Table of Contents
Ohulumeni benza izinqumo nsuku zonke eziwathinta ngokuqondile amalungelo nenkululeko yezakhamuzi zabo.
Ubuhlobo phakathi kokwenza izinqumo zikahulumeni namalungelo omuntu ngamunye buyinkimbinkimbi futhi bunezici eziningi. Buhilela izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo, izinqubo zentando yeningi, ukuqondisa kokwahlulela, ukuhlanganyela komphakathi, nokulinganisela okuqhubekayo kwezithakazelo ezincintisanayo. Lesiqondiso esibanzi sihlola izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi ohulumeni abazenza ngazo izinqumo ezithinta amalungelo akho, izici ezihlukahlukene ezilawula lezi zinqumo, nezindlela izakhamuzi ezingahlanganyela futhi zithonye lenqubo.
Ukuqonda Isinqumo Sikahulumeni Sokwenza Umsebenzi Omhle
Ukwenza izinqumo zikahulumeni kusebenza phakathi nohlelo oluhlelwe ngendlela eklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukufaneleka, ukulandisa, nokulunga. Kuyi-demokrasi emelela idemokrasi, sikhetha abaholi ukuba basimelele ekwenzeni izinqumo, esithemba ukuthi zihlolwa umphakathi. Lesi sici sihlanganisa amagatsha kahulumeni amaningi, ngalinye elinezindima nezibopho ezihlukene ezidala isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela.
Amagatsha Amathathu Kahulumeni
Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso phakathi kwamagatsha emithetho, aphethe, nahluleli kwakha isisekelo sokubusa kwentando yeningi emazweni amaningi. Imithetho ebusayo yokwenza izinqumo, njengokuhlukanisa imibuso, ubuzwe, nobubhiya, konke kuhlanganisa ukulinganisela ukukhishwa kwezindaba eziyinhloko ngokuphathelene nelungelo lokubusa kwezombangazwe. Igatsha ngalinye lifeza indima ebucayi ezinqumweni ezithinta amalungelo abantu ngabanye.
Igatsha lezemithetho limisa imithetho ngenqubo yokuzinqumela ehilela ukuphikisana, ukulungisa, nokuvota. Abaholi abanjalo banendima ezigabeni zohulumeni bethu njengezikhulu zephalamende noma abasunguli bemikhandlu, futhi uma bengabantu abavelele eqenjini labo lezombangazwe, bangase futhi babe amalungu ekhatheyini futhi babe nendima njengesikhonzi noma isekela lomfundisi wezwe noma umphathi-sifunda endaweni yendawo. Igatsha eliphethe lisebenzisa futhi liphoqelele lemithetho, kuyilapho igatsha lokwahlulela liyichaza futhi liqinisekisa ukuthi bavumelana nezimiso zomthetho-mthetho.
Iziyalezo Nezivikelo Zomthetho - sisekelo
Imithetho-sisekelo isebenza njengomthetho ophakeme wezwe, imisa amalungelo ayisisekelo futhi ibeka imingcele emagunyeni kahulumeni. La maphepha akha uhlelo lapho zonke izinqumo zikahulumeni kumelwe zisebenze khona. Lapho ohulumeni benza izinqumo ezingathinta amalungelo, kumelwe benze kanjalo phakathi kwemingcele engokomthetho-sisekelo noma ingozi yokuba lezo zinqumo zigumbuqelwe izinkantolo.
Izinguquko zomthetho mlando ziye zafeza indima ebalulekile ekwandiseni amalungelo. ISichibiyelo seshumi nane seSichibiyelo seSiphakamiso seMinyaka Engamashumi Amane sivimbela ukuncishiswa kwamalungelo noma ukugoma kwezakhamuzi zase-U.S., noma ukuphika noma imuphi umuntu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho, noma isivikelo esifanayo semithetho. Ngokufanayo, iSiphendulo seSichibiyelo seshumi elinesihlanu seSimende sivimbela uhulumeni nohulumeni ukuba banqabe ilungelo lokuvota izakhamuzi ngokwezinhlanga, ibala, noma isimo sangaphambili sezisebenzi.
Inqubo Yamalungelo Emithetho Nesivikelo Samalungelo Abantu
Imithetho imelela enye yezindlela eziqondile ohulumeni abazenza ngazo izinqumo ezithinta amalungelo abantu. Inqubo yokushaya umthetho ihilela izigaba eziningi, ngayinye eklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kucatshangelwa ngokucophelela futhi kuphikiswane ngaphambi kokuba kumiswe imithetho.
Indlela Amabhuloho Aba Ngayo Imithetho
Uhambo olusuka ekuhlongozweni ukuya emthethweni luhlanganisa izigaba ezimbalwa eziyinhloko. Okokuqala, umthetho usungulwa ummisi-mthetho noma iqembu labashaya umthetho. Imali iphinde ihlolwe yikomiti, lapho ochwepheshe nabafaki-mthetho bengase banikeze khona ubufakazi. Ngemva kokuvunyelwa yikomiti, imvume yemithetho ihamba iye endikimbeni egcwele ye-progin ukuze kuqanjwe futhi kuvotwe. Uma idluliselwe, iya kwelinye igumbi ukuze ihlolwe ngendlela efanayo. Ekugcineni, isikhulu sifaka uphawu lomthetho noma sifakelwe kuwo umthetho.
Le nqubo ingaba mide futhi ibe nengxabano, ikakhulukazi yemithetho ethinta amalungelo ayisisekelo. Impikiswano ende eqhubekayo emlandweni weSigele yenzeka ngo-1964 ngoMthetho Wamalungelo Omphakathi. Lokhu kwaphawula okokuqala emlandweni wayo ukuba iSigele sikhethe ukuqeda impikiswano emalunga amalungelo abantu. Ezinsukwini eziyisishiyagalolunye kamuva, iSigele sadlulisa umthetho wesizwe ogcwele kunayo yonke emlandweni wesizwe.
Imithetho Ewuphawu Yamalungelo Ezwe
Kuwo wonke umlando, ezinye izingxenye zomthetho ziye zawuguqula ngokuyisisekelo ukwakheka kwamalungelo abantu.Lesenzo, esasayinwa umthetho nguMongameli Lyndon Johnson ngoJuly 2, 1964, senqabela ukucwaswa ezindaweni zomphakathi, salungiselelwa ukuhlanganiswa kwezikole nezinye izakhiwo zomphakathi, futhi senza ukuba ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi kube okungekho emthethweni.
