Zimbalwa izimfundiso ezikumthetho-sisekelo waseMelika ezivusa impikiswano njengeyokuqala. Lefilosofi echazayo isho ukuthi incazelo yoMthetho-sisekelo yayimiswe ngesikhathi sokubekwa kwayo ngokuqondiiiiiiii, abenzi bomthetho, nezakhamuzi zibheka kanjani izimpikiswano eziphikisana kakhulu zokukhuluma ngokukhululekile nokucushwa kukahulumeni. Ukuqonda ithonya lokuqala kulezimpikiswano kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuthatha incazelo esekelwe ekuHlayelweni kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala seSipheko.

Ukuqonda Ubuqalo: Izimiso Ezihlukile Nezici Ezingafani

Ubufandamentalist bungeyona inkolelo-lwazi engokoqobo kodwa umndeni wezindlela ezichazayo ezihlanganisa isibopho esiyinhloko: uMthetho-sisekelo kufanele uqondwe ngokwencazelo yawo yokuqala ngesikhathi usungulwa. Amagatsha amabili ayinhloko yinjongo yokuqala, ebuza ukuthi iziphi izinhloso zomuntu ngokwakhe ezihloselwe ukufeza umbhalo, futhi yasekuqaleni incazelo yasobala [, efuna incazelo evamile yokuthi i-ravitaming umphakathi ungabalelwa ngamazwi. I-Anto yamuva, elwe nguJastin Sctalia, iye yaba yikona okuyinhloko ku-jurisciprunce yanamuhla.

Abaqondisi bezokuqala baphikisa ngokuthi lendlela inqanda ukunquma kokwahlulela, ivimbela amajaji ekubekeni izindinganiso zawo siqu, futhi igcina ukulandisa ngentando yeningi. Njengoba uMahluleli Scalia wamuva aphawula ngodumo, uMthetho-sisekelo “umbhalo ofile” (kodwa ufile ngomqondo wokuthi incazelo yawo ayishintshi ngaphandle kokuba ilungiswe ngokomthetho, inikeza ukuzinza nokubikezela. Nokho, abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi ubuProstoli buvame ukuthatha indiva ngoba ubufakazi obungokomlando bungahlukahluka-kancane noma buphikisana, futhi abunakukwazi ukuchaza ukuguqula izakhi zomthetho.

Izibalo eziyinhloko emzabalazweni we-ist Scalia azihlanganisi nje kuphela u-Scalia kodwa futhi noRobert Bork, Randy Barnett, futhi muva nje, uMahluleli uNeil Gorfoth noMahluleli Clarence Thomas. Imibhalo yabo nemibono yabo kuye kwaguqula ukuqonda kwanamuhla kwenkululeko yokukhuluma ngaphansi kwesisekelo sobuqalo. Ukuze uthole ulwazi, bheka i- i-Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy engenenistism[.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala Ngesiko Somlandeli Wemvelaphi

ISichibiyelo sokuqala sinikeza ukuthi “iSiphendulo somthetho asisoze senza ngokomthetho usithiya inkululeko yokukhuluma, noma yezindaba.” Kumfundi wakuqala, umbuzo oyinhloko ukuthi ikuphi “inkululeko yokukhuluma” eyayisho ukuthini ngasekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili leminyaka. Lokho kuqonda kwakungelona ilungelo eliphelele lokusho noma yini, kodwa umqondo olinganiselwe osekelwe emthethweni wesiNgisi kanye nomthetho wamakoloni.

