Table of Contents

IBill of Rights ingenye yezincwadi ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni womthetho-sisekelo waseMelika, esebenza njengesisekelo senkululeko yomuntu ngamunye nesesihlolo esibucayi emandleni kahulumeni. Ishintshwa ngoDecember 15, 1791, lezi zinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi kuMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States zimisa isivikelo esiyisisekelo esichaza ubuhlobo phakathi kwezakhamuzi nohulumeni wazo. Ukuqonda indlela uhulumeni asebenzisa ngayo lamalungelo ukuvikela abantu ngokwembula ukulinganisela okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwegunya nenkululeko ebonakalisa umbuso wentando yeningi waseMelika.

Isisekelo Esingokomlando Sencwadi Yamalungelo Abantu

Abalwa nohulumeni abalwa nohulumeni, besaba uhulumeni onamandla, benqaba ukusekela umthetho-sisekelo ongenawo umthetho-mthetho wamalungelo, belalela uThomas Jefferson owaphikisa ngokuthi "Umthetho wamalungelo yiwo abantu abanelungelo lokumelana nawo wonke uhulumeni emhlabeni". Lomongo ongokomlando ucacisa ukuthi kungani lezisivikelo zazibhekwa njengezibalulekile ezinsukwini zokuqala zesizwe.

Phakathi nenqubo yokudiliza, izifunda ezibucayi zaseMassachusetts, eVirginia, naseNew York zonke ekugcineni zaziwusekele uMthetho-sisekelo (*) kodwa kuphela ngethemba lokuthi isivikelo esicacile samalungelo abantu ngabanye sasizokwenezelwa emthethweni ophakeme kakhulu wezwe. Abakhi baqaphela ukuthi ngaphandle kwalokhu kuqinisekisa okucacile, uhulumeni omusha kahulumeni wawungawasebenzisa kabi amandla awo ngezindlela ezifana neSikhungo sombuso waseBrithani amakoloni ayesanda kulwa ukuphuma.

UJames Madison wabhala lezi zinguquko njengekhambi lokulinganisela amandla kahulumeni nokuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ngoMthetho - sisekelo.

Isivikelo Esiqotho Sokukhululeka Emphakathini

I - Bill of Rights inikeza isivikelo esikhulu senkululeko yomphakathi, okungamalungelo ayisisekelo avikela abantu ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni ezinhlamvwini zabo. Inkululeko yomphakathi ivikela abantu ezinyatheloni zikahulumeni eziphula amalungelo athile ayisisekelo, zakha isimiso esingokomthetho esiqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zingaphila ngokukhululekile ngaphandle kokugxambukela okungadingekile kukahulumeni.

Inkululeko Yokuqalisa Yesichibiyelo: Isisekelo Senhlangano Yentando Yeningi

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivimbela iSishaya - mthetho ekwenzeni imithetho ephathelene nokumiswa kwenkolo; ukunqabela ukusebenzisa inkolo ngenkululeko; noma ukuvimbela inkululeko yokukhuluma, inkululeko yezindaba, inkululeko yokuhlangana, noma ilungelo lokunxusa uhulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo. Lenkululeko emihlanu ehlangene yakha isisekelo sokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi kwaseMelika.

Lenkululeko yonke ifeza injongo eyodwa: ukuvikela ukungavumelani, ukukhuthaza impikiswano, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlangano ezinamandla zibekwa icala, zigcina idemokrasi iphila futhi isebenza. Indima kahulumeni ekuvikeleni lenkululeko idlulela ngalé kwemithetho epholile nje engahambisani nezindawo, idinga ukuqikelelwa kwezisebenzi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zingawasebenzisa lamalungelo ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuziphindiselela.

Inkululeko yokukhuluma ivumela abantu ukuba baveze imibono yabo, bagxeke izimiso zikahulumeni, futhi bahlanganyele enkulumweni yasobala ngaphandle kokucubungula kukahulumeni.ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela inkululeko yokukhuluma, yenkolo, nezindaba, sivumele abantu ukuba baveze imibono yabo ngaphandle kokwesaba isijeziso sikahulumeni.

Inkululeko engokwenkolo ihlanganisa izivikelo ezimbili ezihlukene kodwa ezihlobene. Ivimbela uhulumeni ekudaleni noma ekuthandeni inkolo, iqinisekisa ukuthi ayikho inkolo engokomthetho emisiwe. Ngokungazelele, ivikela amalungelo abantu ukuba basebenzise ukholo lwabo olukhethiwe noma badede kumkhuba ongokwenkolo ngokuphelele, igcina umehluko phakathi kwezinhlangano zenkolo negunya likahulumeni.

Inkululeko yezindaba isebenza njengokuhlolwa okubalulekile embusweni kahulumeni ngokwenza izintatheli nezinhlangano zemithombo yezindaba zihlole, zibike futhi zinyathelise ukwaziswa ngemisebenzi kahulumeni. Lenkululeko iqinisekisa ukuba sobala nokulandisa, ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zenze izinqumo ezinolwazi ngohulumeni wazo nangezikhulu ezikhethiwe.