I-Civil Rights Act ka-1946 yasheshisa ukuphela kwe-Jim Crow engokomthetho. Yanika ama-Afrika aseMelika ithuba elilinganayo lokuthola izitolo zokudlela, ezokuthutha, nezinye izakhiwo zomphakathi. Yabangela ukuba abansundu, abesifazane, nabanye abantu abambalwa bahlule izithiyo emsebenzini. Yabangela futhi ukuba ukufinyelela imfundo elinganayo kube yiqiniso kubantu abaningi baseNingizimu naseNyakatho Afrika abaqala ukuya ezikoleni ezihlangene ezilandela umthetho walesenzo.
IVoing Rights Act ka-1965 i-Loing Rights Act ebanzi. I-Voing Rights Act ka-1965 yazidingida ngokunamandla lezi zindaba. Ngokwe-Hutchinson, i-hutchinson eyisihluthulelo somthetho ihlanganisa ukuvinjelwa, hhayi nje kuphela imithetho ekhethekile ehlukanisayo (njengokuhlola ukufunda nokubhala), kodwa ngokuvamile kakhulu noma yiziphi izimiso ezingaba nomphumela ongenakulinganiswa ngokohlanga.
Indima Yabaphathi Nezikhulu Zasebugranini
Ngamuva kwesinqumo ngasinye somthetho kulandela abaqondisi bemithetho, izisebenzi zomphakathi, kanye nabaphathi be-bureaucrates abahlela imininingwane yesimiso. Ukwazi isigaba sabaqondisi bezehlulelo eduze komenzi wesinqumo nakho kubalulekile: uma umenzi wesinqumo enesizinda esilinganiselwe endaweni ethile yezomthetho, yena noma umane alandele izwi lendikimba ye-adviser noma i-acreator ekunqumeni. Izisebenzi zomphakathi eziphezulu noma ama-bureaucrat zingaba nethonya elikhulu ekwenzeni izinqumo, njengoba nje bengalabo abalulekayo ngalokho okusebenza ngezokuphathwa, ukuphatha, ukuphatha, negunya lomphakathi.
Ukubukezwa Kokwahlulela Nokuchazwa Kwamalungelo
Izinkantolo zinendima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni amalungelo abantu ngokubukeza izinqumo zikahulumeni nangokuqinisekisa ukuthi zivumelana nezimiso zomthetho - sisekelo.
Amandla Okuthatha Icala Lokwahlulela
Ngokuyisisekelo lenqubo iye yabangelwa umphumela ohlangene wemikhuba emibili emikhulu: ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuthatha isinyathelo esikhudlwana sokwahlulela ezindaweni ezinjengokulawulwa kwezinqumo zikahulumeni nokuvikelwa nokulwela amalungelo omuntu siqu; ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuthambekela phakathi kwabenzi bezinqumo zezombangazwe kokulalela iziNkantolo Zobulungisa isinqumo sezindaba ezihlukanisa kakhulu nezinga lokuxabana.
Izinkantolo zichaza amalungiselelo omthetho, ziwasebenzise ezimweni ezintsha, futhi ngezinye izikhathi zandisa izinga lesivikelo samalungelo ngaphezu kwalokho okwakucatshangwa abashaya imithetho ekuqaleni.
Izinqumo Zenkantolo Eziwuphawu
Izinqumo zokwahlulela ziye zaba neqhaza ekulolongeni amalungelo kuwo wonke umlando. Izinqumo zenkantolo zingandisa isivikelo, zicacise ukulahlwa kwemithetho, noma ziqede imikhuba yokulahla isigwebo. Lezi zinqumo zivame ukubeka izibonelo eziqondisa ukwenza izinqumo zikahulumeni esikhathini esizayo futhi zimise izindinganiso ezintsha zokuvikela amalungelo.
Ithonya lezahlulelo lidlulela nangaphandle kwamacala ngamanye. Amanye amaTheyithi, ikakhulukazi lawo amisa ukuvinjelwa kobandlululo ezindaweni zomphakathi (isiHloko II), ukuxhasa kwemali (isiHloko VI), nomsebenzi (Isihloko VII), kuye kwaveza amacala amaningi abalulekile ezinkantolo. Lamacala aye asiza ekuchazeni ukusebenza kwamalungelo ezimweni zansuku zonke.
Ukuhlanganyela Ngokwentando Yeningi Ekwenzeni Isinqumo
Intando yeningi yanamuhla iqaphela ngokukhula ukubaluleka kokuhlanganyela komphakathi ekwenzeni izinqumo zikahulumeni. Ukuthembisana kwezakhamuzi kuyasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izinqumo zibonisa izidingo nezindinganiso zabantu ezibathintayo.
Inhlangano Yentando Yeningi Ezimele
Inkolelo - mbono yentando yeningi ezimele yavela njengenselele kulokhu kungaqiniseki (a) ebonisa indlela izingxoxo zezombangazwe phakathi kwezakhamuzi ezinayo kakade ezibaluleke ngayo enqubweni yokwenza umthetho wentando yeningi; (b) iphikisa ngokuthi ikhono lezakhamuzi lokusebenzisa izwi lazo lomphakathi ekuthonyeni isimiso somthetho futhi zigcine abenzi bezimiso belandisa ngesisekelo esizwakalayo sikahulumeni wentando yeningi; futhi (c) ithi lapho izakhamuzi zihlanganyela ekunikezeni nasekubuzeni ngezizathu zomunye nomunye nomunye nomunye nohulumeni wazo, uhulumeni uyokwenza izinqumo ezingcono.
I-OECD iye yalandela imihlangano yezakhamuzi nezinye izinqubo ezizijezisayo emazweni angama-34, izakhamuzi ezingaphezu kuka-80 000 ezikhethelwe ukuthatha iqhaza kulemisebenzi kusukela ngo-1979. Lezi zinqubo zokuzinqumela ziveza ukuthambekela okukhulayo ekwenzeni izinqumo eziningi ezihlanganisayo.
Imishini Yokukhipha Umphakathi
Ohulumeni basebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene ukuhlanganisa ukufakwa komphakathi ezinqumweni ezithinta amalungelo. Lezi zihlanganisa ukuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi, ukuphawula izikhathi zemithetho ehlongozwayo, izinqubo zomphakathi zokuhlola, kanye nezinqubo zokuhlola. Yazisa amalungelo amasha noma akhuliswe izimfuneko zokuhlanganyela. Isibonelo ukumiswa kwemithetho edinga ukuhileleka komphakathi ezinqumweni ezithile. ICroatia yasungula izinqumiso zeMithetho ye-Procedua ukuze ifune iziphakamiso zemithetho yokuhlola inqubo (iqondiswa ngemithetho yenqubo yenqubo efuna i-Accectiveation).
