Isingeniso: Intuthuko Ezokwenzeka Enkathini Yezinombolo

I-Gast Procession Claus, efakwe ku-Dated Claus yeSichibiyelo sesihlanu neseshumi nane, iyala ukuba kungabikho muntu ophucwa "ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho." Emakhulwini amabili eminyaka, leli lungiselelo liye lahlala njengesivikelo ekuthatheni isinyathelo sikahulumeni somthetho ozimele. Kodwa ukuguqukela kwezibalo kuye kwaqala imibuzo enzima: Inqubo efanele isebenza kanjani lapho kuqashelwa khona ngesikhathi sangempela? Isivikelo esisekelwe kuhulumeni kumelwe sibe khona ngaphambi kokuba i-imeyili, ukwaziswa, noma ukubheka umlando? Lemibuzo ikhona ekwahlukaneni komthetho womthetho womthetho, ubuchwepheshe, nenkululeko yomphakathi. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela izinkantolo eziye zachaza ngayo uMklamo we-Clayersta nokwaziswa okungokolwazi lwe-teknstrue, ihlola isihluthulelo, nokuhlola ukuvikela komthetho womthetho wesizwe phakathi kwabantu ngabanye.

Inqubo KaClaus Elindelekile: Inqubo Eyisici Esibalulekile Nenqubo

Ukuze uqonde ukuthi inqubo efanele isebenza kanjani ekuqapheni, umuntu kumelwe aqale aqonde imikhawulo yayo emibili. Inqubo efanelekile ifuna ukuba uhulumeni alandele izinqubo ezilungile ngaphambi kokuncisha umuntu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla. Lokhu kuhlanganisa isaziso, ithuba lokuzwakala, nesinqumo somenzi ongathathi hlangothi. inqubo efanelekile efanelekile [[ uhulumeni uvimbela ukuphula amalungelo ayisisekelo esetshenziswayo, ngaphandle kokuba isenzo sibekwe ngokucuthathule ukuze sisebenze isithakazelo esiphoqele. Emthethweni wezekwakhelini, zombili izintambo zibalulekile. Iqoqo lemininingwane yemininingwane yenzuzo ([FLTLT:3]]]) noma inzuzo yolwazi (imvume yokwaziswa) futhi kumelwe kunqume izinqubo ezinikezwa ngokuqondisa inkantolo. noma ukulawulwa okungumthetho.)

Ngokomlando, inqubo efanelekile yokuvikela yavela kanye nezinguquko kwezobuchwepheshe. INkantolo ePhakeme ku- Olstead v. i-United States (1928) ekuqaleni yayikholelwa ukuthi ukuhoxa akukwenzanga uphengululo ngaphansi kweSiphendu sesine ngoba kwakungekhona ukuphambuka okungokomzimba. Isivikelo soMthethwe-mthetho kaBrandeis esidumile kumele sihambisane nokushintsha kwezobuchwepheshe (*) umuzwa ozothonya inqubo efanelekile yokuhlaziya. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, iNkantolo yaqaphela ukuthi ukuqaphana kweSiphenduku-mthetho kungaphula ukuvinjelwa kokungakhohlakaza okungakho okungakho okusekelwe ekuhlolweni okungu-Gene nokwe-Gray Claus Claussce isiqinisekiso sendlela yobulungisa.

Ukwehla Kwemishini: Incazelo Nemisebenzi Engokomthetho

Ukuhlola kwezemishini kuhlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo zemisebenzi: ukushaya izingcingo, ukunqanda izingcingo, ukuhlola i-inthanethi, ukuqoqa imetameter, ukusebenzisa imishini ye-cell-sirete (Izinsika), nokuphatha ukuqoqwa kwemininingwane eminingi ngaphansi kwezinhlelo ezifana naleyo eyavezwa uEdward Snowden. Umthetho uwumsebenzi ocushwe yimithetho, izimemo ze-athonsi, nezinqumo zokwahlulela. [[FL:0] I-Surveillance Act (IFAM)[FUT] ka-1979] yakha inkantolo eyimfihlo (INkanto ye-Fisa) yokuhlola izisulu noma imishini yayo. Futhi, i-US, i-US PAUS [FT] I-A Active [FFOLT], i-odomsworket, izingcingo zocingo ezilandela i-Fodrome.[5] Izivumelwano zocingo:[FFF]