Ilungelo lokuhlangana ngokuthula livumela izakhamuzi ukuba zihlangane ndawonye zizwakalise ukukhathazeka okuhlanganyelwe, izinqubo zikahulumeni zokubhikisha, noma ukusekela ushintsho lwezenhlalo. Ilungelo lethu lokubuthana ekuvukeleni komphakathi ngokuthula − emaqedweni omphakathi, emibuthanweni yemihlangano, nakweminye imihlangano (inye inkululeko eyisisekelo eqinisekiswe yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala). Lelilungelo liye laba usizo emihlanganweni eminingi yomphakathi kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, kusukela ekuvunyweni kwamalungelo omphakathi kuya ekuhlelweni kwezisebenzi.

Ilungelo lokunxusa uhulumeni linikeza izakhamuzi isimiso esingokomthetho sokufuna ukulungiselwa izikhalo nokucela isenzo sikahulumeni. "Igunya liyilungelo lokucela uhulumeni nganoma iliphi izinga ukuba alungise iphutha noma alungise inkinga", ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zilondoloza izindlela zokuxhumana nabameleli bazo abakhethiwe futhi zingafuna ukulandisa.

ISichibiyelo Sesibili: Ilungelo Lokuphatha Izikhali

ISichibiyelo sesibili sivikela ilungelo lokugcina nokuphatha izikhali. Lesivikelo somthetho-sisekelo siye saba indaba yokuchazwa okubanzi okungokomthetho nempikiswano yomphakathi, ukulinganisela amalungelo abantu nezinkathazo zokuphepha komphakathi. Indima kahulumeni ihilela kokubili ukuvikela lelilungelo nokuqondisa ukusetshenziswa kwalo ngezindlela izinkantolo eziye zabheka izimfuneko zomthetho-mthetho njengezivumelanayo.

Isichibiyelo Sesithathu: Ukuvikelwa Ekuqungeni Amasosha

ISichibiyelo sesithathu sivimbela uhulumeni ukuba uphoqelele amasosha ukuba asebenzise amakhaya awo, ukusabela emithethweni eyanika amasosha aseBrithani ilungelo lokuthatha amakhaya abantu ngaphambi kweMpi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Nakuba kungavamile ukuba kubhenwe ezikhathini zanamuhla, lokhu kulungisa kubonisa ukuzimisela komsunguli ukuvikela impahla yomuntu siqu nemfihlo yasekhaya ekuphazanyisweni amasosha.

Ukuvikelwa Ngokomthetho Namalungelo Enqubo Afanele

Amaphesenti angu-40 eSigqebhezana samalungelo avikela abantu ngabanye phakathi kwesimiso somthetho womthetho womthetho kuhulumeni abaphaphamele, ebonisa ukuqaphela okukhulu kwabakhokhi bemithetho ukuthi amandla kahulumeni angasetshenziswa kanjani kabi ngesimiso sokwahlulela kobugebengu. Lezi zinsika zimisa izimfuneko eziyisisekelo zokulunga uhulumeni okumelwe aziqaphele lapho ehlola ubugebengu, emangalela abamangalelwa, futhi ekhipha izijeziso.

Isichibiyelo Sesine: Ukuvikelwa Ekucwaningeni Nokukhohlisa

ISichibiyelo sesine sivimbela uhulumeni ekufuneni umuntu ngokungenangqondo nasekuphathweni ngempahla yabo. Lesivikelo sidinga ukugcinwa komthetho ukuze uthole izivumelwano ezisekelwe ngokunokwenzeka ezibangelwa yisizathu ngaphambi kokusesha okuningi, siqinisekisa ukuthi amanxusa kahulumeni awakwazi ukuhlasela ngokungenamdlandla izakhamuzi.

ISichibiyelo Sesine sivikela ilungelo lokukhululwa ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni okungenangqondo emakhaya abantu ngemfuneko yemvume.

Uhulumeni uvikela izakhamuzi ngalokhu kulungisa ngokumisa izindinganiso ezicacile zomthetho zokuhlola nokuquleka, ukuqeqesha izikhulu zomthetho ezishaya umthetho ngezimfuneko zomthetho - sisekelo, nokunikeza amakhambi lapho kwephulwa. Izinkantolo zingabukhipha ubufakazi obutholakala ngokuphenya okungavumelani nesimiso somthetho, kwakha isisusa esinamandla sokugcinwa komthetho ukuze zihloniphe iSichibiyelo Sesine.

Isichibiyelo Sesihlanu: Izindlamathela Eziningi Zesivikelo

IsiHlanzi Sesihlanu sinikeza abantu abamangalelwa ngobugebengu izivikelo eziningana, sidala izindlela eziningi zokuvikela uhulumeni ekuxhashazweni kwesimiso sokwahlulela kobugebengu.

Amacala angathi sína obugebengu kumelwe aqaliswe yijaji elikhulu, liqinisekisa ukuthi iqembu lezakhamuzi libukeza ubufakazi ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni aqhubeke ngokumangalela amacala amakhulu.