Ngesikhathi sokukhishwa kwemithetho, umthetho ovamile wesiNgisi wawuvame ukwenqabela ukuvinjelwa kwangaphambi kokukhishwa kwezincwadi (izimiso zomthetho) kodwa wavumela ukujeziswa ngemva kokukhishwa ngenxa yokuvukela umthetho, ukuhlambalaza, nokuhlambalaza. Nokho, amazwe amaningi aseMelika kakade ayeye enqaba izici zomthetho we-libryst. Isinqumo sika-Virginia saphikisa ukuthi inkululeko yenkulumo nokwemibaliso yangaphambili neqiniso lalingekhonakuvinjelwa futhi iqiniso laliyisivikelo kumthetho wamanga, owe yicala, ohlazisayo, nomthetho owesabekayo ngokumelene nohulumeni. Lesi senzo sasiphikiswa kakhulu nguThomas Jefferson noJames Madison, owaphikisa iSiphendulo sokuqala. UJadine waphikisa u-Virginia washo ukuthi inkululeko yokukhuluma nowokunyathelisa yayingavunyelwe ukuvinjelwa futhi iqiniso laliyisivikelo ekumangalelweni kwenkululeko yomthetho, futhi kamuva isisekelo semfundiso yaseMelika.

Abasekeli bezindaba zoqobo abagxila enkathini yokusungulwa ngokuvamile baveza imibono kaMadison njengobufakazi obungcono kakhulu bencazelo yokuqala. Baphikisa ngokuthi iSichibiyelo Sokuqala ngokuyinhloko sasiklanyelwe ukuvikela inkulumo yezombangazwe nokuvimbela ukucusumbulwa kukahulumeni ngezindlela zokugxeka izikhulu zomphakathi nokuzimangalela.

Amalungelo Okukhuluma Akhululekile Ayaboniswa Ngaphansi Kokuqamba Iziqu

Ithonya lenkululeko yokukhuluma liyabonakala kakhulu ezinqumweni zeNkantolo Ephakeme ezincike ekuhlaziyweni komlando. Ku-Columbia v. Heller (2008) kanye ne-New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Breen[FLT] [202] [202], iNkantolo yasebenzisa ukucabanga kokuqala ukusekela amalungelo emba isibhamu. Nakuba ingalimelanga icala lenkululeko, indlela iyafundisa: iNkantolo yahlola ukuqonda okungokomlando kwesokudla futhi yadinga iziqondiso zanamuhla ukuba zihambisane nokuqondana. Emongweni, ukucabanga okufanayo kubonakala ezimweni [FLD [F:] United States [5]

Abahluleli abaqalayo bathambekele ekungabazeni izigaba ezintsha zenkulumo engavikelekile, njengo- “zonda inkulumo” noma“ ukuxoxa” okubanzi kune Brandenburg v.Ohio indinganiso. Baphikisa ngokuthi ukuqonda okungokomlando ‘ inkululeko yokukhuluma” akuhlanganisanga ukuhlukanisa imiqondo ecasulayo noma ezondekayo ebangela ngokuqondile isenzo sokungabi namthetho noma ukuchazwa ngokuphambene nomlando njengehlazo noma ukuhlazisa. Lombono uholela ekuvikelekeni okuqinile kwenkulumo evusa inkanuko nengathandeki.

Enye indawo lapho izindaba zobuShishobhi ziyimfundiso yokuhlanganisa − noma iSichibiyelo sokuqala sisebenza khona kuhulumeni bendawo. Umthetho-sisekelo wokuqala wamane wacindezela uhulumeni kahulumeni. ISichibiyelo seshumi naneth, sagunyazwa ngo-1868, kamuva sachazwa ukuba sisebenzise iBill of Rights kuhulumeni. Abasunguli bakuqala baphikisana ngokuthi izifemu zeSichibiyelo se 1450 ezihloselwe ukuhlanganisa wonke uBill of Rights noma amalungelo athile kuphela kanye nokugonyelwa. INkantolo Ephakeme i-Ocle igunyaza amalungelo enkululeko yokukhuluma nge-Claus Claus, kodwa abanye abakholelwa ekuqaleni i-mstry, njengoThomas, baye baphikisana ngezisekelo ezingefanisweyo, njengamalungelo noma amaImmunionclaus, okungashintsha ukuvikela inkulumo ngezindlela ezicanakele.