Khulisa ithonya lokuhlanganyela: Yakha ukuhlobana okucacile phakathi kokufakwa komphakathi nokwenza izinqumo, ngokunokwenzeka ngisho nokuphathisa izakhamuzi igunya lokwenza izinqumo. Lokhu kusho ukushintshela ekuthembiseni isakhamuzi esinenjongo kakhulu ekubuseni.
Izinselele Ekuhlanganyeleni Komphakathi
Nakuba ukuthatha isinyathelo komphakathi kunikeza izinzuzo eziningi, futhi kuletha izinselele. Zikhona izinselele zangempela ekwenzeni lezi zinqubo zihlanganiswe, ezingokomthetho nezinesibopho lapho kudingeka zingene kokubili abadlali bendawo nabengeziwe. Nakuba kungaphikwa ukuthi lo kuthambekela kuzoba okudingeka kakhulu, kungase futhi kube yinkinga eyandayo.
Futhi naphezu kwemikhuba yokuhileleka komphakathi kakhulu emashumini eminyaka amuva, kuvela izimo eziningi lapho ohulumeni bekholelwa khona ukuthi izinga lesimiso (njengasemiklamweni yezindawo ezisedolobheni) liyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ukuba lingavumela ukuhileleka komphakathi. Kuwukucindezeleka phakathi kokuthambekela kokuhlela izinqumo eziyinkimbinkimbi noma imisebenzi emikhulu yokuhlela edinga ukuhileleka okukhulu kwendawo okuyoncintiswa ngokuqhubekayo ngedolobha nangezindawo ezibuswa izifunda.
Izici Ezithonya Izinqumo Zikahulumeni Ngamalungelo
Ukuqonda la mathonya kusiza ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani ohulumeni benza izinqumo ezithile nokuthi izakhamuzi zingawasekela kanjani ngokuphumelelayo amalungelo azo.
Izakhiwo Zokwakha Ezingokomthetho Nezomthetho - sisekelo
Imithetho nemithetho-sisekelo imisa imingcele okufanele kusebenze kuyo ohulumeni. Lezi zici zichaza ukuthi yimaphi amalungelo akhona, ukuthi angalinganiselwa kanjani, futhi yiziphi izinqubo okumelwe zilandelwe lapho kwenziwa izinqumo ezithinta bona. Amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo ngokuvamile afuna ohulumeni babonise izizathu eziphoqelelayo zokulinganisela amalungelo nokusebenzisa izindlela ezingabekelwe mingcele.
Amalungelo omphakathi anikezwa ngokomthetho owenziwe yimithetho eqinisekisa ukuthi abantu bathola impatho nesivikelo esilinganayo ekucwaseni. Awatholakali eSivumelwaneni samaLungelo kodwa atholakala ezimisweni nasezinhlosweni zomthetho-sisekelo. Lo mehluko uqokomisa indlela imithombo ehlukene yomthetho edala ngayo izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zesivikelo samalungelo.
Umbono Womphakathi Nokucindezela Kwezombangazwe
Umbono womphakathi ufeza indima ebalulekile ekulolongeni izinqumo zikahulumeni ngamalungelo. Izikhulu eziqashelwayo ziyasabela kubantu abazimele, futhi ukucindezela komphakathi okuqhubekayo kungaholela ezinguqulweni eziphawulekayo zenqubo. Izinhlangano zezenhlalo, imikhankaso yokuhlobisa ngotshani, nokuhlelwa kwezimpande zotshani kuye kwaba okubaluleke kakhulu ngokomlando ekuthuthukiseni amalungelo.
Inhlangano yamalungelo omphakathi ka-1960 ibonisa indlela ukubuthwa komphakathi okungathonya ngayo ukwenza izinqumo zikahulumeni. Lapho uMongameli Johnson asayina incwadi yomthetho ngalolo suku kusakazwa ithelevishini, wajoyina umholi wamalungelo abantu uMartin Luther King, Jr., owayeye waba wusizo ekuqhubeleni phambili imizamo yokubuthwa komphakathi ekusekeleni umthetho wesizwe.
Ukucabangela Izomnotho
Izici zezomnotho ngokuvamile zithonya izinqumo ezithinta amalungelo. Ohulumeni kumelwe bacabangele izindleko ezingokwezimali zezimiso, kuhlanganise nezindleko zokusetshenziswa kwemali, ithonya lezomnotho emabhizinisini nakubantu ngabanye, kanye nokungahleleki kwemali. Ngezinye izikhathi izimpikiswano zezomnotho zisetshenziselwa ukuthethelela ukulinganisela amalungelo, kuyilapho ngezinye izikhathi izinzuzo ezingokomnotho zikhonjwa njengezizathu zokwandisa isivikelo.
Ukulinganisela phakathi kwezinzuzo zezomnotho nesivikelo samalungelo kusalokhu kuseyinkinga ekwenzeni izinqumo zikahulumeni. Abenzi bemithetho kumelwe bahlole izinto eziza kuqala eziphikisanayo futhi banqume ukuthi bangawabeka kanjani amasheya alinganiselwe kuyilapho befeza izibopho zabo zokuvikela amalungelo abo.
Izinkathi Zeqembu Lezombangazwe Nemibono Yalo
Amaqembu ahlukahlukene angase abeke amalungelo ahlukene kuqala noma achaze amalungelo ahlukile ngokwehlukile.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunoma yiliphi iqembu lezombangazwe, abaholi bemibono abanethonya endaweni ethile (njengesimiso sangaphandle noma indawo ezungezile) ngokuvamile bangabaholi abamisiwe bezisebenzi kulezizindawo. Laba baholi basiza ekulolongeni izikhundla zeqembu ezindabeni ezihlobene namalungelo.
Imithwalo Yemfanelo Yamazwe Ngamazwe Nemithetho Yasezweni
Izivumelwano zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke, imihlangano emikhulu, nezimiso zithonya ngokuqhubekayo izinqumo zikahulumeni wasekhaya ngokuphathelene namalungelo abantu. iUnited States iyisibonakaliso samathuluzi amaningana alwela amalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke, kuhlanganise neSivumelwano seZizwe Zonke samalungelo abantu, esiqinisekisa amalungelo omphakathi nawombuso emhlabeni wonke.
Iseluleko Nobufakazi Obuqand ’ Ikhanda
Izimiso zezazi ze-Pragmatics zisekela ukuzwana kobungcweti obuningi nombono ngangokunokwenzeka mayelana nobunye ubuchwepheshe kanye nomphakathi omkhulu (kunye nokusebenzisa inqubo yokukhetha ama-akhawunti amaningi azimele nanamasu kanye nokuthatha isinyathelo sokuzimelela. Ubufakazi obuqand ’ ikhanda, ukucwaninga, kanye nenqubo yobufakazi konke kunengxenye ekwenzeni izinqumo zikahulumeni ezindabeni zamalungelo.