I-Gast Procesme Claus ihlangana nala ma-plocts ngezindlela eziningi. Uma uhulumeni efuna ukusebenzisa ubufakazi obuqashelwe ngokuqashelwa kobugebengu, ummangalelwa kumelwe athole isaziso esilungile sobufakazi kanye nethuba lokubekela inselele ukufaneleka kwaleli lungelo. Emongweni wesizwe, inqubo efanelekile yokuhlela ingabekwa phansi (ukuthi cishe, iNkantolo yeFISA isebenza ngokwehlukana, ngokukhona kuphela. Abagxeki baphikisa lenqubo ngokuphika noma iliphi ithuba lokuphikisa iziqondiso zokuhlola. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yakhuluma ngezinye zezikhalo kodwa yashiya ingasebenzi kaningi.

Iziphambeko ZeNkantolo Ephakeme

  • Katz v. United States (1967): INkantolo yakholelwa ukuthi iSichibiyelo sesine sivikela abantu, hhayi izindawo, nokuthi ukulindela komuntu ukuba imfihlo kunquma ukuthi uphequlo lungenzeka yini. Ukunamathela kukahulumeni wesisetshenziswa sokulalela isakhiwo socingo esimiswe umphakathi esifuna isiqinisekiso. Nakuba icala ngokuyinhloko liyisinqumo seSiphendulo Sesine, ukucabanga kwalo ngamathemba alinganiselwe emfihlolweni yemfihlo kuye kwaba yinhloko yenqubo efanelekile yokuhlola imicimbi. [Phaka[FLT:]] Kat, uhulumeni ngeke uphinde uthi uqaphele noma yisiphi isiphi isilinganiso sobuchwepheshe esizinzisa ubuchwepheshe obuzinzisa umthetho womthetho womthetho.
  • [FLT]Smith v. Maryland [1997]]. Ngokulinganiselwa okukhulu, iNkantolo yanquma ukuthi umuntu akalindele ngokomthetho ukuba wedwa ezinomboloni zocingo zicinezelwe ngoba lezonombolo zidluliselwa ngokuzithandela enkampanini yocingo. Le mfundiso “yesithathu eyingxenye” ivumela uhulumeni ukuba athole ukwaziswa kokubhalisa ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso. Emashumini eminyaka kamuva, ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kwe-metametam-metam-m-m-m-m-mfono-mfono-m' ukuphindela le mfundiso.
  • [FLT] United States v. Jones (202): INkantolo yavumelana ngokuthi ukunamathisela i-GPS umthumeli emotweni esolwayo kuyinto yokuhlola, nakuba amajaji engavumelani ne-prograndh. Umthetho uSotomay wabuza ukufaneleka okuqhubekayo kwemfundiso yesithathu engxenye enkathini lapho abantu besungula khona izilinganiso ezinkulu zemininingwane yezibalo. Ukucabanga kwakhe kuveza inqubo efanele: uma uhulumeni ungaqoqa futhi uhlaziye iminyaka eminingi yemininingwane ngaphandle kwengamelelo yokwahlulela, abantu abancishwa ukulawulwa okunengqondo kokwaziswa kwabo siqu.
  • Amakharethi v. United States (208): Lendaba ephawulekayo yakholelwa ukuthi uhulumeni kumelwe athole isiqinisekiso sokungena ezindaweni ezingokomlando ezisuka kumphathi wentambo. ISikhulu uRoberts, sibhalela iningi, sacabanga ukuthi imfundiso yesithathu yengxenye ayisebenzi “emini ebanzi yokuba khona komuntu ngokoqobo eqoqwe nsuku zonke, njalo ngemizuzu eminingana.” Isinqumo siyinqubo efanelekile yokunqoba: idinga imbangela nesiqinisekiso, iqinisekisa isimo ngaphambi kokuba isimo se-cell phone sekwembula i-mouse.