Ukubuthwa Nokubheka Kwakuqala: Uhulumeni Umelene Nabenzi Bomthetho Wabantu

Ithonya lobufandamentali ezimpikiswaneni eziphathelene nokucusumbula likhulu, ikakhulukazi njengoba umehluko phakathi kukahulumeni nokucubungula ngasese ufiphaza enkathini yenombolo. ISichibiyelo sokuqala sivimbela kuphela isenzo sikahulumeni /_hayi izinkampani ezizimele. Ngakho, isinqumo sesikhulu sezenhlalo sokususa okuqukethwe yilokhu akusona “isigaba” ngomqondo womthetho-sisekelo. Abaqondisi bagcizelela lomehluko, bephikisa ukuthi uhulumeni ngeke uphoqelele amapulatifomu ukuba aqhube inkulumo (njengoba eminye imithetho yombuso iye yazama) ngoba lokho kungaphazamisa amalungelo esikhululo somthetho.

Nokho, uma uhulumeni ngokwakhe ehlola − noma ngabe ngokuqupha abavuzayo, ngokuvimbela ukubhikisha, noma ngokukhuluma okuphoqelelayo − ukuhlaziya kwe-prorigist kuphendukela emlandweni. Ngokwesibonelo, Schenkck v. United States [1919], uMahluleli u-Ourvel Welvender Holmes uchaza ukuthi “ingozi esobala nekhona” uvivinyo lokuhlola imingcele yenkulumo phakathi nenkathi yempi. Nakuba kungenayo kuqala [i-Solmedist] yayingu-pramatist), icala libonisa ukuthi izinkantolo zinenkulumo ezilinganiselwe ngokomlando ngokumelene nokulondeka kwesizwe. I-Oristries bebengabuza: yini ukuqonda kwasekuqaleni kwamandla kahulumeni ukuvimbela inkulumo ezikhathini ezibucayi? Ukusungula iSiphakaniso, kodwa futhi bavumela ngamandla.

Umfundi wanamuhla ofunda ngesayensi yakudala uvame ukuphikisa ngokuthi amandla kahulumeni okuhlola alinganiselwe kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, ukunqabela ngokomlando ukungcoliswa kwakuncane futhi kuhilela ukwaziswa okukhanga “isithakazelo esijulile,” futhi akuyona yonke into esobala ngokocansi. Ngokufanayo, ukuhlambalazwa kwabekwa imingcele ngemfuneko yokuthi inkulumo ingamanga futhi ilimaza idumela. Abadaluli bathanda ukwandisa lezi zigaba ezintsha ezihlukile njengokuthi “izindaba” noma“ umbiko,” ngenxa yokuthi akukho siqinisekiso somlando sokulawula iqiniso elinjalo. Ingxoxo yokungaqondisi okucacile nokuyingozi manje, bona [[FLC:] u-Oyz ka-Oyziclet [FF:] v.[FFF]

Umlando Ohlukile Ekukhulumeni Ngenkululeko

Abasekeli bemfundiso yenkolo baqaphela ukuthi iSichibiyelo sokuqala sasingaqondwa njengesivikelo sokuvikela zonke izinkulumo. Inkathi yokusungulwa kwemithetho efanayo yayamukela izigaba ezithile zomthetho njengengaphandle kwesivikelo “senkululeko yokukhuluma”:

  • Ukuzimela[: inkulumo engcolile, engcolile, noma engcolileyo, ehlulelwa ngezindinganiso zomphakathi futhi engenalo inzuzo engathi sína yobuciko noma yezesayensi.
  • amagama ahlabayo: ukuthuka komuntu siqu okuye kwabangela ukuqhekeka okusheshayo kokuthula. Lokhu kukhetha kwaqashelwa ku Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire[FLT] [1942] kodwa kuye kwasetshenziswa kancane.
  • Ukufamba [: izinkulumo ezingamanga ezilimaza idumela. Abaqondisi bangaphikisa ngokuthi indinganiso yangempela ye-maliale esungulwe ku-New York Times Co. v. Sullivan[ [1964] [1964]) yadlula kukuqonda kwasekuqaleni, eyavumela iqiniso njengesivikelo kodwa eyayingadingi ubufakazi bokwazi amanga ezikhulu zomphakathi.
  • Ukuhlohlolelwa kwesenzo sokungabi namthetho esiseduze: ukuthuthukiswa kwanamuhla “kwengozi esobala nekhona” yovivinyo lwangaphambili, manje olubuswa Brandenburg[ indinganiso (1 969)].

Lokhu kuhlukana akulinganiselwe, futhi abasekeli bezincwadi zokuqala bathambekele ekuzifundeni ngokuncane ukuze bagweme ukuphanjwa uhulumeni.

Izinselele Zanamuhla: Ukukhuluma Ngezinombolo, Ukuzonda Inkulumo Nokungaqondi

Ubuqaba bubhekene novivinyo olunzima kakhulu lapho lusetshenziswa ezindabeni zamanje abahleli abangakaze bazicabange. Ingalawula kanjani i-teography ye-18 emisiwe ye-social, i-message ebhalwe nge-international, ne-inthanethi yembulunga yonke? I-produstrist isabela ngokuthi izimiso, hhayi ubuchwepheshe obuthile, zihlala zikhona. Isimiso sokungalawuli sisebenza ekuvimbeleni i-tweet njengoba nje sisebenza ekuvimbeleni iphephandaba. Isimiso sokuthi uhulumeni ngeke ujezise ukugxekwa kwezikhulu zomphakathi ezisencwadini yevidiyo ye-YouTube.

Kodwa abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukuqondwa kwala mafomu okuthi “i-application” akuhlanganisanga ukuhlaziywa kwe-algorithm, ukuhlelwa kwemithetho engaziwa, noma imikhankaso yokungahlangani. Lezi zenzakalo ziphakamisa imibuzo edinga ukuhlaziywa kokuqala ngokubheka umlando. Ngokwesibonelo, uma umthetho kahulumeni ofuna amapulatifomu athathe iziphakamiso zokulawula kwamanye amazwe ungabhekwa njengobucusumbuli bemithetho yokuhlela? Uma incazelo yokuqala yeSimemezelo sokuqala yayiwukuvimbela ukuvinjelwa kwangaphambi komthetho othile, khona - ke umthetho odinga ukususwa kwento ethile ekhona ngemva kokuhlola ingqikithi ethile ungavunyelwa. Kodwa uma incazelo yokuqala ihlanganisa inkululeko ebanzi ekulawuleni uhulumeni phezu komsebenzi wezindaba, khona imiyalo ingamelana nokuhlukaniswa kwezindaba nohulumeni.

Impikiswano ngomthetho wokulawula ukucwaswa kwenkulumo inye indlela esheshayo. Ezindaweni eziningi zaseNtshonalanga, imithetho yokubusa ngentando yeningi yezobuningi yenzondo ivimbela izinkulumo ezibangela inzondo noma ubandlululo. I-United States, ngaphansi kwesiko elinamandla lokukhuluma, ayinqabela ukuzonda inkulumo ("inkulu kakhulu ngenxa yokuqamba nokubhala magama). ISichibiyelo sokuqala sithi “akukho mthetho... owehlula inkululeko yokukhuluma,” lowo ofundwa njengenhlebo, ohlonipheke ngokulinganiselwe kuphela. Njengomphumela, inkulumo ewubandlululo lobuhlanga, i-sasini, noma ngokwesihlazo ezingokomthetho ivikelekile ngaphandle kokuba iwele kwesinye sezigaba eziqalini ezaziwayo. Lokhu kuhlukanisa i-United States emazweni anjengeJalimane, iCanada, ne-United Kingdom, okukhulunywa ngokulingana ngokukhululekile ngokumelene nezinye izindinganiso.