Isivikelo esiphindwe kabili sikahulumeni sivimbela ukuqunga abantu ngokuphindaphindiwe ngenxa yobugebengu obufanayo, ukuvikela izakhamuzi ekuhlukunyezweni nasekuqinisekiseni ukuqedwa kwecala lobugebengu. Imfuneko elungile yokukhokhela izimali zomuntu ngokusemthethweni iqinisekisa ukuthi uma uhulumeni ethatha impahla ngasese ukuze asetshenziswe umphakathi, abanikazi bempahla bathola inkokhelo efanele.

Abantu banelungelo lokumelana nokuziphikisa futhi abanakuboshwa ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho (izinqubo zokuzilawula nokulingwa). Isivikelo ekuzinqandeni kobudlelwano sivimbela uhulumeni ekubeni uphoqelele abantu ukuba bafakaze ngokumelene nabo, beqaphela ukuthi ukuvuma izono ngempoqo akunakwethenjelwa ngokwemvelo nokuthi abantu akufanele badinge ukuhlanganyela ekushushisweni kwabo siqu.

Izimfuneko ezidingekile ziqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni ulandela izinqubo ezilungile ngaphambi kokuba uncishise noma ubani wokuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla. Lesivikelo esiyisisekelo sidinga ukuqashelwa kwamacala, ithuba lokulalelwa, nokunamathela ezinqubweni ezingokomthetho ezimisiwe, kuvimbele ukuthatha isinyathelo sikahulumeni esiwubushiqela.

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha: Amalungelo Abamangalelwa

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala okulungile nokusheshayo, ikomiti yabahluleli engakhethi nelungelo leseluleko esingokomthetho.

Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo livimbela uhulumeni ekubambeni umshuwalense ngokungenasiphelo, okungashiya abamangalelwa besemagunyeni angokomthetho futhi kukhubaze ikhono labo lokuthola isivikelo esiphumelelayo. Ilungelo lejaji elingakhethi liqinisekisa ukuthi amalungu omphakathi, kunokuba kube izikhulu zikahulumeni kuphela, anqume icala noma ubumsulwa, anikeze ukuhlolwa kwentando yeningi kwamandla abashushisi.

Ilungelo leseluleko somthetho liyaqaphela ukuthi ukuqondisa isimiso somthetho wokwahlulela kudinga ulwazi olukhethekile nokuthi abamangalelwa badinga usizo lochwepheshe ukuze babeke inselele ngokuphumelelayo ukumangalelwa kukahulumeni. Uhulumeni uvikela lelilungelo ngokunikeza abamangalelwa bomphakathi abangenamandla okukhokhela abameli bomuntu siqu, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isimo sezomnotho asinqumi izinga lokuzivikela komuntu.

ISichibiyelo Sesikhombisa: Amalungelo Okuqulwa Kwamacala Omphakathi

ISichibiyelo Sesikhombisa silondoloza ilungelo lokuqulwa kwamacala ejaji kwezinye izindaba zomphakathi, sidlulisa isivikelo samacala abahluleli ngaphandle kwezindaba zobugebengu. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zingaba nezimpikiswano zazo nohulumeni noma namanye amaqembu anqunywe ontanga yazo kunokuba zinqunywe kuphela abahluleli abamiswe uhulumeni.

Isichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili: Ukuvikelwa Esijezisweni Esidlulele

ISichibiyelo sesishiyagalombili sivimbela isijeziso eseqile, sinqabela izijeziso ezinonya nezingajwayelekile kanye nebheyili ephakeme nenhlawulo. Lokhu kuvikela kulinganisela amandla kahulumeni okubeka izijeziso ezingenakulinganiswa futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi isijeziso sihlala singaphansi kwemingcele yesithunzi somuntu futhi silingana necala elenziwa.

Uhulumeni usebenzisa lesivikelo ngokuhlola imisho yokwahlulela, ukumisa iziqondiso zokugweba, nokuqondisa izinqumo zesijeziso. Izinkantolo zihlola ukuthi isijeziso sihambisana yini nobugebengu futhi sihambisana nezindinganiso ezihloniphekile zokuhlonipheka, zivimbela uhulumeni ukuba angajezi izijeziso eziwubuqaba noma ezeqisayo.

Ukulinganiselwa Okungokwezakhiwo Kumandla Kahulumeni

Ngaphandle kokuvikela amalungelo akhethekile, iBhili of Rights imisa imingcele yokwakha ecindezela igunya likahulumeni futhi ilondoloze inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalolunye: Amalungelo Angenacala

I-Bill of Rights isho ukuthi "uphawu oluseMthethweni" lwamalungelo athile akumelwe luthathwe njengokuphikwa noma ukudelela abanye abagcinwe abantu. ISichibiyelo seNinth siyaqaphela ukuthi uhlu lwamalungelo athile eMthethweni awusho ukuthi lawo amalungelo okuphela akhona noma afanelwe isivikelo.

Lokhu kulungisa kuvimbela uhulumeni ukuba aphikise ngokuthi ngenxa yokuthi ilungelo alishiwo ngokuqondile eMthethweni, alikho noma alikho isivikelo. Liyavuma ukuthi amalungelo abantu abanzi kunanoma iyiphi incwadi engawabala ngokugcwele nokuthi abantu balondoloza amalungelo angaphezu kwalawo asohlwini oluqondile.

