Table of Contents
UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States usebenza njengomthetho ophakeme wezwe, kodwa awulona inqubo eguquguqukayo. Ngenqubo yokulungisa echazwe eSigabeni V, uMthetho-sisekelo uye washintsha ukuze uhlangabezane nezidingo ezishintshayo zomphakathi waseMelika. Njengoba uMthetho-sisekelo wagunyazwa ngo-1788, le ncwadi iye yaguqulwa izikhathi ezingamashumi amabili nayisikhombisa. Nokho, ukubuyiselwa kokulungisa kuyisiqalo sohambo lwawo lwamaMelika ansuku zonke. Uhulumeni usebenzisa umthetho-sisekelo ulungisa izinguquko ngesimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi somthetho, sokuphatha, nezimiso zokwahlulela eziguqula izimiso zomthetho zezeze zisebenze ezisebenzayo ezigidini zezakhamuzi.
Ukuqonda indlela ukulungisa komthetho-sisekelo okushintsha ngayo umbhalo ogunyaziwe ukuze kuphile okuhlangenwe nakho kudinga ukuhlola imishini eyinkimbinkimbi yohulumeni bezwe nesifundazwe, indima yezinkantolo ekuchazeni ulimi olungokomthetho, nezinhlangano zokuphatha ezakha imithetho yokuphoqelela iziqondiso zomthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kusetshenziswa kwenqubo kuqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo ayisisekelo nezinguquko zokwakha ezihlanganisiwe ekulungiseni komthetho-mthetho zingaphezulu kakhulu kwamagama asemaphepheni agcina ekhona kanye nezibopho ezilawula ukuphila kwansuku zonke kwawo wonke amaMelika.
Inqubo Yesichibiyelo Somthetho - sisekelo: Ukusuka Ekutheni Kube Yisicefe
Ngaphambi kokuhlolwa indlela yokulungisa okusetshenziswa ngayo, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi ziba kanjani ingxenye yoMthetho-sisekelo. Inqubo yokulungisa inzima kakhulu futhi idla isikhathi: Ukulungisa okuhlongozwayo kumelwe kudluliswe ngama-35 azo zombili izindlu zoMkhandlu, bese kugunyazwa izishaya-mthetho ezintathu zezifundazwe. Le nqubo eyinselele efunayo iqinisekisa ukuthi ukuncitshiswa kuphela nokuvumelana kwesizwe okubanzi kuba yingxenye yomthetho wethu oyisisekelo.
Isaziso Senhlangano Nesizwe
I-Congress iveza ushintsho oluyisinqumo esihlanganyelwe. Njengoba uMongameli engenayo indima eMthethweni enqubweni yokulungisa, isinqumo esihlangene asiyi eWhite House ukuze sisayinwe noma sivunyelwe. Lesi sici esiyingqayizivele sihlukanisa ushintsho lomthetho-sisekelo nomthetho-mthetho ovamile futhi sigcizelela uhlobo olukhethekile loshintsho lomthetho-sisekelo.
Idokhumende lokuqala lithunyelwe ngqo e-Hhovisini le-NARA's of the Federal Register (OFR) ukuze liqhubeke futhi likhishwe. I-ODR yenezela umlando wemithetho eqophisweni lesinqumo futhi ikhiphe i-proftware ehlelweni lomthetho oshintshwayo. Ngemva kwalencwadi, umsunguli we-chroist ugunyaza izifundazwe ngokomthetho, ngohlamvu olubhaliwe kuMbusi ngamunye, ukuthi ukulungiselwa kuhlongoziwe. Umbusi ngamunye ube ufaka umthetho wokubuyiselwa kwesishaya - mthetho (noma umhlangano wezwe).
Ukukhishwa Kwezwe Nesiqinisekiso
Isigaba sokuhlanganisa simelela inqubo ebucayi lapho ohulumeni bezwe besebenzisa khona indima yabo engokomthetho-mthetho enqubweni yokulungisa. Ukulungisa kuba yingxenye esebenzayo yoMthetho-sisekelo lapho ugunyazwa inani elidingekayo lezifundakazi, kunokuba kuqinisekiswe usuku olulandelayo lapho ukufakwa kwazo kufakazelwa. Asikho esinye isenzo esithathwa yiSishaya-Mkhandlu noma yinoma ubani odingekayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukulungisa umthetho kuqala ngokushesha lapho kufinyelela emnyango wesithathu, ngisho nangaphambi kwe-crective esemthethweni.
Lapho uthola inani elidingekile lezindawo ezilahliwe zikahulumeni, kuwumsebenzi wombhishobhi ukunikeza isitifiketi esimemezela ukulungisiswa okuthile okugunyazwe ngokusemthethweni kanye nengxenye yoMthetho-sisekelo. Ukulungisa kanye nesitifiketi saso sokulungisa kukhishwa khona-ke kuyi-Federal Register and United States Minimenttes eKhulu. Lokhu kusebenza njengesaziso esingokomthetho eMkhandlwini nasezweni okuye kwaqedwa ngokuphumelelayo inqubo yokuqhaqhathazelisa i-Xoka.
Isimiso Esingokomthetho Sokuthotshelwa Kwemisebenzi
Uma nje ukulungiswa kuba ingxenye yoMthetho-sisekelo, umsebenzi wangempela wokusetshenziswa uqala. Lenqubo ihilela amagatsha kahulumeni amaningi namazinga ombuso, ngalinye lidlala izindima ezihlukene kodwa ezihlangene ekuhumusheni umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo umthetho ophoqelelwe.