I-Misproinformation, ikakhulukazi ngempilo yomphakathi nokhetho, ishukumisele ukuba kuthathwe isinyathelo sikahulumeni. Abaqondisi bezokuqala bavame ukumelana nomthetho onjalo, bephikisa ngokuthi uhulumeni akumelwe abe umsekeli weqiniso. Kunalokho, ikhambi lenkulumo embi liyinkulumo eyengeziwe (isimiso esisekelwe edayiseni lemibono eyabonwa uJohn Milton noJohn Stuart Milll, futhi izwane kuMahluleli Holmes odumile [FLT:]] v. United States) (19). Lokho kuphikisana, nakuba kungekonana okwakuqala ukukholelwa kwesizukulwane ekucushweni komthetho kahulumeni. Ukuze ubone indlela ukuphikisana komthetho wokuqala okusebenza ngayo, bheka [FLT] uMthetho wakuqala, bheka umthetho we-Exptmond [FFFFF] nesihloko sokuqala se-Intername].[5]

Indima Yezinhlaka Zangasese

Umehluko obucayi ezimpikiswaneni zanamuhla zokuhlola umehluko phakathi kukahulumeni nesenzo somuntu siqu. Uma u-Twitter noma uFacebook esusa okuqukethwe, lokho akukona ukwephulwa kweSichibiyelo sokuqala ngoba ukulungisa kufaka uhulumeni kuphela. Abaqondisi bendabuko baphikisa ngokuthi uhulumeni akufanele aphoqe amapulatifomu ukuba athathe inkulumo cishe ngokwesibonelo, ngokusongela kokumelene nezenzo zokungathembi muntu noma ukuxhumana okuhloniphekile okungahleliwe, ngoba lokho kungenza noma yiliphi ikhambi likahulumeni likhululeke ukuthatha imvume yokubhala nge-mfektha. Ngaso leso sikhathi, amapulatimende akhululekile ukusebenzisa isahlulelo sawo siqu somhleli, ngokuvumelana namalungelo awo siqu enkululeko. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekuxazululeni isigaba esithile siphikisa imibono ehlonipheyo, kodwa ukuhlola kokuqala kusikisela ukuthi noma isiphi ikhambiso kuhulumeni lingancikeki ngokulandelanisa i-mthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho.

Izinkulumo Nezindlela Ezihlukile Zokuchaza Inkululeko Yokukhuluma

Indlela yokuqalisa yenkululeko yokukhuluma ayikona ukugxeka okuqinile. Izazi zomthetho-sisekelo eziphilayo ziphikisa ngokuthi incazelo yoMthetho-sisekelo kumelwe ishintshele ukuhlangabezana nezimo ezintsha, futhi ukuthi abahleli ngokwabo bahloselwe ukuchaza ngendlela evumelanayo. Baveza ukuthi iSichibiyelo Sokuqala siye sasetshenziselwa ukuvikela izindlela zokukhuluma zabasunguli, njengezithombe ezinyakazayo, iziqopha umsindo, nezimiso zekhompuyutha. Kubantu abaphila ngomthetho ngokomthetho, inzuzo enkulu yenkululeko yokukhuluma ($individid democracy) ne-democracy ewuservernance , hhayi incazelo eqinile yomlando.

Izazi zezokulawula zigxeka ubufandanda bezwe ngenxa yokuqina kakhulu nokungayinaki imiphumela yangempela yezinqumo. Emkhakheni wokucubungula, baphikisa ngokuthi indlela engokomlando kuphela ingavikela inkulumo elimazayo elulaza izinqubo zedemokrasi, njengokujula kwesimiso sobudemokhrasi noma ukungavumelani namagciwane. Bathanda ukuhlolwa okulinganiselayo okuvivinya isithakazelo sikahulumeni ngokumelene nemingcele yokukhuluma, kunokuba kube nokuhluka okungokomlando okungaqondakali.