Indlela Izinqumo Zikahulumeni Ezandisa Ngayo Amalungelo
Izinqumo zikahulumeni zingawandisa kakhulu futhi ziwavikele amalungelo abantu.
Ukwanda Kwamalungelo Okusemthethweni
Imithetho ingamisa imithetho edala amalungelo amasha noma yandise isivikelo esikhona. Emashumini amathathu eminyaka adlule, uMkhandlu uye wamisa imithetho eminingi enqabela ukucwaswa kwezimiso zelungelo lomphakathi ezilawula ukucwaswa kwezinhlelo zemfundo nemisebenzi ethola usizo lwezimali lukahulumeni. Imingcele eminingi eyake yavimbela amaqenjana, abesifazane, abantu abakhubazekile, nabantu abadala ekukhetheni ngokukhululekile amathuba emfundo nemisebenzi abangathanda ukuyiphishekela iye yaqedwa.
Ithonya lalowo mthetho lingashintsha. Namuhla, izingane eziyizigidi ezingu-5,6 zikhonzwa ngaphansi kwe - Arevers on Disecultive Education Act (IDEA). Lomthetho kahulumeni, kanye neminye imithetho ekhubazekile kahulumeni, usho umehluko phakathi kokuhlukanisa nokuhlanganyela, phakathi kokuncika nokuzimela, phakathi kokulahlekelwa yikhono nokufunda.
Izenzo Zesimiso Nemithetho
Lezi zenzo zingacacisa indlela imithetho esebenza ngayo ezimweni ezithile, zimise izivikelo ezintsha ezingokomthetho ezikhona futhi zimise izinto ezithile ezidinga ukugcinwa kwamalungelo.
Izinhlangano eziqondisayo zinendima ebalulekile ekusebenziseni nasekuchazeni amalungelo.
Ukwanda Kokwahlulela Ngokuchaza
Izinkantolo zingandisa amalungelo ngokuchaza amalungiselelo nezimiso zomthetho - sisekelo ngobubanzi, ziwasebenzise ezimweni ezintsha, futhi ziqaphele amalungelo ayengaqashelwa ngaphambili. Izinqumo zokwahlulela zingaveza ukuthi izenzo ezithile zikahulumeni ziphula amalungelo, ngisho noma kungekho mthetho oqondile owenqabela lezozenzo.
Izinkantolo zingaqaphela ukuthi imikhuba eyayibhekwa njengeyamukelekayo manje iyephula izimiso zokufaneleka kwamalungelo, ngaleyo ndlela yandise izinga lesivikelo ngaphandle kokufuna umthetho omusha.
Indlela Izinqumo Zikahulumeni Eziwavimbela Ngayo Amalungelo
Nakuba ohulumeni benamandla okwandisa amalungelo, benza nezinqumo ezibalinganiselayo noma ezibalinganiselayo.
Imithetho Ebekiwe Ngamalungelo
Akuyona yonke imingcele yamalungelo engafanele. Ohulumeni bangalinganisela ngokusemthethweni amalungelo uma kudingekile ukuze bavikele ukuphepha komphakathi, ukulondeka kwesizwe, impilo yomphakathi, noma amalungelo abanye. Nokho, imingcele enjalo ivame ukuhlangabezana nezindinganiso eziqinile, kuhlanganise nokudingeka, ukulinganisela, kanye nezindlela ezilinganiselwe kakhulu zokufinyelela umgomo kahulumeni.
Lezi zinqubo zoMthetho - sisekelo zivame ukuveza ukuthi amalungelo alinganiselwe nini nokuthi angakanani.
Amandla Aphuthumayo Namalungelo Alinganiselwe
Lapho izimo eziphuthumayo zithethelela ukulinganiselwa kwesikhashana kwamalungelo athile, izimiso zentando yeningi ngokuvamile zidinga ukuba imingcele enjalo ilinganiswe nosongo, isikhathi esilinganiselwe, futhi iholwe.
Imithetho evamile yokwenza izinqumo zezombangazwe ingayeka ukusebenza phakathi nezenzakalo ezithile. Lokhu kugcizelela ukubaluleka kokulondoloza amasheke nokulinganisela ngisho naphakathi nezikhathi ezibucayi ukuze kuvinjelwe imingcele ephezulu noma engafanele yamalungelo.
Imingcele Yobandlululo
Ezinye izinqumo zikahulumeni zilinganisela amalungelo ngezindlela zobandlululo, ukuhlasela amaqembu athile noma abantu ngabanye. Leyo imigoqo ivame ukwephula izimiso zomthetho-mthetho zesivikelo esifanayo nobandlululo. ubandlululo luqala uma lamalungelo enqatshelwa noma ekhutshazwa ngenxa yobulungu bomuntu ekilasini elivikelweyo.
Izibonelo ezingokomlando zibonisa indlela ohulumeni abaye basebenzisa ngayo izimiso ezingathathi hlangothi ebusweni ukuze bavimbele amalungelo ngokungemthetho. Lamalungelo ancishiswa lapho imibuso isungula izimfanelo zayo siqu zomvoti, njengokuhlolwa kokufunda nokubhala nezinye izimiso. Lezizimfuneko ezihlukene ngezinye izikhathi zazifihlwa njengezingathathi hlangothi kodwa ziphoqelelwe ngendlela ewubushiqela nengenaluzwela ngokuphelele.
Indima Yamagobolondo Nokulinganisela
Lezi zinqubo ziqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha noma izinga likahulumeni elinganquma izinqumo ezithinta amalungelo ngaphandle kokuwaqondisa noma ukulandisa.
Ukuhlukana Kwamandla
Ukuhlukaniswa kwegunya likahulumeni phakathi kwamagatsha ahlukene kudala amaphuzu amaningi okulandisa. Igatsha ngalinye lingahlola amanye, livimbele noma iyiphi into eyodwa ukuba iqongelele amandla amaningi kakhulu. Lokhu kuhlukana kusiza ekuvikeleni amalungelo ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo ezithinta wona kumelwe ziqhubeke zihlolwa ngokwemibono eminingi.
Imithetho ingakhipha imithetho elawulayo, izikhulu zingashaya umthetho, futhi izinkantolo zingashaya indiva izenzo zomthetho neziphethe eziphula amalungelo omthetho.
Ubumbano Nesivikelo Samalungelo Abantu
Ezimisweni zikahulumeni, ukuhlukaniswa kombuso phakathi kohulumeni besizwe nobesizwe kwenza ezinye iziphetho egunyeni likahulumeni. Izifunda eziningi zinemithetho ehlanganisa amalungelo esizwe efana nalawo akhona. Izwe lakho lingase libe nemithetho efana nalena ephawulwe lapha.
