziphazamiso Ezingafanele

Ohulumeni bezwe nabendawo bangase babe nezimiso ezihlukile, iziphakamiso zezombangazwe, kanye nezindlela zokulawula. Uhulumeni wezwe ogxile ekunqandeni uhulumeni wendawo obekwe ekuvikeleni indawo ezungezile. Uhulumeni wendawo okhathazekile ngezindinganiso zempahla angase amelane nezimfuneko zesizwe zezindlu ezibizayo ezisendaweni engenisa imali eshibhile. Lezingxabano zingaholela ekuhlaziyweni, ekukhiqizweni okungashenwa, noma ekungavumelani ngokuphelele.

Ukukhulumisana Nokubambisana Kuyawohloka

Izindawo ezinkulu ngokwemvelo zithuthukisa amasiko azo siqu, i-borgon, kanye nezinqubo zokusebenza. Ukuxhumana phakathi kwamazinga kahulumeni kungaphazanyiswa yizimiso zemininingwane ezingahambelani, amaphuzu angacacile okuxhumana, nokungathembani. Phakathi nokwehla kwezimo eziphuthumayo, lokhu kulahlekelwa yimiphumela yangempela: usizo olubambezelekayo, imizamo yokulingisa, nezikhala enkonzweni. Ukwakha nokugcina imizila yokuxhumana esebenzayo kudinga ukutshala inzuzo eqhubekayo ebuhlotsheni, kwezobuchwepheshe, kanye nemithetho esemthethweni esemthethweni.

Ibhilidi Lezombangazwe Nelamaqembu

Izikhulu eziqashelwayo nabaholi bezinkampani kuzo zonke izingakulahla ukubambisana uma zikubona njengokungalawuleki noma ukulawulwa. Izinhlangano zezwe zinganqikaza ukuphathisa abangane bendawo igunya, kuyilapho izikhulu zendawo zingabheka ukuhileleka kwesizwe njengokuphazamisa ezindabeni zendawo. Ukunqoba lemizwa yezindawo kudinga izivumelwano ezicacile ngokuphathelene nezindima kanye nokwenza izinqumo, kanye nempucuko evuza ukubambisana kunokuba incintisane.

Imikhuba Emihle Kakhulu Yokuqinisa Uhlelo Lokubambisana Nohulumeni

Ohulumeni abakwaziyo ukusebenzisa lezi zinselele bavame ukulandela imikhuba emisha.

Yakha ubuhlobo phambi kwenkinga. Kunzima ukumisa ukwethemba ngaphansi kokucindezeleka. Imihlangano yasikhathi sonke, ukuqeqeshwa okuhlangene, kanye nengosi yemifelandawonye phakathi kwezikhulu emazingeni ahlukene kudala ukuxhumana komuntu siqu okusiza ukubambisana okushelelayo lapho kuphakama izimpikiswano eziphuthumayo.

Ingxenye ekwakhekeni kwezakhiwo zemininingwane. Izindinganiso ezivamile zokwaziswa, izimiso ezivumelanayo, kanye nezinqubo zokubika ezibonisayo zinciphisa ukuhlanekezela futhi zithuthukise ukulandisa. Ukuhlanganyela ngemininingwane kufanele kubuswe ngezivumelwano ezicacile zezindaba zomuntu siqu, ukulondeka, namalungelo okusebenzisa.

Ibonisa izindlela ezivumelanayo zokuxhasa imali. nokunye ukuthunyelwa kwemali kufanele kulinganisele ukulandisa kwesizwe ngokuvumelana nezimo zendawo. Ukusekela kwemisebenzi, izinqubo zokusebenza ezilandelanayo, nosizo lobuchwepheshe lwezindawo ezincane kuqinisekisa ukuthi imali ifinyelela emiphakathini eyidinga kakhulu.