Enye indlela ingu- umbhalo , owehluka ekugxileni kombhalo wokuqala kodwa awufuni ngempela ukuba incazelo engokomlando ifane neyosuku lwanamuhla. I-Textalistic ibheka incazelo ecacile yamagama aqondwayo namuhla, engahluka kwincazelo yokuqala yomphakathi. Umthetho Scalia, umlobi wemibhalo nombhali wokuqala, ngokuvamile wawagcwalisa amabili, kodwa kamuva amajaji, njengoMahluleli Kagan, uye wamukela umbhalo ovumelanayo ngezinye izikhathi owehluka-status.

Naphezu kwalokhu kuqonda kwakuqala, ukusungula kuhlala kunamandla eMelika ewumbuso. Ukugcizelela kwayo imikhosi yobufakazi obungokomlando yezinkantolo kanye nama-ligigion ukuba ahileleke ngokungathi sína ngenkathi yokusungulwa, ngokuvamile okuveza ukuthi izivikelo zenkululeko yokukhuluma zanamuhla zibanzi kunendlela yokuqala yokuqonda. Ngokwesibonelo, isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme [iSicizen] u - United v. FEC [2010], esaphula imingcele yokusetshenziswa kwezinhlangano zezinhlangano zezinhlangano, sasisekelwe ekufundeni kombhalo wokuqala weSimemezelo sokuqala. Nakuba kuphikiswana, leso sinqumo sibonisa indlela ukuvikela kwenkululeko yokukhuluma ekhululekile ekwakhelweni nakuhlelweni.

Ukuzikhohlisa Ngokomlando Nemingcele Yokukholelwa Ebunsusweni Bemvelo

Enye yezimpicabadala eziphikelela kakhulu zobufundi bokuqala endaweni yokukhuluma ngokukhululekile ukuthi umlando uvame ukuba nomlando odidayo. Isizukulwane esisungulile asivumelananga kakhulu ngobukhulu benkulumo ekhululekile − i-Alien neSedition Acts impikiswano ephambili. Omsuka phambili kumelwe banqume ukuthi yimiphi imithombo engokomlando enelungelo: imibhalo kaJames Madison, izingqiniso ezivamile zomthetho kaWilliam Blackstone, noma imikhuba yombuso. Abasunguli bezokuqala bangafinyelela iziphetho ezihlukene ngencazelo yokuqala yeSichibiyelo Sokuqala, okuholela kulokho abagxeki abakubiza ngokuthi “umbono wesiqalo okhululekileyo noma ohloniphekile.”

Ngokwesibonelo, uMahluleli Thomas, okholelwa ekuqashelweni, uye waphikisa ngokuthi ekuqaleni iSichibiyelo sokuqala samaphephandaba iFree Press Claus sivikele imithombo yezindaba kuphela njengenhlangano, hhayi izikhulumi ezizimele. Lokhu kufunda okuncane kungasho okukhulu kubangenisi nangabacosheli bezindaba abazimele. Izazi eziningi zakuqala ziyawenqaba lowombono, kodwa isibonelo sibonisa ukuthi ukuhlola okungokomlando kungaveza imiphumela ehlukene. Ukuhlaziywa kwendlela yokuhlola indlela yokuqala yokukhuluma, bheka [[[FLT: 0] lesi sihloko se-Harvard Law Review on production nenkululeko yokukhuluma [[FLT]].

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubufundisi kumelwe bumelane nokuhlanganiswa kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala nezifunda. ISichibiyelo seshumi nane seSichibiyelo sagunyazwa ngo-1868, nangemva kokuqonda kokuqala kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Lokho “inkululeko yokukhuluma” okwakusho abahlaziyi beSichibiyelo seshumi Nesine leminyaka kungase kuhluke kuncazelo ye 1791. Abanye abacwaningi baphikisa ngokuthi umongo womlando obalulekile kufanele ube ngu-1868, hhayi 1791. Lokhu kwenza ukuhlaziya kuqhubeke, njengoba isizukulwane se-Civil War sasinokuhlangenwe nakho kwaso kokuhlola phakathi nempi kanye ne-Reconstanton.