Lesi sakhiwo esibusa ngezindlela eziningi sivumela ukuhlolwa nokuhlukahluka ekuvikeleni amalungelo. Izwe linganikeza isivikelo esikhulu kunaleso esifunwa umthetho kahulumeni, ukwakha izikhungo zombuso wentando yeningi lapho izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuvikela amalungelo zingavivinywa khona.
Ukuzimela Ekwahluleleni
Lapho izinkantolo zivikelekile ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe, zingazihlaziya ngokuphumelelayo izinqumo zikahulumeni futhi zibulale lezo eziphula amalungelo, ngisho nalapho izinqumo ezinjalo zithandwa kwezombangazwe.
Inkululeko yokwahlulela ivumela izinkantolo ukuba zisebenze njengendlela yokuhlola ukwenza izinqumo ezinkulu, ukuvikela amalungelo amancane ngokumelene nobushiqela beningi. Lendima ephikisayo yentando yeningi ibalulekile ezimisweni zentando yeningi ezibheka kokubili ukubusa kweningi namalungelo omuntu ngamunye.
Ukwakha Isinqumo Seqembu Nokuhlakanipha Kwezixuku
Ukwenza izinqumo zentando yeningi kuxhomeke esimisweni sokuthi izahlulelo ezihlangene zingaba zingcono kunezomuntu ngamunye, ngisho noma zenziwa ochwepheshe. Lomqondo unemiphumela ebalulekile yendlela ohulumeni abazenza ngayo izinqumo ezithinta amalungelo.
Inkolelo Yokuthi Umuntu Uhlakaniphe
KuyiDemocratic Change, uHélène Landemore ubonisa ukuthi zona kanye izici ezibangela ukuphakama kwesinqumo esihlanganyelwe ekwenzeni isinqumo sombuso weningi zinezela ecaleni eliqinile lentando yeningi. Ubonisa ukuthi izinqubo nezinqubo zesinqumo sentando yeningi zenza isimiso sokuqonda esiqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo ezithathwa abaningi zithambekele kakhulu ekutheni zilungile kunezinqumo ezithathwa abambalwa.
Landemore ucabangela indlela lempikiswano esetshenziswa ngayo ngokuphathelene nezinqubo ezimbili eziyinhloko zezombangazwe zentando yeningi: ukucubungula okuhlanganisayo nomthetho omningi. Ezimweni ezilula, izici eziveza iqiniso zokucabanga zikhuliswa kakhulu ngokuhlanganisa ukwedlula ikhono lomuntu ngamunye.
Ukubusa Okukhulu Namalungelo Amancane
Nakuba ukubusa okuningi kuyisimiso esiyisisekelo sokubusa ngentando yeningi, kumelwe kulinganiswe ekuvikelweni kwamalungelo amancane. Ubushiqela beningi uma usebenzisa ukuvota ngokuphindaphindiwe, kunethuba elihle lokuthi abantu abanezikhundla eziphansi noma imibono ehlukene bayolawulwa ngokuphindaphindiwe.
Izimiso zentando yeningi zisingatha lokhu kungezwani ngesivikelo somthetho - sisekelo esibeka amalungelo athile angenakufinyelelwa yiziqu eziyinhloko. Lezi sivikelo ziqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo ayisisekelo awasoze aqedwa ngenxa nje yokuthi iningi lifisa ukwenza kanjalo.
Ukuzimisela Okuhlanganisayo
Lezi izimo lapho izingxoxo phakathi kwezakhamuzi ezivamile ziye zafakwa khona ngokomthetho esicini esithile senqubo yokwenza izinqumo zezombangazwe futhi ngezinye izikhathi, zinikezwe igunya lokwenza izimiso ezibophayo. Izinhlangano ezinjalo ezinamandla anamandla zimelela ukuziphendukela kwemvelo ekwenzeni izinqumo zentando yeningi ezenza ithonya eliqondile ezinqumweni ezithinta amalungelo azo.
Umphumela Wezinqumo Zikahulumeni Ngamalungelo Ahlukahlukene
Ukuqonda lokhu kuhlukanisa kusiza ekucaciseni indlela izenzo zikahulumeni ezithinta ngayo inkululeko nesivikelo esikhethekile.
Amalungelo Ezakhamuzi Nezombangazwe
Amalungelo ezakhamuzi nawezombangazwe ahlanganisa inkululeko yokukhuluma, yokuhlangana, yenkolo, nelungelo lokuvota nokuhlanganyela kuhulumeni. Izinqumo zikahulumeni zingawandisa lamalungelo ngokususa imigoqo yokuhlanganyela, noma ziwavimbele ngokuhlola, ngokuvota, noma ngokulinganisela engqungqutheleni.
Ngokwesibonelo, ilungelo lokuvota liyilungelo lomphakathi. Inkululeko yomphakathi yinkululeko yomuntu ngamunye evikelekile ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni, eminingi yayo ebaliwe kuyiBill of Rights. Isibonelo yilungelo leSichibiyelo sokuqala lokukhuluma.
Amalungelo Ezomnotho Nangokwenhlalo
Economic and social rights relate to employment, education, housing, and social security. Government decisions in these areas often involve balancing individual rights against resource constraints and competing policy priorities.
Imithetho ingakha isivikelo esisha kulezizindawo. i-Civil Rights Act ka-1964 iwumthetho ophawulayo wamalungelo omphakathi nowezisebenzi e-United States owenqabela ukucwaswa kobandlululo olusekelwe ngokohlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, nemvelaphi yobuzwe.
Amalungelo Abantu Abanochuku
Izinqumo zikahulumeni ikakhulukazi zithinta abantu abasengozini, kuhlanganise nabantu abambalwa, abantu abakhubazekile, abantwana, nasebekhulile.
Cishe amaphesenti angu - 60 ezinsizwa nezintombi ezikhubazekile ayasebenza manje. Lokhu kubonisa intuthuko enkulu ebangelwa izinqumo zikahulumeni zokuvikela nokwandisa amalungelo abantu abakhubazekile.
Ukulandisa Nokubona Phambili Ekwenzeni Isinqumo
Ukuze izinqumo zikahulumeni ezithinta amalungelo asemthethweni, kumelwe zenziwe ngezinqubo ezilandisayo nezibonisayo. Izakhamuzi zidinga ukuqonda ukuthi izinqumo zenziwa kanjani futhi zinezimiso zokuthi abenzi besinqumo bathwale umthwalo wemfanelo.