Isichibiyelo Seshumi: Amandla Agciniwe

Lenguquko igcina yonke imibuso engaphathiswanga abantu noma i - United States.

Lesivikelo sokwakha sivimbela uhulumeni kahulumeni ukuba asho igunya elingenamkhawulo futhi silondoloza isimiso sobukhosi obuhlukene obunikeza ezinye izisivikelo zenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Ngokususa amandla phakathi kwamazinga amaningi kahulumeni, iSichibiyelo seshumi siveza okunye ukuhlola ngokumelene nobushiqela futhi siqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni uhlala useduze nabantu abakhonzayo.

Imfundiso Yokuvumelana: Ukunikeza Ohulumeni Bombuso Isivikelo

Ekuqaleni, iBhill of Rights yasebenza kuhulumeni kahulumeni kuphela, ilinganisela ithonya layo eliqondile ezinyathelweni zikahulumeni nendawo. Isivikelo sasihloselwe ukulinganisela uhulumeni kahulumeni, kodwa ngo-1868 isiqinisekiso seshumi elinesine sokubuyiselwa kwe-intshi sesiqinisekiso sokuthi akukho zwe elingancisha izakhamuzi zalo isivikelo ku-Bill of Rights lombono wokuqala waqala ukunwetshwa.

Phakathi nekhulu lamashumi amabili namashumi amabili nakuqala, umthetho - sisekelo weNkantolo wagxila ekutheni iSichibiyelo seSikhawu seshumi nane sika Clause sivikela kanjani amalungelo athile ayisisekelo omthetho-sisekelo atholakala eBill of Rights ekungeneni kukahulumeni, ekugcineni ehlanganisa wonke amalungiselelo eBill of Rights kanye nezivikelo ezimbalwa ezisele zingahlanganisiwe.

Lenqubo yokuhlanganisa yandisa ngokuphawulekayo ukufinyelela kwe-Bill of Rights, iqinisekisa ukuthi lowombuso nohulumeni bendawo kumelwe bawahloniphe amalungelo ayisisekelo afanayo abopha uhulumeni. Ngale ntuthuko, isibopho sikahulumeni sokuvikela amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo sinwetshwa kuwo wonke amazinga okubusa kwaseMelika, sidala isivikelo esibanzi senkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.

Uhulumeni Uphoqelela Imishini

Uhulumeni uvikela iBhili of Rights ngezindlela eziningi zokuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho usebenza.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela Nencazelo Yomthetho - sisekelo

Ngo - 1803, kwamiswa isimiso sokuthi iNkantolo Ephakeme yayinamandla okuqeda izenzo zoMkhandlu ezaziphula uMthetho - sisekelo. Lamandla okwahlulela enza ukuba izinkantolo ziqede izenzo zikahulumeni eziphula amalungelo omthetho, zinikeze isixwayiso esibalulekile ngokuphathelene nemithetho yezomthetho kanye nezisulu zezikhulu.

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni nezinkantolo zikahulumeni zisebenza njengezindawo lapho abantu bengabekela khona inselele izenzo zikahulumeni okuthiwa ziphula amalungelo azo angokomthetho.

Lapho izinkantolo zithola ukwephulwa komthetho - sisekelo, zingayala amakhambi ahlukahlukene kuhlanganise nemithetho evimbela ukwephulwa kwemithetho esikhathini esizayo, ukukhishwa kobufakazi, ukulimala kwemali, nezinqumo ezihlazisayo ezimisa amalungelo. La makhambi anikeza usizo olunengqondo ezakhamuzi ezimalungelo azo aye ephulwa futhi avimbela ukuziphatha okubi kwesikhathi esizayo kukahulumeni.

Ukusetshenziswa Komthetho

Izishaya-mthetho nezishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni zimisa imithetho emisa imithetho evikelayo futhi iqinise i-Bill of Rights. Lemithetho yakha izinqubo ezithile zokumisa amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo, ukumisa izinqubo zikahulumeni ezifaka isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo, nokunikeza ezinye izivikelo ezingaphezulu kwezingalingani.

Ngokwesibonelo, iSishaya - mthetho siye samisa imithetho evumela abantu ukuba bamangale izikhulu zikahulumeni eziphula amalungelo azo omthetho - sisekelo, zakha izisusa zemali zokuvumelana nezimfuneko zomthetho - sisekelo.

Ukubambisana Nokuqeqesha Kwegatsha Eliphethe Isigaba Esiphansi

Izinhlangano zamagatsha eziphethe kuhulumeni, kuhulumeni, nakuleyo ndawo zisebenzisa izimiso nezinhlelo zokuqeqesha eziklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izisebenzi zikahulumeni ziyaziqonda futhi zivumelana nezimfuneko zomthetho - sisekelo.

Abameli bakahulumeni babukeza izenzo ezihlongozwayo zokuthobela umthetho, beluleka izikhulu ngendlela yokufinyelela izinjongo ezingokomthetho zikahulumeni kuyilapho zihlonipha amalungelo abantu.

Izinhlelo ezisebenzayo: Indlela amalungelo avikela ngayo izakhamuzi Nsuku zonke

I - Bill of Rights ivikela izakhamuzi ezimweni eziningi zansuku zonke, ngokuvamile ngezindlela ezingaqashelwa kuze kube yilapho amalungelo esongelwa noma ephulwa.

