Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuletha inselele ephuthumayo, futhi nakuba imizamo yomhlaba wonke neyombuso ivame ukubusa izihloko zezihloko zezindaba, ohulumeni bezwe kulo lonke elase-United States baye bavela njengezindawo zokucwaninga zokusungula izinto ezintsha nezokuthatha isinyathelo. Njengoba uhulumeni wezwe ngezinye izikhathi uvalwe noma ushintshe izinto eziza kuqala, amazwe amaningi aye akhulela ekusunguleni izimiso ezinamandla ezinciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi eshisayo, asheshisa ukushintsha isimo sezulu, futhi akha ukuqina kwemiphumela yokufudumala kweplanethi. Lemizamo ayiyona nje izimpawu; yenza amathuba angokomnotho, futhi anikeza izimpawu ezithi ezinye izizwe [1] futhi zingalandela. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela izigaba eziningi ezishintsha ngayo isimo sezulu ngochungechunge lwezemithetho, ukuhleleka, ukuphakama kwezentengo yezwe namathuluzi angempela ezindaweni ezibusayo ezihlukene phakathi kwesizwe.

ECalifornia: Iminyaka Engamashumi Eminyaka Yokuphayona Emkhankasweni Wesimo Sezulu

ICalifornia ithathe isikhathi eside imisa ijubane lokuthatha isinyathelo sesimo sezulu e-United States. Izimiso zikahulumeni zakhiwe esisekelweni sokuncishiswa kwegesi eyingozi edayiswayo, inqubo yezentengiselwano ezintsha, kanye nokwazi okukhulu kwendawo ezungezile. Ngaphansi kwe-California Global Honging Solutions Act ka 2006 (AB 32), umbuso wasungula uhlelo olubanzi lokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi eshisayo kufinyelele emazingeni ka-19900, umgomo eyawufinyelela eminyakeni emine ngaphambili. Kusukela ngalesosikhathi, iCalifornia iye yaqhubekela phambili, ngokubeka iSigebethi uBill 32% ngezansi kwe-2030, kanye nohlelo lwezinjongo yokungathathi hlangothi lwekhabon nge-2030, kanye nohlelo lokungathathiwe-carbon ka-2030.

Izinyathelo Eziyinhloko

Naphezu kokuhola kwayo, iCalifornia ibhekene nezinselele, kuhlanganise nezindleko ezinkulu zikagesi, izingozi zequbula ezibangelwa ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, nesidingo sokuqinisekisa ukuguquguquka okungaguquguquki kwemiphakathi exhomeke emivubukulweni exhomeke kugesi. Noma kunjalo, izimiso zayo ziyaqhubeka zisebenza njengekhomba likahulumeni nakumazwe.

New York: Ukulinganisela Ukufuna Ukuzuza Ngokwezomnotho

I-CLCPA ithathe indlela efanayo yokufuna ukuvelela, eqhutshwa yi-Climate Leadership and Community Protection Act (CLCPA) ka-2019(inye yemithetho yesimo sezulu esinzima kakhulu emhlabeni. I-CLCPA igunyaza ukunciphisa amaphesenti angu-40 egesi eshisayo ekhishwa ngo-1990 ngo-2030, ukuncishiswa kumaphesenti angu-85 ngo-2050, kanye nokukhishwa kwe-netha kuwo wonke umnotho. Ngokungathi kunjalo, umthetho uhlanganisa nezinhlelo eziqinile zokulawula indawo ezungezile, ezidinga ukuba imiphakathi esweleyo yamukele inzuzo engu-35 /40% yemali ephuma kumandla ahlanzekile.