Ukuzifeza . Izichibiyelo Ezingakhonzi
Izinguquko ze-Constitution zehlela ezinhlangothini ezimbili ezinkulu ngokuphathelene nokusetshenziswa. Ukuzilungisa akudingeki ngokomthetho owengeziwe ukuze usebenze.
Izinguquko ezingaziqedi, ngokuphambene, zidinga ukuthatha isinyathelo somthetho ukuze sisebenze ngokugcwele. Izinguquko eziningi zihlanganisa izigijimi ezicacile zokuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho unikeza iziKhomishane amandla okukhipha umthetho ofanele. Izembezo zeshumi nantathu, 1450, neZiphendulo zeshumi elinesihlanu ziqukethe amalungiselelo anjalo, zisho ukuthi "Umthetho we-Congradation uzoba namandla okuphoqelela lesi sihloko ngomthetho ofanele""" Lemisho iyaqaphela ukuthi izimiso zomthetho ngokuvamile zidinga izinqubo ezicaciswe kabanzi ukuze zibe yize.
Ukusetshenziswa Kwemithetho Yobumbano Ngemithetho
Lapho izinguquko zihlanganisa izigaba zokugcinwa kwamalungelo, uMkhandlu unomthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko wokwakha isisekelo esingokomthetho esidingekayo ukuze sisetshenziswe. Lokhu kuhilela ukudlulisa imithetho echaza izinga lamalungelo omthetho - sisekelo, ukumisa izimiso zokugcinwa kwamalungelo, ukusungula izijeziso zokwephulwa kwemithetho, nokugunyaza izinhlangano zokuqondisa ukuba zimise imithetho.
Ngokwesibonelo, iVoing Rights Act ka-1965, yamelela ukusetshenziswa kwegunya lombuso womthetho womthetho ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo seshumi nanhlanu, esivimbela ukucwasana kohlanga ekuvoteni. LoMthetho wasungula izinqubo ezinemininingwane yokuphathwa kwezimiso zikahulumeni zokukhetha, wasungula izimfuneko zokulawula ngokukhetha, futhi wanikeza amakhambi ezakhamuzi ezazingenamalungelo okuvota. Lo mthetho waguqula iSichibiyelo seshumi elinesihlanu somthetho saba umthetho waba umbuso osemthethweni obanzi onezinqubo ezingokoqobo zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komhlaba.
Ngokufanayo, i-Melika enoMthetho wokukhubazeka ithola igunya eSiphakamisi se-Exchange se-14 se-Aumedial Protection Clause, iveza izimfuneko ezinemininingwane yokuthola umsebenzi, izindawo zomphakathi, nezinkonzo zikahulumeni. Lemithetho ibonisa indlela i-Congress eguqula ngayo imiyalo ebanzi yomthetho-mthetho ngezibopho eziqondile, eziphoqelelwe.
Ukuvuselela Imithetho Yemithetho
Ukusetshenziswa kudinga futhi ukuhlelwa kwemithetho ye-United States ngokuhlelwa ngokuhlelwa kwayo yonke imithetho kahulumeni. Uma ukuhlelwa komthetho-sisekelo kusebenza, abameli bakahulumeni neseluleko somthetho-mthetho kumele kubukezwe imithetho ekhona ukuze kubonwe izingxabano, amagebe, noma ushintsho oludingekile. Imithetho ephikisana nokulungisa okusha ayivumelani nemithetho futhi kumelwe ilungiswe. Amalungiselelo amasha e-Stalog kufuneka abekwe ukuze avumelane nezinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo.
Le nqubo ingaba nkulu. Uma iSichibiyelo seSichibiyelo samashumi amabili nanhla sehlisa iminyaka yokuvota yaba ngu-18 ngo-1971, imithetho kahulumeni yokuvota yayidinga ukubukezwa okubanzi. Izinqubo zokubhalisa, imithetho yokungena kwe-voter, imithetho yokuhlela, nemithetho yokuhlela yonke edinga ukushintshwa ukuze kuhlaliswe inani labantu abasanda kuthuthukiswa. Imithetho yoMbuso ngokufanayo yayidinga ukulungiswa ukuze ivumelane nendinganiso entsha yomthetho-sisekelo.
Indima Yezinhlangano Zokuhlola Imisebenzi
Izinhlangano zamagatsha eziphethe zifeza izindima ezibalulekile ekusebenziseni izinguquko zomthetho - sisekelo ngokwakha imithetho, ukumisa izinqubo zokuqinisekisa ukuthi abantu bagcinwa futhi ziqiniseke ukuthi ziyavumelana nemithetho yazo.
Ukuthuthukisa Nokubusa
Izinhlangano eziphethe ziguqula ukumiswa kwemithetho yokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo kube yizimiso ezinemininingwane ngenqubo yokubusa. Lenqubo, elawulwa yi-Administrative Procedure Act, idinga izinhlangano ukuba zikhiphe imithetho ehlongozwayo, ukucela ukukhulumela umphakathi, zicabangele ukunikeza izimemezelo, futhi zikhipha imithetho yokugcina enamandla omthetho.
I-Umeal Accomplication Opportunity Commission (EOC), ngokwesibonelo, ithuthukisa imithetho esebenzisa izimiso zeSichibiyelo seshumi nane ezivikelayo seSiphendu seSiphakamiso se 14 sezemisebenzi. Lezimiso zichaza ukuthi yini ehlanganisa ubandlululo, ukumisa izinqubo zokukhononda, ukuchaza izibopho zabaqashi, nokusungula izimiso zokugcinwa kwemithetho esemthethweni. UMnyango weSishayamthetho ufaka ngokufanayo iziqondiso ezisebenza ezivikelweni ezihlukahlukene zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, kusukela ekuvoteni ezilungelweni ezingokwenkolo kuya enkululekweni engokwenkolo.