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma Enkulumweni Yeningi

Izakhamuzi zivame ukusebenzisa amalungelo eSichibiyelo Sokuqala ngokugxeka izimiso zikahulumeni, ukubhikisha, ukusakaza imibono kuyi - Internet, nokuhlanganyela ekubuseni kwezombangazwe. izikhungo zikahulumeni nezikhulu zikahulumeni zenqatshelwe ukuqondisa noma ukuvimbela inkulumo noma okunye ukukhulumela okusekelwe ekuquketheni noma embonweni wayo, nokugxeka uhulumeni, ukunganeliseki kwezombangazwe, nokungavumelani nemibono engathandeki abantu abangase bayithole ingathandeki noma imelene nesimiso somphakathi, cishe kuvikelwa ngaso sonke isikhathi yiSimemezelo Sokuqala.

Lesivikelo senza impikiswano eshubile yezombangazwe ikwazi ukuxazululwa, izakhamuzi zivumela ukuba zibone ukuthi izikhulu zikhethiwe zinecala, futhi zenza kube lula ngezinhlangano zomphakathi ezifuna inguquko kahulumeni ngaphandle kwezivikelo zokuQothulela Umbuso, izikhulu zikahulumeni zazingathulisa abagxeki futhi zicindezele ukuphikisa, ngokuyisisekelo zilulaza ukubusa kwentando yeningi.

Umkhuba Wenkolo Nenkolelo

Imithetho yeSichibiyelo sokuqala yenkolo ivikela amalungelo abantu okukhulekela ngokwezinkolelo zabo, igcina izinhlangano zenkolo zizimele ngaphansi kombuso, futhi yenqabe ukuhlanganyela emisebenzini engokwenkolo. Uhulumeni ngeke aphoqelele ukugujwa kwenkolo eyodwa, ukukhetha inkolo eyodwa ngaphezu kwenye, noma umkhuba onzima kakhulu ongokwenkolo ngaphandle kokuzithethelela.

Lezi sivikelo ziqinisekisa ukuthi inkolo ihlanganisa abantu abaningi futhi zivimbela uhulumeni ukuba asebenzise amandla awo ekuthuthukiseni noma ekucindezeleni imibono ethile engokwenkolo.

Ukuba Wedwa Nokulondeka Emakhaya Nemiphumela Yomuntu Siqu

Izimiso zokuqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zingagcina isikhathi sokuba zizimele emakhaya azo, ezintweni zazo siqu, nokuxhumana ngaphandle kokugxambukela kukahulumeni.

Lesivikelo sidlulela nasebuchwephesheni banamuhla, lapho izinkantolo ziphikisana nendlela izimiso zesine zesiMini seSichibiyelo ezisebenza ngayo ekuxhumaneni ngemishini, ekulandeleni indawo, nakwezinye izinto ezikhathaza abantu abayimfihlo zamanje. Isimiso esiyisisekelo siyaqhubeka sokuthi uhulumeni kumelwe athethelele ukugxambukela ezindaweni zangasese futhi akanakuphatha ukuqapha kwenetha ngaphandle kokusolana.

Ukwelashwa Okufanele Ngobulungisa Bobugebengu

Lapho abantu bebhekene namacala obugebengu, iSivikelo samalungelo abantu siqinisekisa ukuthi impatho elungile ikhona. Abalweli bathola isaziso samacala, ukunikezwa iseluleko somthetho, amathuba okubhekana nofakazi, nokuqulwa kwecala phambi kwenkantolo engakhethi.

Zizonke, lezi zinguquko ezine ziyisisekelo sesimiso sokwahlulela esilungile nesilungile sobugebengu, qhazo eliphatha abamangalelwa njengabangenacala kuze kube yilapho bethola icala futhi belinganisela ikhono likahulumeni lokunyathela amalungelo abantu ngabanye. Lezi zikhungo ziyaqaphela ukuthi ukwahlulela okungalungi kuhilela amandla amakhulu kahulumeni phezu kwabantu futhi kudinga izigwebo zezemibukiso ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuxhashazwa.

Izinselele Zangesikhathi Esidlule Nezivikelo Ezitholakalayo

IBhili of Rights iyaqhubeka iguquka njengezinkantolo, izishaya-mthetho zomthetho, nomphakathi uzama ukusebenzisa izimiso zeshumi elinesishiyagalombili neshumi elinesishiyagalombili ezinkingeni zokuqala. Ubuchwepheshe obusha, ukushintsha kwezimo zezenhlalo, nokusongela okuvelayo kudinga ukuchazwa okuqhubekayo kwendlela isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo esisebenza ngayo ezimweni zanamuhla.