Izinyathelo Eziyinhloko

  • Intuthuko yamandla enziwa kabusha: iNew York yakha i-oyile enkulu kakhulu yomoya yalelizwe egudle ulwandle, enemisebenzi enjenge-South Fork Wind ne-Empire Wind ilindele ukuveza izinkulungwane zama-megawatts. Izwe futhi lasungula ukucelwa kokuqala kwesilinganiso esikhulu sezwe nge-laythiwer kanye nomoya, okuhloselwe 70% ovuselelwe ugesi ngo-2030.
  • Ukwakha iDecarbon: iDolobha laseNew York kuphela linezakhiwo ezingaphezu kwesigidi, ezibangela ukukhishwa kwegesi okucishe kube cishe kwezintathu. ISikhumulo Sezwe sasungula uhlelo olubanzi lokususa ugesi, kuhlanganise nemithetho ethuthukisiwe, ukumpompa izinsi zokushisa, kanye nemfucumfucu yamafu ophehlayo. I-New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSA) inikeza izinhlelo zokusiza abanini namabhizinisi ukuba basebenzele ekufudumezeni ugesi nokuphola.
  • I-Propartting kanye ne-MTA: Izwe lihlela isimiso salo sokuthutha somphakathi, kuhlanganise nezitimela ezihambayo ne-Metropolitan Transportialing Authority yebhasi. Uhlelo lwe-Congestion Pricing e-Manhattan jq shokuqala kohlobo lwalo e-U.S.
  • Justice Working Group: Imiswe yi-CLCPA, leliqembu liqinisekisa ukuthi izimiso zesimo sezulu ziklanywe futhi zisetshenziswe ngokufakwa okuvela emiphakathini ethinteke kakhulu ngokungcoliswa nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Imiphakathi entengayo ibekelwe indawo ehlanzekile imisebenzi yamandla, ukuqeqeshwa nomsebenzi, nokuxhaswa kwemali.

Ukuphikiswa kweminye imidlalo yezamabhizinisi nokukhathazeka ngezindleko kuye kwanciphisa ezinye izici, kodwa uhlelo lwaseNew York lusenye yezindlela ezibanzi kakhulu ezweni. Icebo lesimo sezulu saseNew York kuyi-inthanethi.

Washington: Incike Kugesi Ohlanzekile Nakuyi - carbon Pricing

Izwe laseWashington lihlanganise izigunyazo ezihlanzekile zamandla kanye necarbon primebral ukuze kuncishiswe ugesi okhiqizwayo. I-Ceane Energy Transformation Act (CETA) ka-2019 idinga zonke izinto ezisebenza ngogesi oshisiwe ngamalahle ngo-2025, kube yigesi eshisayo ehamba nge-neutral ngo-2030, futhi kuthunyelwe 100% ovuse-ka-0-gesi ngo-2045. Lokhu kuphakathi kwemisebenzi yakuqala kagesi ehlanzekile ehlanzekile ka-100% kulelizwe.

Izinyathelo Eziyinhloko

  • Carbon Pricing: Washington’s Climate Confidence Act (CCA), yadlula ngo-2021, yamisa uhlelo lwe-cap-ne-invest oluhlanganisa izikhiphi ezinkulu. Intengo zohlelo zikhokhela, ngokuqhubekela phambili emikhankasweni yamandla ahlanzekile, impilo yamahlathi, nokuzinziswa komphakathi. Ngonyaka wokuqala, uhlelo lwakhuphuka ngaphezu koR3,5,5.
  • Ukudluliswa kwe-Expartment: Izwe liye labeka isisulu sezimoto zikagesi ezingu-800 000 emgwaqweni ngo-2030 futhi lakha inethiwekhi eqinile efuna imali. Uhlelo “Ucoceke” lunikeza ama-asethi angaba ngu-R350 000 ekuthengeni izakhamuzi ezingenisa imali ephansi.
  • Isikhutha Sezulu esibanzi: Washington ifaka imali empilweni yamahlathi, ekuncipheni kwengozi yomlilo, nasekuthunyelweni kwekhabhoni emazweni asebenzayo. UMnyango weZiphiko zemvelo ubeke umgomo wokubuyisela nokulondoloza amahektare ayisigidi ehlathi ngo-2030.
  • [[[NT:0] Umthetho wezengqondo wobulungisa ugcona: Imo yemo yempilo ezungezile yabo bonke (I-HELL) UMthetho udinga izinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuze zihlanganise ubulungisa bendawo ezungezile ekwenzeni kwazo izinqumo futhi zinike imiphakathi izinzuzo ezinzima.