Ukumiswa kokuqondisa kuvumela ukuvumelana nokubekwa kwamagama okungavunyelwe ukuba kubhalwe ngomthetho-sisekelo kanye nomthetho-mthetho. Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo unikeza izimiso ezibanzi futhi umise izimiso ezivamile, izinhlangano zimisa imithetho eningiliziwe elawula ukuthobela usuku nosuku. Lemithetho inikeza imibuzo esebenzayo: Izindawo zokulala abaqashi okumelwe bazinikeze? Izikhulu zokhetho kufanele zikwazi kanjani ukusingatha ukukhomba? Iziphi izinqubo okumelwe zilandele lapho kuseshwa amaphoyisa?
Ukuphoqelelwa Nokuhlolwa Kwenhlangano
Ngaphandle kokubusa, izinhlangano zikahulumeni ziphoqelela ukumiswa komthetho-mthetho ngokuzikhandla ngokuhlola, ukubukeza ukuvumelana, nezenzo zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwemithetho. Ngokwesibonelo, uMnyango Wezomthetho Weziqu zamalungelo Omphakathi uphenya izikhalo zokwephulwa komthetho-mthetho, uletha amacala kwabaphula umthetho, futhi ubhekisi izigwebo ezivumelana nemithetho yenkantolo kanye nezivumelwano zokubuyisana.
Izinkampani zinikeza nesiqondiso nosizo lobuchwepheshe ekusizeni izinhlangano ezilawula izibopho zazo zomthetho-mthetho. Zinyathelisa izincwadi zesiqondiso, ziqhube izinhlelo zokuqeqesha, futhi zinikeza izinkonzo zokuxhumana.
Ukuvumelana
Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlelwa komthetho-mthetho kudinga ukuhlanganiswa kwezinhlangano eziningi zikahulumeni. Umnyango wemfundo, uMnyango Wezemfundo, noMnyango Wezenhlalakahle Nezinkonzo Zomuntu, konke kudlala indima ekusebenziseni isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo kubafundi abakhubazekile. Ukusetshenziswa okuphumelelayo kudinga ukuba lezi zinkampani ziqondise izimiso zazo, zihlanganyele ukwaziswa, futhi zihlele izinto eziza kuqala ekubekeni umthetho.
I-Office of Management and Baccouncil (OMB) isiza ukuhlanganisana ngokubukeza izimiso ezihlongozwayo zokuvumelana nezimiso zokuphatha nezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo. I-OMB iqinisekisa ukuthi izimiso zezinhlangano ezihlukahlukene zisebenza ngokuvumelana kunokudala izimfuneko eziphikisanayo.
Ukusetshenziswa KukaHulumeni Wendawo
Nakuba isenzo sikahulumeni sibalulekile, ohulumeni bamazwe nabezindawo banomthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko wokusebenzisa izinguquko zomthetho - sisekelo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.Isimiso sikahulumeni sisakaza amandla kahulumeni phakathi kweziphathimandla zesizwe nezwe, futhi lokhu kusakazwa kuthonya indlela izinguquko zomthetho - sisekelo ezifinyelela ngayo izakhamuzi.
Ukubukezwa Komthetho - sisekelo Kahulumeni Nemithetho
Lapho ukulungiswa komthetho-mthetho kahulumeni kuqala ukusebenza, izimemezelo kumelwe zibukeze imithetho yazo siqu nezimiso zokulwa. Amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni aphikisana nokulungisa kukahulumeni uba yize ngaphansi kwe-Supremacy Claus, kodwa ngokuvamile ahlala emithethweni kahulumeni kuze kube yilapho isuswa ngokusemthethweni ngezinqubo zikahulumeni. Izishaya-mthetho-mthetho kumelwe futhi zibukeze imithetho ukuze ivumelane nezimfuneko ezintsha zomthetho-sisekelo.
Lenqubo ingaba yimpicabadala yezombangazwe futhi ithathe isikhathi. Ngemva kokuba iSichibiyelo se 19th sinikeze abesifazane ilungelo lokuvota ngo-1920, ezinye izifundazwe zahlehlisa ukuguqula imithetho yazo yokhetho, zidala ukudideka nezithiyo kubesifazane abavotayo. Ekugcineni, ukuphoqelelwa kwemithetho kahulumeni nezinqumo zenkantolo kwaphoqelela ukuvumelana okuphelele nombuso, kodwa inkathi yoshintsho yabonisa izinselele zokufeza izinguquko zomthetho ngokomthetho ngesimiso sikahulumeni.
Ukubambisana Kukahulumeni Wasendaweni
Ohulumeni bendawo − amazwe, omasipala, izifunda, nezigodi ezikhethekile − ukuhlelwa komthetho-mthetho ngezindlela eziqondile nezibonakalayo. Izikhulu zokhetho lwendawo zinikeza isivikelo samalungelo okuvota, iminyango yamaphoyisa yendawo isebenzisa iSichibiyelo Sesine nezindinganiso zokuthatha indle, izimemezelo zesikole zendawo zisebenzisa izimiso zeSichibiyelo Sokuqala semfundo, futhi amabhodi endawo acabangela amalungelo empahla engokomthetho.