Inqubo Elindelekile Ekuncipheni Kwezokulondeka Kwesizwe

Nakuba [ ikhuluma nophendlo lwecala inqubo efanele ye-calculus iyahluka kumongo wokuhlakanipha kwezizwe. I-copper v.Amnesty International USA[[[FLT:]] [2020]] I-APT] , iNkantolo Ephakeme yalahla inselele ePhakathi ka-FISA2 ye-FISA (evumela ukuqashelwa okungenasiqinisekiso kwezinhlelo zika-U.S.] Abantu phesheya komhlaba) bashiya izici ezingathinteki kakhulu. Nokho, [[[FLT:] I-INS] Impikiswano yeNkanto Engalambubhiyo (FISCC) [12] ngaphansi kwemikhankambiso ye-Enye.[19] Izelele i-FFUR.[4] Izindlela ezithenjiwe ze-onqanyukelele, kodwa izinquluqu zezeze zezehluko, i-19, uma ingekho, kodwa izinqubo ezihlukene, kodwa iziseke

Izindaba Zomuntu Siqu Nezithakazelo Zempahla

I-Gue Claus Express ivikela ekuncishweni ‘ kwempahla'. Ngesibonelo, [[FLT:] [0] United States v. Imithetho enjenge-General Court ayizange ikhulume ngale mininingwane. [2] Inkantolo ephansi iqaphele ukuthi imininingwane ethile (njengema-email noma amafayela amafu) okugcina amafu ayimpahla. Isibonelo, [[FLT:] United States] v. Imithetho enjenge-FONCES[[[FLY]] [2d CIRC]], inkantolo yakholelwa ukuthi ukugcinwa kukahulumeni kokukopisha kwe-emoto okunzima ngaphaya kwemvume yemvume yokulahla amalungelo empahla. Inqubo ifuna ukuba uhulumeni ubuye noma ulahle imininingwane ethola ukwaziswa. Imithetho enjenge-Compluntelliast C C (iglact) isebenzisa imvume eqondile yomuntu ngamunye, futhi ibonise amalungelo okuthengwa yile. Imvume yokuthola inzuzo yohulumeni, nakuba iveza lelo lungelo lokusebenzisa inter.

Ukuqaphela Nezimfuneko Zokuzwa

Inqubo eyisisekelo yokuvikela ingumthetho ofanele ilungelo lokuqaphela nokulalela phambi kokuba uhulumeni akuphuce isithakazelo esivikelekile. Uma kuqashelwa, isaziso sivame ukungabikho: izisulu aziqapheli ukuthi zigadiwe. Uhulumeni angasebenzisa imishini yokuqapha ukuze athole ubufakazi ngaphandle kokunikeza ithuba lokusola isisekelo sokuqapha kuze kube yilapho inkantolo iqashelwa. INkantolo Ephakeme [FLT] eUnited States v. U.S. iNkantolo yesigodi (icala le-Keyth)[FLT] [FLT] [1272]] ikholelwa ukuthi ngisho nasecaleni kokuvikelwa kwesizwe, ukuqashelwa kwamaqembu emakhaya kudinga ukuba imvume yokwahlulela ngaphambi kokuba inkantolo iqeke. Nokho, iNkantolo yenqaba ukuba kuqashe izisulu, ukucabanga kokuthiwa kokuzinga. Inqubo yokuzimela ye-ovimba kwe-mthetho yesizwe i-consonsong.

Omunye umkhakha yilungelo lokubhekana nobufakazi bokuhlola. United States v. Jones [indaba yeGPS], ukungavumelani kwaphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokuthi imfuneko ye-GPS yokulandelela i-GPS ingabeka imithwalo evimbelayo engokomthetho, kodwa iningi lagcizelela ukuthi imvume iyisivikelo esinconywayo. Inqubo futhi isekela imfuneko yokuba uhulumeni athulule ubufakazi obubonisa ukuthi uhulumeni uyabuveza (]Brady v. Maryland). Ezimweni ezihilela ukuqashelwa, uhulumeni ungadingeka ukuba udale izicelo zokuhlola nanoma imaphi amaphutha enziwayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukwehluleka kukahulumeni ukunikeza inqubo engcono, ezinye izimo ze-paldistion, ukuphikisa, ukuphikisa, ezinye ze-Trestst.