Ukuzihlukanisa Kwabantu Ngezinombolo Nezilinganiso

Ubuchwepheshe banamuhla bokuqapha buletha izinselele ezinkulu ezivikelweni zeSichibiyelo sesine. Izinhlangano zeFederal ziye zagunyaza izinhlelo zokuqapha ezigunyazwe ukuba zisetshenziswe kuphikisani nakwamanye amazwe nezinhloli ukuba esikhundleni sazo ziqoqe ukwaziswa ngomkhankaso wobuPresidenti, amalungu eSishaya - mthetho, nangezakhamuzi eziningi zaseMelika ezivamile, nangokuvumela lolu hlobo lokuqapha okukhulu ngaphandle kokusola okungasolwa, lezi zikhungo ziphula isivikelo seSichibiyelo Sesine.

Izinkantolo nabenzi bezimiso bayaqhubeka bephikisana ngendlela yokulinganisela izidingo zokulondeka ezingokomthetho nesivikelo somthetho - sisekelo sezindaba eziyimfihlo esikhathini sokuxhumana ngezinombolo, ukuqoqwa kokwaziswa, namakhono ayinkimbinkimbi okuhlola.

Ukukhuluma Ngokukhululeka Ezindaweni Eziningi Ezizinombolo

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela izakhamuzi ekucushweni kukahulumeni, kodwa asisebenzi kubadlali abazimele njengabaqashi noma ezinkampanini zezokuxhumana, okusho ukuthi inkampani yomuntu siqu ingadubula isisebenzi ngokomthetho ngenxa yenkulumo yaso, umphumela ongeke uvunyelwe ukube umqashi ube uhulumeni.

Nokho, lapho izikhulu zikahulumeni zicindezela iziteshi ezizimele ukuba zihlole okuqukethwe yikho, kuphakama ukukhathazeka okungathi sína komthetho - sisekelo. umehluko phakathi kwezinqubo zobucukubhelu ezizimele nokuhloliswa kukahulumeni uyafiphala lapho uhulumeni ethonya izinqumo ezikuqukethe zomuntu siqu zokulinganisela, okungase kugweme iSichibiyelo Sokuqala.

Ukulinganisela Ukulondeka Nenkululeko

Izikhulu zikahulumeni kumelwe zivikele ukuphepha komphakathi kuyilapho zihlonipha ukuvinjelwa komthetho - sisekelo ezikuphethe. Lokhu kulinganisela kuyinselele ikakhulukazi emongweni ohilela ubuphekula, izimo eziphuthumayo zempilo yomphakathi, nezinye izimo lapho uhulumeni engase athi unamandla akhuphukile.

I - Bill of Rights ifuna ukuba ngisho nasezimweni eziphuthumayo, uhulumeni ahloniphe amalungelo ayisisekelo futhi angakwazi ukuzibeka ngokomthetho. izinkantolo zisebenza njengeziqaphi ezibaluleke kakhulu lapho kucatshangwa ukuthi izenzo zikahulumeni zidlula imingcele engokomthetho, ziqinisekisa ukuthi izinyathelo zesikhashana aziyinciphisi ngokuphelele inkululeko.

Indima Yomphakathi Wokuvikela Amalungelo Omphakathi

Kwakuyi-American Civil Liberties Union, i-NAACP, nezinyunyana zezisebenzi ezaqala ukubekela inselele ukuphulwa komthetho-sisekelo enkantolo ngenxa yalabo ababengenakho ngaphambili, zinikeza isibindi sokwenza isimiso somthetho-sisekelo nomsebenzi we-Bill of Rights. Izinhlangano zomphakathi zifeza izindima ezibaluleke kakhulu ekuvikeleni amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo ngokuletha ukubekwa kwemithetho esemthethweni, ngokufundisa umphakathi, nokusekela izimiso ezihlonipha inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.

Ngokunikeza iziphakamiso ezingokomthetho, lezi zinhlangano zisebenza njengezisebenzi eziqapheyo, ziqondisa izenzo zikahulumeni ngokuphulwa komthetho - sisekelo futhi zinikeza abantu amalungelo abo aphulwe umthetho.

Ukuqapha komphakathi nokuthembisana isibopho kubalulekile ukuze kugcinwe isivikelo somthetho - sisekelo. Uma izakhamuzi ziqonda amalungelo azo futhi zifuna ukuba uhulumeni azihloniphe ngemingcele engokomthetho, zibangela ukucindezela kwezombangazwe okuqinisa isivikelo esingokomthetho.

Ukulinganiselwa Nezinto Ezingasetshenziswa Encwadini Yamalungelo Abantu

Nakuba iBhill of Rights inikeza isivikelo esiqinile, lezi zinkantolo ziye zaqaphela ukulinganiselwa okuthile nokungalingani lapho izithakazelo zikahulumeni zithethelela khona imingcele engokomthetho. Ukuqonda lokhu kulinganiselwa kubalulekile ekuqondeni isilinganiso esigcwele sesivikelo somthetho - sisekelo.

Izinkulumo Eziwuphawu Ezingafani Nenkululeko Yokukhuluma

Yileyo nkulumo eboniswa ingeyokukhuluma okuncane kuphela engavikelwe yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala, kuhlanganise nezithombe ezingcolile zobulili zabantwana, inkulumo ehlambalazayo, ukukhangisa okungamanga, izinsongo zangempela, namazwi okulwa.