Izimfuneko Zokubona Kahle
Ukubonana ngokomthetho ekwenzeni izinqumo zikahulumeni kuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde isisekelo sezinqumo ezithinta amalungelo azo. Ukuvula imithetho yemihlangano, inkululeko yokwaziswa, kanye nokuqaphela umphakathi wonke uhlela ukuba kube sobala.
Lapho ohulumeni benza izinqumo ngasese noma ngaphandle kokuqashelwa ngokwanele umphakathi, kuba nzima ngezakhamuzi ukuba zihlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo noma zibeke inselele ngezinqumo ezingase zeqe amalungelo azo. Ngakho - ke ukubona gcaba kubalulekile ukuze umuntu alandisa ngokunengqondo.
Ukulandisa
Izindawo zokukhetha zinikeza indlela eyinhloko yokubheka abenzi besinqumo sikahulumeni ukuba balandise. Izakhamuzi zingavota izikhulu ezizinqumo zazo ezindabeni zamalungelo ezingavumelani nazo, zibangele izisusa zokuba izikhulu ezikhethiwe ziphendule ukukhathazeka komphakathi ngamalungelo.
Nokho, ukulandisa ngecala lokhetho kulinganiselwe. Enye yezinselele ezinkulu kakhulu nezokuxoxwa kakhulu ngalobubuholi nohlobo lokwenza izinqumo ihlobene nokulandisa. Njengoba siphawulile ngenhla, wonke umuntu uvunyelwe ukuhlanganyela ezinqumweni. Nokho, ngenxa yalokho, akekho umuntu olandisayo ngesinqumo. Uma inqubo noma isinqumo sehluleka, khona - ke akekho ozakubekelwa icala ngokulungisa inkinga, futhi ubunzima besinqumo sibuyele emuva eqenjini.
Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela Njengecala
Izinkantolo zinikeza olunye uhlobo lokulandisa ngokuhlola izinqumo zikahulumeni zokuvumelana nezimfuneko zomthetho-mthetho. Lapho izinkantolo zikhipha izenzo zikahulumeni eziphula amalungelo, zibheka abenzi besinqumo njengesibopho somthetho ngisho nalapho lezozenzo zingase zithandwe kwezombangazwe.
Lokhu kulandisa kokwahlulela kubaluleke ngokukhethekile ekuvikeleni amalungelo amancane angase angatholi isivikelo esanele ngezinqubo zokukhetha kuphela.
Ukuhlanganyela Nesabelo Sezakhamuzi Nokuba Isithunywa Sevangeli
Izakhamuzi zinendima ebalulekile ekulolongeni izinqumo zikahulumeni ngamalungelo ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuthembisana nokuqapha. Ukuqonda indlela yokuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo enqubweni yokwenza izinqumo kunika abantu amandla okuvikela nokuthuthukisa amalungelo abo.
Izinhlobo Zokuhlanganyela
Izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela ekwenzeni izinqumo zikahulumeni ngokuvota, ngokuthintana nezikhulu ezikhethiwe, ngokuhlanganyela ekuqulweni kwecala lomphakathi, ngokunikeza izinkulumo ngemithetho ehlongozwayo, ngokujoyina izinhlangano zobushiqela, nangokuhlanganyela ekubhikisheni nokubukisa ngokuthula.
Isici esibalulekile sanoma yimuphi umphakathi wentando yeningi ukuhileleka komphakathi, ngokwesibonelo, ukwenza izinqumo zendawo ezungezile, okwaziwa njengengxenye yomphakathi. Lenqubo yentando yeningi ingabhekwa njengesu lokusekela amalungelo abantu futhi iqinisekise ukubusa okuhle ngokukhuthaza amandla ezenhlalo ngengxoxo yokuthuthukisa izinqubo ezithuthukisa intuthuko yezenhlalo.
Amandla Okubusa Okuhleleka
Amaqembu ahleliwe afeza indima ebalulekile ekuthonyeni izinqumo zikahulumeni emalungelweni. Lezinhlangano zihlanganisa izakhamuzi, zicwaninge, zithathe igalelo, futhi zifake abenzi besinqumo. Imizamo yazo eqinile ingaholela ezinguqulweni ezinkulu zesimiso nasekuvikelweni kwamalungelo.
Izinhlangano ezingokomlando zamalungelo abantu zibonisa amandla okulwela amalungelo ahleliwe. Ukulwa kwamalungelo omphakathi noMthetho Wamalungelo Omphakathi ka - 1964 nakho kwasebenza njengepulani nesikhuthazo kwamanye amaqembu amaningi amaMelika afuna ukulingana nokufinyelela.
Ukuhlelwa Kwezincwadi Ezikhethekile
Ukuqulwa kwemithetho ehleliwe kuhilela ukuletha amacala akhethwe ngokucophelela enkantolo ukuze kumiswe izenzakalo ezingokomthetho ezivikela noma ezandise amalungelo. Lendlela iye yaba wusizo ekuthuthukiseni amalungelo omphakathi, kanye nezigigaba ezivelele ezimisa izimiso ezibalulekile eziqondisa ukwenza izinqumo kukahulumeni.
Ilungelo lomphakathi liyilungelo eligunyazwa ngokomthetho. Uma omunye umuntu ephazamisa ilungelo lomphakathi, lowo olimele angase afune ukubuyiselwa ngokuthatha isinyathelo esingokomthetho. Lelikhono lokufuna amakhambi linikeza ukuhlolwa okubalulekile ezinqumweni zikahulumeni eziphula amalungelo.
Inkulumo Yemithombo Yezindaba Neyeningi
Ngokunikeza ukunakekela ekuphucweni kwamalungelo noma ukukhuthazwa kwesivikelo esengeziwe, imithombo yezindaba nezingxoxo zomphakathi kungathonya ukwenza izinqumo zikahulumeni.
Imithombo yezindaba yomhlaba wonke ngokungaphezulu yafeza indima enkulu ethonyayo kubo bobabili abaqondisi be-Kennedy nabakwaJohnson, ivumela ukudlula koMthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1964. Njengoba ukunaka okuphambene kwembulunga yonke kokumelana namalungelo omphakathi kwathola izenzakalo zezehlakalo zezehlakalo zembulunga yonke njengo 1957 Little Rock Crisis, ibekela iBrown vs Board of Education ebusayo yeNkantolo Ephakeme yaseUnited States eyavimbela ukuvinjelwa kwesikole somphakathi, nokuhlasela komkhankaso ka-1963irming, kwafaka ukucindezela okukhulu egatsheni likahulumeni eliphethe kahulumeni ukuba lithathe inguquko yeze imvume yeze.