Lezi zikhulu zendawo zidinga ukuqeqeshwa nesiqondiso ukuze ziqonde izibopho zazo zomthetho-sisekelo. Izinhlangano zikahulumeni nohulumeni zinikeza lokhu kusekela ngezinhlelo zokuqeqesha, izimiso zokulingisa, nangosizo lobuchwepheshe. Izinhlangano zochwepheshe zifeza izindima ezibalulekile, zithuthukise imikhuba emihle kakhulu futhi zixoxelane ngokwaziswa ezikhulwini zendawo.
Ukusetshenziswa Kwemishini Kahulumeni
Amazwe amisa inqubo yawo siqu yokuwamisa amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo, ngokuvamile anikeza isivikelo esingaphezu kwesemithetho - sisekelo kahulumeni. Abameli abavamile bamazwe bahlola ukwephulwa komthetho - sisekelo, balethe imithetho kahulumeni, futhi bavikele imithetho kahulumeni ezinkingeni zomthetho - sisekelo.
Lomthetho ogunyaziwe wezinga likahulumeni wakha isimiso esisongelwe kaningi sesivikelo somthetho-sisekelo. Izakhamuzi zingafuna amakhambi kokubili kuhulumeni nakuhulumeni, futhi amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni ngezinye izikhathi anikeza isivikelo esikhulu kunesabo abahlangene nohulumeni abahlangene. Lo "buhulumeni obusha" buqaphela ukuthi izifunda zingasebenza njengezindawo zokuhlola ukubusa ngentando yeningi, zithuthukisa izindlela ezintsha zokufeza ukumiswa komthetho-sisekelo.
Indima Yokwahlulela Ekugcwaliseni Umthetho - sisekelo
Izinkantolo zinendima ebalulekile ekulungiseni izinguquko zomthetho - sisekelo ngokuchaza umbhalo womthetho - sisekelo, ngokuxazulula izimpikiswano eziphathelene nencazelo yomthetho - sisekelo, nangokumisa izimfuneko zomthetho - sisekelo kubadlali bakahulumeni abamelanayo.
Ukuchaza Ukwahlulela Nencazelo Yomthetho - sisekelo
Izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho zivame ukusebenzisa ulimi olubanzi, olubanzi oludinga ukuchazwa. Yini ehlanganisa "inqubo ezayo yomthetho"? Yini "isivikelo esilinganayo"? Yini efaneleka njengokufuna "ukungacabangeli"? Izinkantolo ziphendula lemibuzo ngenqubo yokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo, ukusungula izimfundiso nokuhlolwa okunikeza incazelo ecacile yezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ezingaqondakali.
Incazelo yeNkantolo Ephakeme yeSichibiyelo seshumi nane ibonisa le nqubo. Kuyinguquko enkulu kakhulu, ukugunyaza izinkantolo ngokuphathelene namalungelo omphakathi, ukucwasa, nokusebenzisa iMibango Yamalungelo Omphakathi ezindaweni. Emashumini eminyaka, iNkantolo iye yasungula izimfundiso eziyinkimbinkimbi ezichaza isivikelo esifanayo, inqubo efanele, nokuhlanganiswa kweBhili lamaLungelo kuvikelwa kohulumeni. Lezi zincazelo zokwahlulela ziveza indlela ukuqedwa kwamalungelo ohulumeni okusebenza ngayo.
Imfundiso Yokuvumelana
Enye yeminikelo ebaluleke kakhulu yokwahlulela ekusetshenzisweni komthetho-sisekelo imfundiso ehlanganisiwe. IBhili yamalungelo .* I-Bill of Rights ehlelwe kweziyishumi zokuqala eziguqulwayo kuMthetho-sisekelo − ekuqaleni yasetshenziswa kuphela kuhulumeni wezwe. Barron v. Baltimore (1833). Nokho, ngokuchazwa kweSimemezelo seSiphendu se 145 se-Screate Procession Claus, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yasebenzisa iziphetho zeGwale zamaLungelo kuhulumeni nohulumeni bendawo.
Lenqubo yokuhlanganisa yandisa kakhulu ithonya elingokoqobo lokulungisa komthetho-mthetho. ISichibiyelo sokuqala sezokuvikela inkulumo nenkolo, iziphendu zesine zokuvikela ekuphenyeni okungacabangeli, iSichibiyelo sesihlanu sokuvikela ekuzixabaneni okungenangqondo, namalungelo eSichibiyelo sesithupha ukululeka uhulumeni manje ocindezela iziphathimandla zendawo njengoba becindezela. Lokhu kumiswa komthetho kwenze amalungelo omthetho ngokomthetho agunyazwela ngokuqondile kubenzi bezindaba abasebenzelana nezakhamuzi.
Imithi Neziyalezo
Izinkantolo ziphoqelela ukuba kulungiswe umthetho-mthetho ngokunikeza amakhambi okuphulwa kwemithetho. La makhambi athatha izindlela ezihlukahlukene: imiyalo eyala izikhulu zikahulumeni ukuba zivumelane nezimfuneko zomthetho-sisekelo, ilimaza izisulu eziphulwa umthetho, izimemezelo zokuthi imithetho noma imikhuba ayivumelani nemithetho engekho emthethweni, futhi ivimbela ukusetshenziswa komthetho ngokungekho ngokwezimiso.
Ukutholakala kwamakhambi okwahlulela kwenza amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo aqikelelwe cishe. Izakhamuzi zingafaka amacala ezinkantolo ezibekela inselele izenzo zikahulumeni, futhi izinkantolo zingayala ukuba kutholwe imithetho engokomthetho. Lomthetho wokwahlulela unikeza i-arhente enzima ngamandla kahulumeni futhi uqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo zinemiphumela yangempela.