Nokho, lemikhakha ichazwa kancane, futhi uhulumeni unomthwalo wokubonisa ukuthi inkulumo iphakathi kwesigaba esingavikelekile.Izinkantolo zihlolisisa ngokucophelela imizamo kahulumeni yokuvimbela ukukhuluma, ziqinisekisa ukuthi abantu abavamile abawutholi umthetho wesivikelo.

Imithetho Enengqondo Yamalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo

Uhulumeni ungabekela imingcele enengqondo yesikhathi, indawo, nendlela yokukhuluma nemihlangano, uma lemingcele ingagcwele ukungeneliseki, ifeza izithakazelo zikahulumeni eziphawulekayo, futhi ishiya ezinye izindlela zokuxhumana zivulekile. Ngokwesibonelo, uhulumeni angafuna imvume yokufaka imvume enkulu ukuze kuvuleke ukuqondisa izimoto nokuphepha komphakathi, kodwa akanakuziphika imvume esekelwe esigijimini ababhikishi abafuna ukusidlulisela.

Ngokufanayo, nakuba iSichibiyelo Sesine sivimbela ukuphenyiswa okungenangqondo, siyakuvumela okunengqondo.Izinkantolo zihlola ukucabangela kokuhlola ngokulinganisela izithakazelo zikahulumeni ngokumelene nokuphazamisa komuntu siqu, ziqaphela ukuthi okunye ukusesha kufeza izinjongo ezibalulekile futhi kuhilela ukuhlaselwa okuncane kwezindaba zomuntu siqu.

Izinselele Zobunye Nezokuphoqelelwa

Ngisho nalapho kuvela ukwephulwa komthetho - sisekelo, ukuphoqelelwa kwemithetho kungenziwa kube nzima ngezimfundiso ezinjengokugonywa kwesimiso sokuzivikela, ezivikela izikhulu zikahulumeni ukuba zingabi nacala ngaphandle kokuba zeqe amalungelo amisiwe ngokucacile.

Izimpikiswano ziyaqhubeka ngokuthi ingabe ukufaneleka kokuzivikela komzimba kuvumelanisa ngokufanelekile yini ukufaneleka kukahulumeni nesivikelo samalungelo abantu ngabanye, njengoba abagxeki bephikisa ngokuthi kunikeza isivikelo eseqile ekuziphatheni okubi okungokomthetho futhi abavikeli abakwenzayo bavimbela ukungathi sína kwezikhulu ezenza izinqumo ezinzima.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Emfundo

Abafundi abawachithi amalungelo abo omthetho-sisekelo esangweni lesikole, futhi iSichibiyelo sokuqala sivikela ikhono labo lokuveza imibono, ngisho nasezindabeni eziphikisanayo. Nokho, izikole zingabeka imingcele enengqondo enkulumweni yabafundi ephazamisa kakhulu imisebenzi yemfundo noma iphule amalungelo abanye.

Lokhu kulinganisela kuyavuma ukuthi izikole zifeza imisebenzi ebalulekile yemfundo engase ithethelele ukulinganiselwa okuthile kwamalungelo abafundi, kuyilapho ziqinisekisa ukuthi balondoloza izivikelo eziyisisekelo zomthetho - sisekelo. Izinkantolo ziye zasungula izimfundiso eziqondile ezilawula inkulumo yabafundi, ukuphenya kwesikole, nokubonakaliswa kwenkolo ezimisweni zemfundo, zakha umthetho okhethekile osebenza ngoBill of Rights endaweni eyingqayizivele yesikole.

Imibono Yomhlaba Wonke Nendawo Eqhathaniswayo

I - American Bill of Rights iye yathonya intuthuko engokomthetho - sisekelo emhlabeni wonke, izizwe eziningi ezamukela isivikelo esifanayo samalungelo ayisisekelo.

Ukuhlola indlela amanye amalungelo entando yeningi angawavikela ngayo amalungelo entando yeningi enikeza imibono eyigugu emthethweni - sisekelo waseMelika, eqokomisa kokubili amandla nobuthakathaka obungase bube khona bezinqubo ezihlukahlukene. Ezinye izizwe zinikeza amalungelo ezenhlalo nangokwezomnotho amakhulu ngokwengeziwe, kuyilapho ezinye zinikeza uhulumeni igunya elikhulu lokuvimbela inkulumo noma ukuziphatha okuhlolwa egameni lokuphepha komphakathi.

Le mibono eqhathaniswa isikhumbuza ukuthi amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo abonisa ukukhetha ngezindinganiso nezinto eziza kuqala, nokuthi ukuvikela inkululeko kudinga ukuzibophezela nokuqapha okuqhubekayo kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umthetho - sisekelo uhlelwe kanjani.

Ikusasa Lezincwadi Zokuzivikela Kwamalungelo Abantu

Njengoba umphakathi waseMelika uqhubeka uxazulula, iBhill of Rights izobhekana nezinselele ezintsha futhi idinge izincazelo ezintsha. Ukuhlanganisa ubuchwepheshe, ukushintsha kwezimiso zomphakathi, kanye nemibuso kahulumeni emisha izohlola ukuthi amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo weshumi nesishiyagalombili angavikela izakhamuzi ezingamashumi amabili-phambili.