Ukungqubuzana Kwenqubo Elindelekile NeSichibiyelo Sesine

Nakuba iSichibiyelo sesine esinqabela ukuphenya okungacabangeki nokuquleka ngokuvamile kugxile ezimpikiswaneni zokuqapha, i-The Account Procesme Clause inikeza umthombo ozimele wesivikelo. ISichibiyelo sesine sidinga ukuba kuphenyelwe ngokunengqondo − ngokwesizathu esilindelekile nesiqinisekiso. I-Gast Procession Claus, ngakolunye uhlangothi, igxila ekutheni izinqubo ezisetshenziswayo zithola ubufakazi futhi zisebenzise. Ngisho noma ukuphenya kunengqondo ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sesine, kungasephula inqubo efanelekile uma uhulumeni esebenzisa izindlela ezingafanele noma ephuca ithuba elinengqondo lokuzwakala.

Cabangela ukusetshenziswa kwe- National Security Letters [[NSANT:1]]. [1] Ama-ACLU namanye amaqembu asebenza ngemishini angadinga ama-temmaternames afuna ukuba amarekhodi awezobuchwepheshe akhiqize ngaphandle komyalo wenkantolo. Ama-NSL avame ukuza nelungiselelo elingawasiziyo elivimbelayo umthumeli ukuba aveze isidingo. I-CLU kanye namanye amaqembu abeke inselele i-NSSL njengokwephula inqubo efanele ngoba avumela uhulumeni ukuba athole ukwaziswa okuzwela ngaphandle kobuphindiphindisa nokungapheli okuzimele nokwesikhathi eside. [[FL:2] Doe. v.[FLTFL:3] I-CV.[FLT][3] Inkantolo yamukela i-NSGregingssion, kodwa yaphakamisa inqubo ye-Greginglectededed

Ngokufanayo, i- Register kanye [FTL:2] ne-TLT] Trap ne-Trace umthetho udinga kuphela isiqinisekiso sokuthi ukwaziswa kuyavumelana nophendlo oluqhubekayo, okungalinganiyo kakhulu kunesizathu esingalindelekile. Izinkantolo ziye zahlukana ngokuthi lokhu kwanele ngaphansi kweSiphendu sesine seSimemezelo, kodwa inqubo efanele iphakamende ikhushuliwe ukuthi ngenxa yokuthi uhulumeni ungaqoqa iziqu zamathuba ekwahlulele ngaphandle kokwengamele, abantu ngabanye baphucwa imfihlo yabo ngaphandle kwezivikelo ze-procetura. [Ngemuva kwesizathu esivamile.[FLT:]], uhulumeni kumelwe manje uthole indawo yemininingwane yemininingwane, kodwa eminye i-IPMquluell, futhi ngaphansi kwe-eledial.

Izinkinga Zesimiso Nempikiswano Eqhubekayo

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Curreate Process Claus ekuhloleni ngogesi akuyona into ekhona. I-Congress, igatsha eliphethe, nezishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zilungisa imithetho njalo lapho kuthathwa izinqumo zenkantolo nezinguquko zobuchwepheshe. Izindawo eziyinhloko zengxoxo zihlanganisa:

Izimfuneko Ezinhle Zokwaziswa Ngezinombolo

Nge-] Imishini. Izigaba eziningi zidlulise imithetho efuna zonke izimpawu ze-electron, kuhlanganise nokusetshenziswa kwe-dronic ne-lacte. Inqubo esemthethweni isekela izimfuneko ezinjalo: imvume yokuhlola imvume, i-makhalekhukhwini inikeza isaziso sokubukeza okungathathi hlangothi, isaziso (uma sembulwe ngemva kweqiniso), nethuba lokubekela isisekelo isisekelo. [[FOLT:] [2]] Ukuxhumana okungavumelani nokusebenzisa i-alamuni nomthetho we-layisensi (ECP] [FFF] [FFF] [FFF] i-ectivectivects Acts Act [F]] [FFFFFFFoct, [ect; I-Activec.[4] i-'evolustratems transport:[5]