Ukuhlangana Okungokwezakhiwo Nenguquko Yezinhlangano
Kwezinye izimo, izinkantolo zikhipha imithetho yokwakha edinga izinguquko ezibanzi ukuze kulungiswe ukwephulwa komthetho-mthetho. Lemithetho ingase idinge ukuba kuguqulwe izimiso zamajele, kuvulwe kabusha izifunda, noma izinkonzo zempilo yengqondo eziyingozi. Nakuba imiyalo yezokwakha ephikisanayo, imelela amathuluzi anamandla okulungisa izinqubo zomthetho uma abanye abadlali bakahulumeni behluleka ukuvumelana nazo ngokuzithandela.
Amacala okukhetha alandela iBrown v. Board of Education abonisa lendlela. Izinkantolo zakhipha iziyalo ezinemininingwane efuna ukuba izifunda zesikole zisuse ubandlululo lohlanga, ngezinye izikhathi zichaze amalungiselelo ezabelo zabafundi, amalungiselelo okuhamba, nentuthuko yezakhiwo. Lemithetho yokwahlulela yasebenzisa isivikelo esifanayo seSichibiyelo seGajimende le 144 seSiphendulo sokulinganisa naphezu kokumelana okukhulu nombuso nezikhulu zendawo.
Umphumela Ekuphileni Kwansuku Zonke: Iziphendu Zomthetho - sisekelo Ziyasebenza
Ukuqonda lezi zici eziwusizo kubonisa indlela izimiso ezingekho emthethweni eziba ngayo izinto ezingokoqobo.
Ukupha Amalungelo Nokuhlanganyela Ngobuciko
Izinguquko eziningi zomthetho-sisekelo ziye zandisa amalungelo okuvota, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwazo kuye kwaguqula idemokrasi yaseMelika.ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesihlanu senqabela ubandlululo lobuhlanga ekuvoteni, iSichibiyelo seshumi elinesishiyagalo sadlulisela amalungelo okuvota kwabesifazane, iSichibiyelo seSichibiyelo samashumi Ambili ne - Fourth sasusa intela yokuvota, futhi iSichibiyelo seSichibiyelo sama - 20 se-Sixte sanciphisa iminyaka yokuvota yaba ngu - 18.
Lezi zinguquko zithinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke uma izakhamuzi zihlanganyela kukhetho. Izinqubo zokubhalisa, umklamo wevoter, ukuhlola, ukuvota konke kubonisa izimfuneko zomthetho-sisekelo. Izikhulu zokhetho kumelwe ziqinisekise ukuthi izinqubo zokubhalisa azicalula, ukuthi izindawo zokuvota zitholakala uma abavoti bekhubazekile, futhi usizo lolimi lukhona kubavoti abakwaziyo ukuvota. Lezindawo zokuhlala ezisebenzayo zisebenzisa isivikelo samalungelo omthetho wokuvota.
Ukumiswa kwamalungelo okuvota kuye kwadinga ukuqashelwa nomthetho kahulumeni oqhubekayo. I-Voting Rights Act yakha izinqubo zokugada uhulumeni kwezimiso zokukhetha, futhi uMnyango woMahluleli uhlola izinguquko ezisemthethweni wokhetho nezindaba zokucwaswa. Lenqubo eqhubekayo yokumiswa iqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo okuvota esemthethweni ahlala enenjongo naphezu kwemizamo yokuvimbela ukungena kumphathi.
Ubulungisa Bobugebengu Nenqubo Efanele
ISichibiyelo Sesine, Sesihlanu, Sesithupha Nesesishiyagalombili simisa isivikelo esibalulekile kubantu abamangalelwa ngobugebengu, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwabo kulawula zonke izici zesimiso sokwahlulela kobugebengu. Amaphoyisa kumelwe athole imvume ngaphambi kokusesha, abashushisi kumelwe babonise ukuthi banecala ngokunengqondo, abamangalelwa bathola iseluleko esimisiwe uma bengenakukwazi ukunikeza abameli izijeziso ezinonya nezingavamile.
Lezi zimfuneko zomthetho-mthetho zithinta ukusebenzelana kwansuku zonke phakathi kwezakhamuzi nokugcinwa komthetho. Uma amaphoyisa efunda izixwayiso ze-Miranda, asebenzisa iSichibiyelo Sesihlanu sokuvikela ekuzichaseni. Uma abahluleli bebukhipha ngokungemthetho ubufakazi obutholakele, basebenzisa umthetho weSichibiyelo Sesine ekuphenyeni okungacabangeli. Uma abavikeli bomphakathi bemelela abamangalelwa abamangalelwa, bagcwalisa isiqinisekiso seSichibiyelo seSisithupha seseluleko.
Izikole zamaphoyisa zifundisa izindinganiso zomthetho zokusesha nokuquleka, amahhovisi abashushisi akha izimiso eziqinisekisa ukuvumelana nezimfuneko ezifanelekile zenqubo, nezinhlelo zemfundo ezikhuluma ngezimfundiso ezisekelwe emthethweni.
Amalungelo Omphakathi Nesivikelo Esilinganayo
ISichibiyelo seshumi nane seSiphendulo Esihlangene noMgangatho ka-Claus siye saveza imizamo emikhulu yokufeza ukucwasana kwemfundo, umsebenzi, indawo yokuhlala, nendawo yomphakathi. Uma uzalwe noma ulawulwa yimvelo e-United States, futhi ungaphansi kwegunya layo, uyizakhamuzi. Izwe kumelwe linikeze inqubo efanele nesivikelo esilinganayo semithetho, futhi alinakuwathatha amalungelo ayinhloko ngaphandle kokulandela imithetho engokomthetho. Yiwo amacala awenziwe angcono kakhulu, agunyaza amalungelo omphakathi, ubandlululo, futhi asebenzise i-Bill of Rights vikela izifundazwe.