Izinselele Zangesikhathi Esidlule Zokuvikelwa Kwamalungelo Abantu
Ohulumeni banamuhla babhekene nezinselele ezintsha nezixazululekayo ekwenzeni izinqumo ezithinta ukushintsha kwamalungelo abantu, ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke, ukusongelwa kwezenhlalakahle nokuhlukaniswa kwabantu, konke kwenza umsebenzi wokuvikela inkululeko yabantu kube nzima kuyilapho kubhekwana nezidingo zomphakathi.
Ubuchwepheshe Namalungelo Ezobuchwepheshe
Intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe esheshayo ibangela izinkinga ezintsha ohulumeni okumelwe bazixazulule. Imibuzo ephathelene nokungafihliwe, ukuvikelwa kokwaziswa, ukuqashwa nokutholakala kwamanani idinga ukuba ohulumeni benze izinqumo ezilinganiselayo ezithuthukisa ukusungulwa, ukulondeka namalungelo omuntu siqu.
Lezi zinqumo zihilela izimpikiswano zobuchwepheshe eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi zifuna ukuba ohulumeni bathuthukise ubuchwepheshe ezindaweni ezazingekho lapho kusungulwa amalungelo angokwesiko. Inselele iwukusebenzisa izimiso eziyisisekelo zamalungelo emisebenzi emisha.
Ukulinganisela Ukulondeka Nenkululeko
Ohulumeni bavame ukucindezelwa ukuba banciphise amalungelo ngenxa yokulondeka. Ukuthola ukulinganisela okufanelekile phakathi kokuvikela ukuphepha komphakathi nokulondoloza inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kuseyindawo ephikisana kakhulu yokwenza izinqumo zikahulumeni.
Lokhu kucindezeleka kudinga ukucatshangelwa ngokucophelela ukuthi izinyathelo zokuphepha ezihlongozwayo ziyadingeka, ziyaphumelela, futhi ziyavumelana nezinsongo abakhuluma ngazo. Ukulawula nokushona kwelanga kungasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi imingcele ehlobene namalungelo alondekile ayibi ehlala njalo.
Ukucacisa Nenkulumo Yamalungelo
Ukwanda kokuhlukana kwezombangazwe nezenhlalo kwenza kube nzima ukwenza izinqumo zikahulumeni ngamalungelo. Uma izakhamuzi zinemibono ehlukene kakhulu ngokuphathelene nokuthi ayini amalungelo nokuthi kufanele avikelwe kanjani, ukuthola isisekelo esifanayo kuba nzima kakhulu.
Lokhu kuhlukana kungaholela ekubeni kube nosongo, kuvimbele ohulumeni ukuba babhekane nezindaba zamalungelo ezivelayo.
Umbono Wezizwe Zonke Ngamalungelo Nokwenziwa Kwesinqumo Sikahulumeni
Amazwe ahlukene asondela ezinqumweni zikahulumeni ezithatha amalungelo ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, abonisa amasiko omthetho-sisekelo ahlukene, izimiso zezombangazwe, nezindinganiso zempucuko. Ukuhlola lemibono yomhlaba wonke kunikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile kwezinye izindlela zokuvikela amalungelo.
Izimboni Zomthetho - sisekelo Eziqhathaniswayo
Izimiso zomthetho-mthetho ziyahluka endleleni ezenza ngayo izinqumo zikahulumeni futhi zivikela amalungelo. Eminye imithetho-mthetho ibala amalungelo athile ngokuningiliziwe, kanti eminye incike ezimisweni ezibanzi. Ezinye zinikeza izinkantolo amandla amakhulu okuhlola ukwahlulela, kuyilapho eminye ilinganisela igunya lokwahlulela.
Lokhu kungafani kwezakhiwo kuthinta indlela izinqumo ezenziwa ohulumeni ezithinta ngayo amalungelo namakhambi atholakalayo lapho kuphulwa amalungelo.
Izimiso Zamalungelo Abantu Zesifunda
Izimiso zezifunda zamalungelo abantu, njenge-European Convention on Human Rights, zenza izimiso ezilawula amazwe ngamazwe ezithonya ukwenza izinqumo zikahulumeni wasekhaya. Lezi zimiso zimisa izindinganiso ezilinganiselwe amazwe angamalungu okumelwe ahlangabezane nazo futhi anikeze izikhundla zezizwe zonke zokulwa nokuphulwa kwamalungelo okungavumelani nenselele.
Izimiso ezinjalo zezifunda zingaqinisa isivikelo samalungelo ngokudala izimiso zangaphandle zokulandisa futhi zisize ekuhlanganyeleni kwemikhuba emihle kakhulu emazweni amaningi.
Ikusasa Lesinqumo Sikahulumeni Esakhelwe Amalungelo
Njengoba imiphakathi ishintsha, kumelwe ukuba nezinqubo ohulumeni abazenza ngazo izinqumo ezithinta amalungelo abantu.
Ukwandisa Imishini Ehilelekile
Yenza ukuthatha isinyathelo kuvame: Ukusuka ezikhathini ezihamba kancane kuya ekwamukeleni amalungelo namathuba okuba izakhamuzi zihlanganyele. Khulula izinga lokuhlanganyela: Faka amakhono nengcebo yokuklama nokusebenzisa izinqubo ezifanelekela injongo, ezintsha, kanye nezihlanganisa zonke.
Ukuthambekela kokuhlanganyela emphakathini ohlanganisa abantu abaningi futhi onenjongo ekwenzeni izinqumo zikahulumeni kungaqhubeka. Ubuchwepheshe obusha bungasiza ukuba ungenele kakhulu, kuyilapho izinqubo ezingathandeki zingaba nokuhlelwa okwengeziwe.
Imisebenzi Yokulungisa I - sakhelo Lomthetho
Njengoba izindinganiso zezenhlalo zishintsha futhi kuvela izinselele ezintsha, izinhlelo zamalungelo aqashelwayo ziyaqhubeka zishintsha.
Lokhu kuziphendukela kwemvelo kudinga ohulumeni ukuba balinganisele inhlonipho ngamasiko amalungelo amisiwe nokusabela ezimweni ezishintshayo nasezindinganisweni.
Ukuqinisa Imishini Yokulandisa
Izenzakalo zesikhathi esizayo zingahlanganisa izinqubo ezinamandla zokuthi ohulumeni bayoba nesibopho sokulandisa ngezinqumo ezithinta amalungelo.
Ubuchwepheshe bungase bufeze indima ekuqiniseni ukulandisa ngokwenza isinqumo sikahulumeni sibonakale futhi sifinyeleleke ezakhamuzini, senze ukugadwa nokuqashwa okuphumelela ngokwengeziwe.