Isiphetho: Ithonya Elihlala Njalo Lobufandanda Obungenaziqu Zamehlo Ekukhulumeni Nasekukhulekeleni

Ubufandamentali buzihlela kakhulu izimpikiswano zaseMelika ezimayelana nenkululeko yokukhuluma nokuhlola ngokumisa incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo ekuqondeni okungokomlando. Abasekeli bayo baphikisa ngokuthi lendlela inikeza ukuzinza, ukuvumelana nobukhomba-mthetho, nokwethembeka enqubweni yentando yeningi. Eqinisweni, abahluleli bokuqala bathambekele ekubeni abavikeli abaqinile benkululeko yokukhuluma, ukungaqiniseki kokuhluka okusha okuhlongozwa ama-padsonta noma amaqembu enzalo. Umphumela uyisivikelo esiqinile sempikiswano, ecasulayo, ngisho nenkulumo eyingozi, uma nje ingawelanga eziqekelweni ezincane, eziqanjiwe mlando.

Nokho ukusungula akuyona i-panace. Inkathi yolwembu, nezindawo zayo zokwaziswa eziyinkimbinkimbi kanye namapulatifomu anamandla azimele, ihlola imingcele yezimiso zeshumi nesishiyagalombili. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi indlela engokomlando kuphela ingashiya umphakathi usengozini yokulimaza ukuthi abakhisi bemidanti abangakaze bayicabange, njengokungaqondi kahle kwemiqondo engokwesayensi, okungabangela ukuba ulwelwelo lwezentengiselwano lungakhiphi impilo yomphakathi noma ukuthembeka kokhetho. Abaqondisi bezokuqala baphendula ngokuthi ikhambi lenkulumo embi likhulu, hhayi ukucubungula uhulumeni, nokuthi incazelo yokuqala yeSichimende iyingozi ngokwanele ukuvikela ukudayisa kwemiqondo.

Ekugcineni, impikiswano ngokubaluleka kokuqala nokukhuluma ngokukhululekile iyimpikiswano mayelana nokwakheka koMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo: kuyisivumelwano esimisiwe ukuchazwa ngokwencazelo yawo engokomlando, noma incwadi ephilayo evumelana nezimo ezintsha? Zombili izinhlangothi zinezimpikiswano ezinamandla, futhi izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme zizoqhubeka zibonisa ukucindezeleka phakathi kwezindlela zokuqala nezindlela zobuqali. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe obusha buvela futhi bungaveli ngokwezindinganiso zomphakathi bungaguquguquki, umbuzo wokuthi ubuSulumane buthinta kanjani inkululeko yokukhuluma nokuhlolwa kuyo kuyohlala enhliziyweni yomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. Ukuhlola okukhulu kwenkululeko yokukhuluma esikhathini sanamuhla, [[FLT:]] kuzobona lesi sihloko se-BBC esisemoyeni sokukhuluma ngokukhululekile e-United States[FFF:1].

Okusobala ukuthi ubuqalo buye bamisa izimpikiswano. Ngisho nabaphikisi bayo kumelwe bahlanganyele ezimpikiswaneni ezingokomlando, ukuthi bayavumelana nalendlela noma cha. Inselele eqhubekayo yabo bonke abatoliki − abaqali nabangewona abokuqala ngokufanayo − ukuthola ukulinganisela phakathi kokuhlonipha izibopho zomthetho-sisekelo eziyisisekelo nokusingatha amaqiniso ezwe ahluke kakhulu kuleyo eyaveza iSiphendu Sokuqala. Lokho kulinganisela kuyonquma ikusasa lenkululeko eMelika.