Nokho, iCCA yabhekana nomzamo ovunyelaniswe kahle ngo-2023 (umthetho oyi-I 2117), nakuba abavoti balusekela kancane uhlelo ngoNovember 2024, benikeza uphawu lokusekela komphakathi okuqhubekayo kokuzimela icarbon primegry naphezu kwezindleko. Ukufunda okwengeziwe nge-Climate Crimitive Act[.

IColorado: I - Pragmatic, I - bipartisan Indlela Eya Ekwakheni Amandla Ahlanzekile

IColorado, ngokwesiko isifundazwe esikhiqiza amandla awenziwe ngowoyela nogesi obalulekile, noma kunjalo iye yaba umholi ophawulekayo wenqubo ehlanzekile yamandla. Ukuhlanganisa kukahulumeni izithako ezivuselelwayo ezinamandla ezinezimiso eziklanyelwe ukusekela izisebenzi nemiphakathi eshintshayo.

Izinyathelo Eziyinhloko

  • I-Portolio Standard evuselelwayo: Abavoti beColorado baqala ukudlula isilinganiso sikagesi esivuselelwe ngo-2004. Namuhla, umbuso udinga izinto ezisebenza ngogesi owenziwe nge-100% ngo-2050. I-Xcel Energy, i-colorado inkiselwano enkulu, ilandela indlela yokufinyelela i-80% yengxube ekhululekile ngo-2030.
  • UGreenhouse Gas Reduction Roadmap: UMbusi Jared Polis wakhipha uhlelo oluningiliziwe ngo-2021 oluhloselwe umnotho kabanzi ngamazinga angu-26% ngaphansi kuka-2005 ngo-2025 nango-50% ngo-2030. Icebo lihlanganisa amasu athatha indawo ebanzi okuthutha, izakhiwo, imboni, nokusetshenziswa kwendawo.
  • Ukuguqula okulungile okuvela ku-Coal: Colorado kunikeze imithetho yokusekela imiphakathi nezisebenzi ezithintelwe ukuvalwa kwemboni yamalahle. I-Just Transition Action Plan inikeza izimali zokuqeqeshela umsebenzi, ukunwetshwa kwezomnotho, kanye nokuthuthukiswa komphakathi ezindaweni ezimalahle njengaseNtshona Kolope.
  • Ukungatholi Umntwana womntwana ophelele: Colorado inikeza intela kahulumeni yemali efinyelela ku-$5 000 (R1 000) ekuthengeni kwe-EV, futhi umbuso ukhuphuka izakhiwo ezihamba phambili ngohlelo lwe-GPLAIR Price. Umbuso uhlose ukuba ube nama-EV angu-940 000 emgwaqweni ngo-2030.

Isimiso sezombangazwe saseColorado siye savumela ukuvumelana kwezimiso, nakuba ukucindezeleka kuhlala kungaphezu kwesikhathi sokuvala i - carbon linendima yegesi yemvelo. Noma kunjalo, inqubo kahulumeni ibonisa ukuthi ngisho nezifunda ezisekela i - archween-muel zingahlanganisa nesenzo esibalulekile sesimo sezulu.

Oregon: Sihlotshiswe Nomakhelwane Baso Kodwa Sibhala Indlela Yaso

I-Oregon sekuyisikhathi eside ingumholi wendawo ezungezile, kodwa izimiso zayo zesimo sezulu ngezinye izikhathi ziye zamiswa yizintambo zemithetho nesimiso sombuso saseRepublican esisemnyango wezwe.