Ukulondeka Kwesizwe Nenkantolo Ye - FISA

Ukuguqulwa kwe-FISA Court bekuyindaba ye-bipartisan. Ezinye iziphakamiso zihlanganisa ukusungula umsekeli womphakathi ukuba aphikisane nezinhlelo zokuhlola (kuvumelane nenqubo efanele yokulalela), idinga ukubonakala kakhulu enkantolo, futhi ilinganise ikhono likahulumeni lokugcina imininingwane e-U.S. abantu. Ngo-2020, i-FISC yamisa iqembu elisha le-amicicuria ukuze inikeze izimpikiswano ezizimele ezingokomthetho ezicatshazweni ezithile, kodwa inqunywe ngokufanele ukuthi le nqubo ayinele. [[FLT:] ] Imvume yokugcina i-US Act[[FLT:] Iqoqo lemimecustom kodwa ezinye izinhlelo, njengesigaba 702, ihlala ingakaqiniwe kakhulu. Inqubo efanelekile yokuziswe ukuthi izisulu azina; [FFA] [FFS proctivement: [Act: [2]] Activementmentation:[23]

Imithetho Yomhlaba Wonke NoMbuso Ithonya

Imiqondo yenqubo ayiyona e-United States kuphela. I- General Data Protection Regation (GDPR) eYurophu ifuna ukuba ukumiswa kwemininingwane kuvunyelwe, kuboniswe futhi kubonakale ngokufaneleyo (inqubo efanelekile). Nakuba i-GDPR esebenza entweni ezizimele, ithonya layo ku-U.S. likhula. I-United States njenge California, Virginia, ne-Coloradodo imise imithetho ebanzi enikeza abathengi amalungelo okwazi ukuthi imniningoni iqoqwe futhi isuswe. Lemithetho ayilawuli ngokuqondile uhulumeni, kodwa ihlela izimfuneko zomphakathi zomuntu siqu. Ukuhlola kungancike kakhulu ebufakazinisweni obubalulekile bezindawo zomphakathi.

Izinselele Zobuchwepheshe Nezesikhathi Esizayo

Ubuchwepheshe obuxubile obufana nobuqambiselayo, ubuhlakani obungalingani nobuso, kanye nokubikezela kwamaphoyisa kuphakamisa izindaba ezintsha ezifanele. Ngokwesibonelo, uma umnyango wamaphoyisa usebenzisa i-algorithm e-Al ukuze ubikezele ukuthi ubugebengu buyokwenzeka kuphi, futhi lokhu kuholela ekuqapheni okwengeziwe ezindaweni ezithile, ingabe izakhamuzi zinenqubo efanele yokubekela inselele ukunemba kwemithetho eqinile? Ngokufanayo, ukusetshenziswa kokuhlola isayensi ye-biothemical ngaphandle kokuqaphelisa kungaveza kokubili amalungelo enqubweni efanelekile. Izinkantolo ziqala nje ukulwa nale mayelana nale nkinga, kodwa inqubo efanele yenqubo ye-"ne `inqumo efanelekile yokungalingani naka ukuvinjelwa kwenkululeko ngokungenangqondo."

Isiphetho: Indima Ehlala Njalo Yenqubo Efanele

I-Gue Active Claus ye-Sault Claus ihlala iyisivikelo esibucayi enkathini yenombolo. Nakuba iSichibiyelo sesine sivame ukuqashelwa ekuqapheni, inqubo efanele iqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nalapho ukuphenya kuvunyelwe, uhulumeni kumelwe alandele izinqubo ezilungile futhi ahloniphe ubulungisa obuyisisekelo. Kusukela ku Katz[ ku [[FLT:]]] ku ] ... [Isibarpreter [[ [iiindlela], iNkawundlu ephezulu] iqaphele ukuthi intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe ayinike isivikelo somthetho womthetho. Nokho, inqubo efanelekile ayiphenduli inqubo yemfundiso yesithathu yesigaba sesithathu se-FISAlluea, nokulingana okufanele phakathi kwe-ose-teccobusweni ye-testbon. Inkantolo, izakhamuzi, nezakhamuzi zezemthetho zasendulo, noma i-R.[2]

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, bheka [[FLT: 0] I-Frectronic Frontier Foundation’s Special , STUSTURlog[ ukuze uhlaziye, kanye [[FLT:] FULT]] FISA u-Reformation Act ka-2023 [H.R. 4070]. Ukunyukela kakhulu enqubeni nasemficini, hlola ingxoxo ye- [[FLT:] uMthetho we-LT]