Ukuhlakanipha okuklanywe ngobuchwepheshe, ukuqapha izakhi zofuzo, nezinye intuthuko zobuchwepheshe kuphakamisa imibuzo yokuthi izivikelo ezingokwesiko zomthetho - sisekelo kumelwe zisebenze kanjani. Izinkantolo, izishaya - mthetho nezakhamuzi kumelwe zilwe nalezi zinselele, zinqume ukuthi zingawalondoloza kanjani amalungelo ayisisekelo uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi abenzi be - computer abasuke becabangani.

Amandla ahlala njalo eBill of Rights awakho ekunikezeni izimpendulo eziqondile kuyo yonke imibuzo, kodwa ekumiseni izimiso eziyisisekelo ezingaqondisa ukwenza izinqumo ezibhekene nezimo ezishintshayo. Izimiso ezifana nokufuna imibandela kahulumeni elawula amalungelo, ukunikeza imingcele elungile, nokuvikela umuntu ngamunye ukuba azimele kuhlale kusebenza njengoba nje izicelo zakhe zizenzakalela.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Yezakhamuzi Ekulondolozeni Isivikelo Somthetho - sisekelo

Nakuba uhulumeni enezibopho zokuhlonipha nokuvikela iZiqinisekiso Zamalungelo KaBill, izakhamuzi futhi zinomthwalo wemfanelo wokulondoloza lezisivikelo.

Izakhamuzi zingavikela amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo ngokuhlala zinolwazi ngezenzo zikahulumeni, zisekele izinhlangano ezivikela inkululeko yomphakathi, zivote izikhulu ezihlonipha imingcele engokomthetho, futhi zikhulume ngokumelene nokuphulwa komthetho.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukungakhathaleli komphakathi noma ukuzimisela ukudela amalungelo abanye ngenxa yokufuna ukulondeka noma ukuvuselelwa kungabangela ukuguguleka komthetho-sisekelo. Umlando ubonisa ukuthi amalungelo asengozini kakhulu uma izakhamuzi zihluleka ukuwavikela, ikakhulukazi lapho ukuphula umthetho kuhlasela amaqenjana angathandwa noma kuhilela izikhalo zokufuna ukuphuthuma.

Isiphetho: Ifa Eliphilayo Lesiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu

Lezinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi kuMthetho-sisekelo zimi kokubili njengophawu nesisekelo semibono yaseMelika yenkululeko yomuntu siqu, uhulumeni olinganiselwe, nokubusa komthetho. ISigqi Samalungelo Abantu simelela isibopho esiyisisekelo sokuvikela isithunzi somuntu siqu nokuzimela ngokumelene nobuqili bukahulumeni, simisa izimiso eziqhubeka zibumba umthetho waseMelika nomphakathi ngemva kwamakhulu amabili eminyaka.

Uhulumeni uvikela izakhamuzi ngeBhill of Rights ngokumisa imingcele ecacile egunyazweni elingokomthetho, ngokunikeza izinqubo zokuphula umthetho okubekela inselele, futhi enze uhlelo olungokomthetho olubeka inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye enqunyiwe. Lezisivikelo zisebenza ngokumisa umthetho, ukumiswa kwemithetho, ukugunyazwa kweziphathimandla, nokubopha izakhamuzi, kwakha isimiso esibanzi sokuvikela amalungelo ayisisekelo.

Ukuqonda indlela uhulumeni asebenzisa ngayo iBill of Rights ukuze avikele izakhamuzi kudinga ukuqaphela kokubili amandla encwadi nokulinganiselwa kwayo. Isivikelo soMthetho-sisekelo sinamandla kodwa asidingi ukuzibulala okuqhubekayo, ukuphoqelela nokuvikela. IBhili lamaLungelo linikeza amathuluzi okuvikela inkululeko, kodwa izakhamuzi nezikhulu kumelwe ziwasebenzise ngokuphumelelayo ukuze zilondoloze inkululeko.

Njengoba kuvela izinselele ezintsha futhi umphakathi ushintsha, iBhili Lamalungelo liyoqhubeka lisebenza njengesisekelo sezimpikiswano eziphathelene nobuhlobo obufanele phakathi kwabantu nohulumeni.

Kulabo abafuna ukuqonda amalungelo abo omthetho-sisekelo ngokujule ngokwengeziwe, imithombo enjenge inikeza izinqolobane zesizwe zemfundo kanye nokwaziswa kwamanje ngezindaba zomthetho-sisekelo. Umthetho-sisekelo wesizwe , kanye [ inikeza imithombo ebanzi yabafundi neyabafundisi, kuyilapho i-Anvolutionstion [FFOLT:]] esemthethweni.

IBill of Rights ihlala iyincwadi ephilayo, echazwa futhi isetshenziswa njalo ukuze ivikele izakhamuzi ezweni elihlala likhona. Isivikelo sayo sinamandla kuphela njengesibopho sezikhulu zikahulumeni sokuzihlonipha kanye nezakhamuzi zokuzivikela. Ngokuqonda lamalungelo nokufuna isivikelo sazo, amaMelika angaqinisekisa ukuthi iBill of Rights iyaqhubeka igcwalisa injongo yayo ebalulekile: ukulinganisela amandla kahulumeni nokulondoloza inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.