Izinyathelo Eziyinhloko

  • Uhlelo lwe-Climate Action Program: Ngo-2023, i-Oregon Legislature yadlula i-HB 3409, eyagunyaza uMbusi ophethe uKate Brown ka-2020. Umthetho uhlela izisulu zokuncishiswa kwegesi eshisayo (45% ngaphansi kuka-1990) ngamazinga angu-2035 kanye nenetha-ze ngo-2050) futhi uqondisa izinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuba zisebenzise iziqondiso ze-te-equality, kuhlanganise ne-seaccut ekukhipheni igesi enkulu.
  • Glueaner Energy Transition: Oregon ifuna ukuba ikhulu likagesi elithengiswe lifike emithonjeni ehlanzekile ngo-2040, linezisulu eziphakathi. Umbuso usekhaya emithonjeni emikhulu yomoya eColumbia Gorge futhi unwebeka ilanga nebhetri.
  • Umlilo neHlobe: Inikeze izinkathi zequbulo zequbula lomlilo obhubhisayo weOregon, isifundazwe siye sasebenzisa kakhulu ekuvuselelweni kwamahlathi, ekulawuleni ukusha, nasekulungiseni izinhlelo zomphakathi. I-Oregon Department of Forestry’s Wildry’s Program ihlose ukunciphisa imithwalo yomlilo futhi sivikele iziphethulo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ubulungisa obungokomsuka: Uhlelo lwe-Oregon Climate Justice program (HB 4077) ihlela ukutshala imali emiphakathini eye yathwala inkathazo yokungcola ngokomlando, kuhlanganise nemiphakathi yesizwe, izindawo zasemaphandleni, kanye nezindawo ezitholakele kancane.

Imizamo ka - Oregon ngokuvamile iqhathaniswa neyeWashington, kodwa umbuso uye wahamba ngokuqapha ngokwengeziwe ekusebenziseni i - carbon price, kunalokho ugxila endleleni yokuqondisa. izimpi eziqhubekayo zezombangazwe zizonquma ukuthi i - Oregon ingawusekela yini amandla ayo.

IMassachusetts: Ukuhlanganisa Umoya Ogudla Ulwandle Nezinhlayiya Ezinamandla

IMassachusetts inomlando omude wokuhola kwesimo sezulu, kusukela ngo-2008 we-Global Honging Solutions Act, okwadinga ukuncishiswa kwesilinganiso samaphesenti angu - 25 ngaphansi kwamazinga ka-1990 ngo-2020 (umgomo umbuso oye wahlangabezana nesimiso). Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, umbuso uye waqhubekela phambili ngezisulu eziphambili nemisebenzi ekhuphukayo.

Izinyathelo Eziyinhloko

  • Umoya wolwandle: iMassachusetts yayiwumbuso wokuqala wokugunyaza ukuthatha isilinganiso esikhulu somoya ngasogwini ngo-2016 uMthetho woMnyango Wezegesi (manje osebenzayo) iprojekthi yokuqala yezentengiselwano ezindaweni zomoya e-U.S., ekhiqiza ugesi owanele wemizi engu-40 000. Umbuso ugunyaze eminye imisebenzi, kuhlanganise ne-Commonwester Wind no-MayFlower.
  • Izindawo zokufuna ukuvuselelwa: Inguquko ye-GWSA ngo-2021 (Umthetho Wokwakha I-Act Elandelayo Umgwaqo we-sahluka we-Massachusetts Climatic Policy) umisa amaphawu amasha amasha: 50% ngaphansi kuka-1990 amazinga ngo-2030, 75% ngo-2040, kanye nenetha-zero ngo-2050.
  • Ukungaphumeleli okungathandeki: IMisa Yokulondoloza, uhlelo olusebenza ngenzuzo, lunikeza izikhokhelo, ama-auncil, nokungathakazeli kakhulu kwemali ebolekwayo yempumelelo yokuhlala nokuthuthukisa kwezentengiselwano. Uhlelo lusindise abathengi abayizigidi zezigidi ngezindleko zamandla kuyilapho lunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi.
  • Ukwakha iDecarbon: iMassachusetts ilawula ikhodi yokwakha ye 10 yetour tarbon, futhi uMnyango Wezezezethulo wezwe usungula uhlelo olunwebekayo lwamandla oludinga ukwakhiwa okusha ukuze kube yi-flash-muel ekhululekile ezifundeni eziningi.

Izindleko zezindlu kanye nokusuka egesini engokwemvelo kusalokhu kunempikiswano, kodwa iMassachusetts iyaqhubeka ibonisa ukuthi isenzo sesimo sezulu singahamba phambili ngomnotho oqinile. Thola imininingwane eMassachusetts Change Office.