[Izakhiwo zokubusa ezicacile. amabutho ahlangene, amakomiti okuqondisa, nama-modual Mou anikeza ukucaca ezindima, imithwalo yemfanelo, nezinqubo zokwenza izinqumo. Lezi zimo kufanele zihlanganise izinqubo zokuxazulula izingxabano nokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezishintshayo.

Abafaki bemali kuzo zonke izinga. Ukubambisana okuphumelelayo akubangelwa nje ukusebenzelana nohulumeni nohulumeni kuphela. Ukuhlanganyela kwezinhlangano zomphakathi, amabhizinisi, izikhungo zemfundo, nezakhamuzi kuqinisekisa ukuthi izimiso ziveza izidingo zendawo futhi zisekelwa kakhulu.

Funda emiphumeleni naseminithi. Ukuhlolwa njalo kwezindlela ezibambisanayo — ukusebenzisa kokubili imininingwane yokulinganisa kanye nokuveza i-— isiza ohulumeni banqume ukuthi yiziphi izinto ezisebenzayo nezidinga intuthuko. Ukuhlanganyela izifundo ezikunyakazisayo kusheshisa nokusakaza imikhuba emihle kakhulu.

Ikusasa Lokuhlobana Kwabezindlu Zohulumeni

Izindlela eziningi ziguqula ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kohulumeni bendawo nohulumeni bezwe. Ukukhula kobunkimbinkimbi bezindaba zomphakathi i-— kusukela ekungahlelekini kwe-inthanethi kuya ekuvuthweni yisifo sokushintsha isimo sezulu kulungele ukuguquka kwe-— i-demand ukusebenzelana okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Intuthuko yezesayensi, kuhlanganise nemininingwane ye-alytics, iziteshi zobuchwepheshe zokuhlanganisa isakhamuzi, kanye nezimiso zokwaziswa zendawo, kunikeza amathuluzi amasha amashandawosha okubambisana. Ngalesosikhathi, ukuguquguquka kwezombangazwe kanye nokungalawuleki kwezindawo emazweni amaningi kwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukubambisana.

Izimo ezihlanganisayo zezokubusa okubambisanayo zigcizelela izindlela ezisekelwe kulwembu esikhundleni sezakhiwo eziphezulu ezilawulayo neziphezulu. Kulezimo ezibonisayo, ohulumeni bezwe basebenza njengabagcini bezindawo, abagcini bezimali, nezindinganiso, kuyilapho ohulumeni bendawo besebenza njengezindawo zokuhlaziywa nokusetshenziswa. Izinhlangothi eziphumelela kakhulu kuzoba yilezo ezihlanganisa imithombo yesizwe negunya nolwazi lwendawo kanye nekhono.

Kubantu abahlala khona, izinga lokubambisana kohulumeni linethonya eliqondile ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Kunquma ukuthi imigwaqo ilungiswa ngokushesha kangakanani ngemva kwesiphepho, ukuthi amanzi ahlanzekile ageleza kumpompi, ukuthi izikole zilungiselela kahle kangakanani ikusasa, nokuthi izimiso zezempilo zomphakathi ziyivikela kanjani imiphakathi ezifweni. Ukutshala ezinhlanganweni, ebuhlotsheni, nemikhuba eyenza ukuba ukubambisana kusebenze kahle akuyona nje indlela yokulawula i-— kubalulekile ekulawuleni i-democracy nenhlalakahle yomphakathi.

Ukuze bahlole lezizihloko ngokuqhubekayo, abafundi bangahlola imithombo ye- iNhlangano yesizwe yamadolobha, , [[FLT]] i-OECD Public Provice Provionational Guidetation [, kanye ne[FLT]National Listebration System e-FEMA. Lezinhlangano zinikeza isiqondiso esikhulu ngendlela ohulumeni kuzo zonke izigaba abangasebenza ngayo ndawonye ngokuphumelelayo ukusingatha izindaba zomphakathi eziyinkimbinkimbi zesikhathi sethu.