Izakhamuzi zithola ukufezeka okulinganayo kwesivikelo uma abaqashi belandela izimiso ezimelene nokungavumelani, uma izikole zinikeza amathuba alinganayo emfundo kungakhathaliseki uhlanga noma ubulili, lapho abaqashi bezindlu bengenakulahla abaqashi abasekelwe ezicini ezivikelekile, nalapho izinkonzo zikahulumeni zinikezwa ngaphandle kobandlululo. Lezi sivikelo zansuku zonke zibonisa amashumi eminyaka okumiswa komthetho-mthetho, imithetho, nokugcinwa komthetho.
Ukusetshenziswa okungokoqobo kwesivikelo esifanayo kuye kwadinga ukuba kusungulwe izinhlangano zokuqondisa ukuze kuhlolwe ukukhononda kobandlululo, ukumisa izindinganiso zomthetho zokubonisa ubandlululo, ukwakha amakhambi ezisulu, nokufundisa umphakathi ngamalungelo omthetho. Le zimiso ezisetshenziswayo ezibanzi zenza isivikelo esilinganayo kunesimiso esingaqondakaliyo − kuba yinto engokoqobo ephoqelelwayo emsebenzini, ezikoleni, nasemiphakathini kulo lonke izwe.
Inkululeko Yokukhuluma Neyokubonakaliswa
Isivikelo seSichibiyelo sokuqala senkululeko yokukhuluma sithinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke emongweni ohlukahlukene. Izisebenzi zomphakathi zingakhuluma ezindabeni ezikhathaza umphakathi ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuziphindiselela, abafundi bangaveza imibono yezombangazwe ezikoleni (ngemingcele), ababhikishi bangabonisa obala izigilamkhuba, futhi izakhamuzi zingagxeka izikhulu zikahulumeni ngaphandle kokujeziswa.
Ukusetshenziswa kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala kudinga izikhulu zikahulumeni ukuba ziqonde imingcele engokomthetho egunyeni lazo. Abaphathi bezikole kumelwe bazi ukuthi bangawulawula nini umlomo wabafundi, amaphoyisa kumelwe asize ukubhikisha okunokuthula kuyilapho elondoloza ukuphepha komphakathi, futhi abaqashi bakahulumeni kumelwe bahlukanise phakathi kwezinhlelo zokuqeqesha ezivikelweyo nokungabuswa.
ISichibiyelo sokuqala sithinta futhi izimiso zikahulumeni ngokuphathelene nezindawo zomphakathi, imingcele esekelwe ekubekeni isikhathi, nemithetho elawula isikhathi. Amadolobha kumelwe avumele imibhiyozo emapaki omphakathi, imitapo yezincwadi kumelwe inikeze amathuba alinganayo okuhlangana emagumbini, futhi amayunivesithi kumelwe avikele inkululeko yezemfundo. Lezi zinhlelo ezisebenzayo zisebenzisa izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ezindaweni lapho izakhamuzi zisebenzisa amalungelo azo akhululekile.
Amalungelo Empahla Nenkululeko Engokomnotho
ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sokuthatha u-Claus sidinga uhulumeni ukuba anikeze imbuyiselo lapho ethatha impahla yakhe ukuze isetshenziswe umphakathi. Lesivikelo somthetho-sisekelo sithinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke noma nini lapho uhulumeni elawula imigwaqo, izikole, amapaki, noma eminye imisebenzi yomphakathi. Abanikazi bezindawo bathola imbuyiselo ngenxa yokulahlekelwa kwabo, futhi uhulumeni kumelwe alandele izinqubo zomthetho-sisekelo ngaphambi kokuba athathe impahla.
Ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela zokuvikela kuhilela izinqubo zokuhlola ukulinganisela ukuze kutholakale inani elifanele lezentengiselwano, ukuqulwa kwecala ukuze kuvivinywe ukuthathwa kwemali yembuyiselo, nokubukezwa kokwahlulela izilinganiso. Uhulumeni nohulumeni bendawo bamisa izinqubo zokusebenzisa imibuso ephakeme ehambisana nezimfuneko zomthetho-sisekelo, futhi abanikazi bempahla bangabekela inselele ukuthatha lokho okuhlulekayo ukufeza izinjongo zomphakathi noma ukunikeza isinxephezelo esanele.
Izinselele Ekusebenziseni Umthetho
Naphezu kwezindlela eziningi zokuhlela, izinguquko zomthetho - sisekelo zibhekana nezinselele eziningi ekusebenzeni ngokugcwele ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.
Ukumelana Nokumelana Nezifo Nokungalwi
Abadlali bakahulumeni ngezinye izikhathi bamelana nokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo, ikakhulukazi lapho kulungiswa inselele yezindlela zokuzilungisa noma yokukhetha kwezombangazwe. Ukumelana kwesikole ngokulandela uBrown no-. Ibhodi yemfundo inikeza isibonelo sale nqubo. Izifundazwe zaseNingizimu zasebenzisa amasu ahlukahlukene ukuze zigweme ukuvumelana nezimfuneko zomthetho-sisekelo, kuhlanganise nokuvala izikole zomphakathi, ukwenza izinhlelo zesikole ezizimele, nokuhlanganyela ekufuneni ukudlulisa izingxoxo eziphambili.