Ukuzivumelanisa Nesimo Ezindaweni Ezinhle: EFlorida naseTexas

Nakuba ezinye izifundazwe zigxila ngokuyinhloko ekunciphiseni ukukhishwa kwemikhiqizo, ezinye — ikakhulukazi lezo ezisengozini kakhulu yesimo sezulu — zigxile ekuzivumelaniseni nesimo sezulu. iFlorida neTexas zinikeza izibonelo ezingafani zendlela imibuso ehlukahlukene nezakhamuzi eziningi, izimboni zamandla anamandla angaphansi komhlaba, nezingozi zesimo sezulu.

IFlorida: Izindlela Zokuvimbela Ukuphakama Kolwandle

I-Florida, ugu, ukuphakama okuphansi, nokuchayeka eziphephweni kwenza kube ngenye yezifunda ezikwazi ukumelana nesimo sezulu esingcono kakhulu ezweni. Nokho uhulumeni wezwe lakhe uye wathatha kancane ukwamukela izimiso zokwehlisa imikhiqizo ngobudlova, ngokuvamile zibhekisela kohulumeni bendawo. Noma kunjalo, imizamo emikhulu yokuzivumelanisa nesimo sezulu iyancipha.

  • Ukuhlela: IHhovisi lase-Resilience ne-Coast lasungulwa ngo-2019 ukuhlanganisa ukusabela ngokwesilinganiso sikahulumeni ekunyukeni kolwandle, ukukhuphuka kwesiphepho, nokukhukhula. Umbuso uthengise imali engaphezu kwezigidi eziyizigidi ezingu-R3, kuhlanganise nemigwaqo ephakeme, iziteshi, neziteshi ezihlala ezinhlangothini.
  • Amadolobha asendaweni ezungezile anjengeMiami, Fort Lauderdale, neTampa alungisa ngokwawo. IMiami Beach iphakamise imigwaqo, ifake amaphampu amakhulu, futhi idinga izakhiwo ezintsha ukuze zihlanganise izinyathelo zokuvikela ukhukhulela. IMiami-Dade County inendlela yokuhlanganisa i-Sea Deve Leque Rive.
  • Amandla avuselelekayo: [[FLT]] Ngenkathi iFlorida ingenayo indinganiso ye-portfolio evuselelwayo, amandla elanga akhula ngokushesha ngenxa yokwehla kwezindleko nenzuzo yokutshala izimali. UDuke Energy Florida kanye no-Delity & Light ziye zazibophela ekunwetshweni okuphawulekayo kwelanga.
  • Inguquko ye-Insuregance: iFlorida ibhekene nezinga eliphakeme kakhulu lomshuwalense wempahla ngenxa yengozi ekhuphukayo yesiphepho. Umbuso uye wadlulisa izinguquko ukuze uqinise imakethe futhi uhlola izindlela zokufaka amakhaya afanele ngokumelene nomonakalo womoya.

Indlela iFlorida eqala ngayo ukujwayela ingase ibe isibonelo samanye amazwe angasogwini, kodwa abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ngaphandle kokuncishiswa kwemithombo ejulile, ukukwazi ukuzivumelanisa nakho kukodwa ngeke kwanele.

ITexas: Ukuchuma Kwamandla Ahlanzekile Kagesi ELone Star State

ITexas idume ngemboni yayo kawoyela negesi, kodwa futhi ingumholi wezwe olawula amandla omoya nemakethe yelanga ekhula ngokushesha. Imishini kagesi kahulumeni elawulwayo kanye nemithombo enamandla yomoya iye yasebenzisa amandla avuselelwayo ngenxa yezizathu zezomnotho, “‘ umoya nokukhanya kwelanga ngokuvamile kuyimithombo eshibhile kakhulu kagesi omusha eTexas.