Izinyathelo Eziwusizo Zokuvikela Amalungelo Akho
Ukuqonda indlela ohulumeni abawenza ngayo izinqumo ezithinta amalungelo kuyisinyathelo sokuqala.
Hlala Unolwazi
Ulwazi lungamandla uma kuziwa ekuvikeleni amalungelo. Hlala wazisiwe ngomthetho ohlongozwayo, izinguquko ezilawulayo, nezinqumo zenkantolo ezingase zithinte amalungelo akho. Landela imithombo yezindaba ethembekile, uvume ukuhlaziya izinhlangano zezentengiselwano, futhi ubheke amawebhusayithi kahulumeni ukuze uthole ukwaziswa ngezinqumo ezizayo.
Ukuqonda inqubo yokwenza isinqumo ezindaweni ohlala kuzo kukusiza ukuba uqaphele amathuba okuhlanganyela nemiphumela yokuthonya. Yazi ukuthi obameleli bakho abakhethiwe bangubani, ukuthi ungabathinta kanjani, nalapho kuvuleka iziphetho zokuphendula komphakathi.
Ukuhlanganyela Ezinhlanganweni Zentando Yeningi
Sebenzisa ilungelo lakho lokuvota kuzo zonke izivotelo, hhayi imincintiswano ephezulu nje yesizwe. Ukhetho lwendawo nolwezwe luvame ukuwathinta ngokuqondile amalungelo akho emihla ngemihla nenkululeko. Izimo zokucwaninga ezindabeni zamalungelo futhi zibenza balandise ngezinqumo zabo.
Ngaphandle kokuvota, hlanganyela ekuqulweni kwecala lomphakathi, nikeza ukukhulumela ngemithetho ehlongozwayo, futhi uthintane nabameleli bakho ngezindaba ozikhathalelayo. Ukunikeza izakhamuzi amathuba okunikeza ukufakwa ekuthatheni isinqumo sikahulumeni kuholela ekubuseni okuphumelela ngokwengeziwe, ukuthuthukisa ukunikezwa kwenkonzo yomphakathi, nemiphumela elinganayo.
Izinhlangano Ezisekelayo Zokuphatha Abanye
Hlanganisa noma usekele izinhlangano ezisekela ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo ezindaweni ozikhathalelayo. Lezi zinhlangano zinobuchwepheshe, imithombo yemali, kanye nokuzigcina zingenazo izakhamuzi ezivamile. Zingakhulisa izwi lakho futhi zisebenzele ukuthonya ukuhlelwa kwesinqumo sikahulumeni.
Cabanga ngokunikela ngesikhathi sakho ngokuzithandela, ukunikela ngezimali noma ukumane uhlanganyele emsebenzini owenziwa yilezi zinhlangano.
Yazi Amalungelo Akho Angokomthetho Nezixazululo
Wazi ukuthi yimaphi amakhambi atholakalayo uma amalungelo akho ephulwa, kuhlanganise nezikhalo zokuphatha, ukumangalelana, nokukhanga izindikimba zomuntu ophethe.
Imithetho yamalungelo abantu iyakuvikela kuhulumeni, kuhulumeni, nakusendaweni. Ake sithi ucabanga ukuthi othile ukuphatha kabi ngokwesici esivikelekile. Uma kunjalo, khuluma nommeli onolwazi namuhla ukuze uvikele amalungelo akho. Unganqikazi ukufuna usizo olungokomthetho uma amalungelo akho esengozini.
Imishini Yakha Nenethiwekhi
Isivikelo samalungelo sivame ukuthatha isinyathelo esihlangene. Ukwakha imifelandawonye nabanye abahlobene nawe, ngisho noma ungavumelani ngakho konke. Imifelandawonye ephikisanayo ingaphumelela kakhulu ekuthonyeni ukwenza izinqumo zikahulumeni kunamaqembu amancane anesithakazelo.
Inethiwekhi nabantu bezizinda nemibono engafani. Ukuqonda indlela izinqumo zikahulumeni ezithinta ngayo imiphakathi ehlukahlukene kungaqinisa imizamo yokufuna ukubuthwa futhi kuholele ekuvikeleni amalungelo ahlukene.
Isiphetho: Umzabalazo Oqhubekayo Wokuvikelwa Kwamalungelo Abantu
Ukwenza isinqumo sikahulumeni ngamalungelo kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi, eqhubekayo edinga ukuqapha njalo nokuthembisana nezakhamuzi.
I-Civil Rights Act ka-1944 ilokhu ingenye yezifemu eziphawuleka kakhulu zomthetho emlandweni waseMelika. Kodwa lokhu kufezwa akwenzekanga ngokuzenzekelayo, kodwa akwenzekanga ngenxa yamashumi eminyaka empi, ukulwa, ukukhokha umthetho, nokudela kwabantu abangenakubalwa abenqaba ukwamukela ukungabi nabulungisa.
Kunjalo nanamuhla. Isivikelo samalungelo amalungelo esingasinaki singaqedwa uma singawavikeli ngenkuthalo. Izinselele ezintsha zamalungelo zivela lapho umphakathi ushintsha, zidinga amakhambi amasha nezindlela ezintsha zobucukubhede. Izinqumo zikahulumeni ziyoqhubeka zithinta amalungelo ethu ngezindlela ezijulile, kwenze kube okubalulekile ukuba izakhamuzi ziqonde lezi zinqubo futhi zihlanganyele kuzo.
Ngokuhlala zinolwazi, ukuhlanganyela ezinqubweni zentando yeningi, ukusekela imizamo yokubusa, nokubheka uhulumeni njengonecala, izakhamuzi zingasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izinqumo zikahulumeni zivikela futhi zandise amalungelo kunokuba ziwabeke imingcele.
Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngamalungelo omphakathi kanye nokulandisa kukahulumeni, vakashela i-American Liberties Union, ihlola imithombo yemali e .S. U.U.Umnyango weJaji lamaLungelo eSivumelwaneni samaLungelo [, ifunda ngezindinganiso zomphakathi wamazwe onke zamalungelo abantu ku-[[FLT:] [FLT]] United Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights [, ibukeza izinqubo ze-wistitution [[FLT:]].[[FLT:]
Ubuhlobo phakathi kokwenza izinqumo zikahulumeni namalungelo abantu buzoqhubeka buzivelela. Ngokuqonda indlela lezi zinqubo ezisebenza ngayo futhi zihlanganyele ngokukhuthele kuzo, izakhamuzi zingasiza ekulolongeni ikusasa lapho izinqumo zikahulumeni zivikela futhi ziqhubekisele phambili amalungelo nenkululeko ezakha isisekelo somphakathi wentando yeningi.