Ukunqoba ukwenqaba kudinga ukugcinwa kwamandla kahulumeni, ukungenela kokwahlulela, nokucindezela kwezombangazwe. Uhulumeni wathumela amabutho ukuze aphoqelele iziyalezo zokukhipha izivumelwano, izinkantolo zakhipha izimemezelo eziningi zokuvumelana, futhi uSishaya-mthetho wamisa imithetho eqinisa inqubo yokugcinwa kwamandla. Lomzamo owenziwe kabanzi ekugcineni wanqoba ukumelana, nakuba lenqubo yathatha amashumi eminyaka futhi ihlala ingaphelele kwezinye izici.
Ukuvinjelwa Kwemithombo Yezinto
Ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo zomthetho-sisekelo ngokuvamile kudinga imithombo emikhulu yezinhlelo zokuqeqesha, izisebenzi zezinhlangano zokuqinisekisa, ubuchwepheshe bokuhlola ukuphoqelelwa kwemithetho, nezinkonzo ezingokomthetho zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwamalungelo. Ukunqanda imithombo yezincwadi kungaphazamisa ukusetshenziswa kwemisebenzi ephumelelayo, ikakhulukazi embusweni nasemazingeni ezindawo lapho izimali ziqinile khona futhi ziphikisana.
Ngokwesibonelo, iSichibiyelo seSithandathu sifuna ukuba kunikezwe abameli abamangalelwa abangemthetho. Nokho, izimiso zomphakathi zokuvikela zihlala zingaphansi kwemithetho eminingi, kuphumele ekuncipheni kwecala elidlulele, uphengululweni okunganele, nokubekwa izimpawu ezixekethile. Lo mgoqo ululaza ukumiswa komthetho-sisekelo, uveza ukwehlukana phakathi kwamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo namaqiniso asebenzayo.
Izimpikiswano Ezingaqondakali
Ulimi olungokomthetho luvame ukuba ludida, futhi abantu abanengqondo abaphikisani ngencazelo yayo. Lezimpikiswano ezichazayo zibangela ukungaqiniseki ngokudala ukungaqiniseki ngezimfuneko zomthetho-sisekelo. Izinga elingakanani lokuhlola elisebenza ekuhleleni ezinye izigaba? Inkulumo ilahlekelwa nini isivikelo seSichibiyelo Sokuqala? Iyiphi inqubo "ukuza" ezimweni ezihlukahlukene?
Izinkantolo zixazulula lezimpikiswano ngencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo, kodwa izinqumo zokwahlulela ngokwazo zingaba ezingacacile, eziphikisanayo, noma ezingabukezwa. Izinkantolo eziphansi zingachaza izenzakalo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ngokwehlukile, zidala izigaba ezidala ukuphumelela okungavumelaniyo phakathi kwemibuso. Lokhu kungaqiniseki okuchazayo kubekela abadlali bakahulumeni inselele izimfuneko zomthetho-sisekelo nezakhamuzi ezizama ukuqonda amalungelo abo.
Ukushintsha Isimo Sezenhlalo
Izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho eziqanjwe enkathini eyodwa kumelwe zisetshenziswe ezimisweni ezihlukene kakhulu zezenhlalo, ezobuchwepheshe, nezezomnotho. ISichibiyelo Sesine sokuvikela ekuphenyeni okungacabangeli, esithathiwe ngo-1791, manje sisebenza kwimishini yezobuchwepheshe, imishini yokuxhumana, nobuchwepheshe bokuhlola obuyinkimbinkimbi abaklami abangenakuba benombono okhona. Ukufinyeza izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ezingamashumi amabili namashumi amabili nanhlanu kudinga ukuchazwa nokuzivumelanisa.
Ingabe izimiso zeSichibiyelo Sokuqala zibusa iziteshi zezokuxhumana? Ingabe iSichibiyelo seMikhathi Yezindaba sidinga imibuso ukuba ithole imishado efanayo nesiyalo sesine? Lemibuzo idinga ukumiswa kwezimiso zomthetho - sisekelo ezihlukene kakhulu nezindawo zokuqala zokutholwa.
Indima Yomphakathi Wasemphakathini Ekugcwaliseni Imisebenzi
Nakuba izinhlangano zikahulumeni zinomthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko wokusebenzisa izinguquko zomthetho - sisekelo, izinhlangano zomphakathi zifeza izindima ezibalulekile zokusekela.
Isithakazelo Somphakathi
Izinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi, izinkampani zezenhlalakahle zomphakathi, nezinhlangano zosizo lomthetho ziletha izikhangiso eziphoqelela ukumiswa komthetho-mthetho. Lezi zinhlangano ziveza ukuphulwa kwezimiso, zisungula amasu okuthatha imibandela, zimelela amacala, futhi ziphishekele izinkantolo ezidlulisa amacala ukuze kusungulwe izenzakalo ezizandulela ezilungile. Isithakazelo somphakathi siye sashukumisela ukumiswa okukhulu komthetho wezwe, kusukela ekuhlolweni kwesikole kuya ekulinganiseni komshado kuya ekukhetheni amalungelo.
Izinhlangano ezinjenge-American Civil Liberies Union, NAACP Legal Defense Fund, kanye namaqembu ahlukahlukene akhethekile okuvikela abaphathi aguqula umthetho-mthetho ngokunikeza incazelo engokomthetho. Imizamo yazo iye yamisa izenzakalo ezibalulekile, ukuphoqelelwa kukahulumeni, nokuvikelwa komthetho-sisekelo owengeziwe. Le mithetho yokuqinisekisa ukumiswa kwemisebenzi yomthetho - sisekelo iqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo ahlala enenjongo.