  • Amandla e-Wind: iTexas inezinga-mandla zomoya ezingaphezu kwama-40 ezifakiwe, ngaphezu kwanoma isiphi esinye isifundazwe. I- Compititive Rewitive Energy Zonement (CREZ) edluliswayo, eyakhiwa phakathi kuka-2009 no-2014, yayiyimali eshicilelwe phambili eyavungula amandla amakhulu omoya eNtshona Texas.
  • Ukukhula kwelanga: ububanzi belanga eTexas buye bakhuphuka eminyakeni yamuva, buqhutshwa yizindleko zenani eliphansi ne-grid ezimele kazwelonke (ERCOT). Ngo-2023, ilanga libalelwa cishe ku 8% wengxube yamandla e-ERCOT, futhi amandla alindeleke ukuba aphindeke kabili ngo-2027.
  • I-Callengens ne-Grid Relication:[[FOLT:1] Isiphepho sasebusika sangoFebruary 2021 esabangela ukucasha okusakazekile kwamandla amnyama kwaqokomisa ukuchayeka kwe-grid esimweni sezulu esishubile. Ukuphendula, i-Legislature yaseTexas idlulise izinguquko ezidinga ukumiswa kwezikhungo zamandla adonsela phansi kanye nokufuna kangcono ukubikezelwa. Ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu sekuyingxenye eyinhloko yokuhlelwa kwe-grid.
  • I-State-Reece Climate Policy: Naphezu kokukhula okuvuselelwayo kwamandla, iTexas ayinazo izisulu zokuncishiswa kwegesi eshisa kahulumeni futhi ukuhola kwayo kuyaqhubeka kusekela izinto eziphehla amandla. Nokho, amadolobha anjenge Houston, Austin, ne-Dallas aye athatha amasu abalulekile esimo sezulu, futhi amahlelo amaningi (kuhlanganise nezingxenye zikawoyela) abeke inhloso yemisebenzi yawo enenethitha elingu-ze.

ITexas ibonisa ukuthi amandla entengiselwano anganciphisa ukukhishwa okukhulu ngisho nalapho kungekho nqubo eqinile kahulumeni. Nokho, ukuntuleka kokuhlelwa kokuvumelana nokuncika kombuso egesini engokwemvelo kuqokomisa ukucindezeleka okubangelwa umnotho ozimele wemivubukulo.

Isiphetho: Indima Ebucayi Yokuthatha Isinyathelo Sikahulumeni

Izibonelo ezingenhla zibonisa ukuthi ohulumeni bezwe abalindele ukugunyazwa uhulumeni ukuba benzele ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Kusukela esimisweni se-cap-parnel esibanzi sase California kuya ku-carbon criprigle eqinile yaseWashington, kusukela ekushintsheni kwesakhiwo seColorado ukuya ekuthuthukeni komoya oselunxwemeni lwaseMassachusetts, izifunda zifakazela ukuthi isenzo sesimo sezulu asikho kuphela kodwa futhi sizuzisa nangokomnotho. Lezimiso zidala izinkulungwane zemisebenzi yamandla ahlanzekile, zisindisa imali yabathengi ezikwehhlwini zamandla, futhi zinciphisa ukungcola komoya okuthinta izinhlanga zemibala.

Kodwa indlela engaphambili inezithiyo. Ukuhlanganisa izikhawu zezombangazwe, ukususa izithakazelo ezikhululekile, futhi izinga elikhulu lokuguqulwa elidingekayo lisho ukuthi intuthuko ayivamile ukungafani. Izwe elinjengoFlorida ne Texas libonisa ukuthi ukuchayeka ekuthinteni kungaqhubekisela phambili ukuvumelana ngisho noma imithetho yokulawula ingasheshi. Okwamanje, impumelelo yezimiso zezentengo zikahulumeni ixhomeke endaweni engcono engcono yokuzinzisa izimoto (esibonelo, iEPA wareverersss) yezindinganiso zemoto noma izikweleti zentela zokuvuselisa amandla.

Njengoba imiphumela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ikhula kakhulu, iziphepho zemvula ezithatha isikhathi eside, isomiso esijulile, kanye nezikhukhula ezilimazayo . Izifundazwe eziningi seziye zaqinisekisa ukuthi izinhloso zesimo sezulu esiphambili ziyakwazi ukufezeka futhi zithandwa. Ishumi leminyaka elizayo liyothola ukuthi le mizamo ingalinganiswa ngokushesha ngokwanele ukubhekana nobunzima. Ekugcineni, ikhono le-United States lokulungisa ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu liyoxhomeka kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni okuqhubekayo, ukuphikelela, nokubambisana kohulumeni bezwe.