Imfundo Yomphakathi Nokuqaphela
Izinhlangano zomphakathi zifundisa izakhamuzi ngamalungelo omthetho - sisekelo nokuhlelwa kwezimiso. Zinyathelisa iziyalezo ezichaza izivikelo zomthetho - sisekelo, ziqeqeshela amalungu omphakathi izinhlelo zokuqeqesha, futhi zinikeza imithombo yabantu abafuna ukuqinisa amalungelo abo.
Izindawo zomphakathi, izikhungo zomphakathi, kanye nezincwadi zokwaziswa zomphakathi zisiza ekuvaleni igebe phakathi kwezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo nokuqonda komphakathi. Uma izakhamuzi ziwazi amalungelo azo, zingawaqaphela kangcono amaphuzo azo, zifune amakhambi, futhi zifune abadlali bakahulumeni ukuba balandise. Lokhu kuqinisa ukumiswa komthetho-mthetho ngokudala isidingo sokuzivumela nokulimaza kokwephulwa.
Ukuqasha Nokuthuthuka Kwemithetho
Izinhlangano zezempango zisebenzela ukuthuthukisa ukumiswa komthetho-sisekelo ngokufaka izinguquko ezingokomthetho, ukugqugquzela izinguquko zemithetho, nokuthatha igalelo ezinqunyweyo. Zifaka ukukhulumela ezimisweni ezihlongozwayo, zifaka ubufakazi ezinhlanganweni zemithetho, futhi zithuthukisa izimiso zokutholwa kukahulumeni. Lokhu kulawula kuhlela izimiso ezingokomthetho nezilawulayo ezisekela ukulungisa komthetho-sisekelo.
Izinhlangano ziqaphela futhi ukugcinwa kwemithetho kahulumeni nokufezwa kwezincwadi. Zikhipha imibiko edalula ukwephulwa komthetho-mthetho, zifaka ukuhlola okuveza izinkinga zesimiso sezindaba, futhi zisebenzise ukunaka kwemithombo yezindaba ukuze zicindezele abadlali bakahulumeni ukuba bathuthukise ukumiswa kwemisebenzi. Lo msebenzi wokulandisa unezela ezimisweni ezingokomthetho zokuphoqelelwa kwemithetho yemithetho futhi ubangela izisusa zezombangazwe zokuthobela umthetho.
Izinselele Zobuchwepheshe Nezokusetshenziswa Kwanamuhla
Intuthuko yobuchwepheshe idala izinselele ezintsha namathuba okusebenzisa izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo. Ubuchwepheshe bamanani buthinta indlela esetshenziswa ngayo amalungelo, indlela okwephulwa kwemithetho, nendlela ukumiswa kwemisebenzi okuqashelwa futhi kuphoqelelwe ngayo.
Amalungelo Emishini Nesivikelo Somthetho - sisekelo
Izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho eziqaliswe ngaphambi kokuba inkathi yobuchwepheshe isetshenziswe kumele zisetshenziswe ezimongweni ezihlanganisa amakhalekhukhwini, imithombo yezokuxhumana, ukufinyaza, ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, nezinye iziteshi. Izinkantolo nabenzi bezimiso baphikisana ngemibuzo mayelana nendlela izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ezisebenza ngayo emongweni we-oday. Ingabe ukufunda ama-imeyili kudinga isiqinisekiso? Ingabe ukungena kocingo lwamaphoyisa ngaphandle kwemvume? Ingabe amasitejiji ezokuxhumana anezibophopho kulungile?
Ukusebenzisa ushintsho lomthetho-mthetho ngokwezimo ze-odicial kudinga ukuthuthukisa izimfundiso ezintsha, ukuthuthukisa izimiso, nokwenza imithetho ekhuluma ngezinto zezobuchwepheshe. Le nqubo iyaqhubeka futhi iphikisana, futhi ithanda ukuncintisana okukhuthazwa izindlela ezihlukahlukene. Abasekeli bomthetho-mthethweni bafuna izivikelo eziqinile zokwaziswa ngemishini, kuyilapho izinhlangano eziqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho zifuna ubufakazi bemishini. Ukulinganisela lezi zithakazelo kuyilapho zihlala zithembekile ezimisweni zomthetho - sisekelo zifeza imizamo.
Ubuchwepheshe Obuyenziwa Baphoqelelwa
Ubuchwepheshe bunikeza namathuluzi amasha okulungisa umthetho-sisekelo. Imininingwane ye-analytic ingaveza izindlela zokucwasa, amakhamera omzimba angaveza ukusebenzelana kwamaphoyisa, izimiso zokuhlela ama-electronic zingathuthukisa ukungenela ezinkantolo, futhi amapulatifomu e-inthanethi angasiza ukuba angenele ukuthatha iqhaza lomphakathi. La mathuluzi obuchwepheshe angaqinisa ukumiswa komthetho-sisekelo ngokuthuthukisa ukugada, ukugcinwa, nokuthola amakhambi.
Nokho, ukugcinwa kobuchwepheshe kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka kwalo siqu komthetho-sisekelo. Ubuchwepheshe obuhamba phambili bungaphazamisa amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu, ukwenza izinqumo zomthetho-mthetho bungaqhubekisela phambili ukucwasana, futhi ukwehlukana kwamanani kungadala ukufinyelela okungalinganiyo kwamalungelo. Ukusebenzisa umthetho-sisekelo obekwe enkathini yobuchwepheshe kudinga ukusingatha kokubili amathuba nezingozi ezinikezwa ubuchwepheshe.
Ukuhlola Icala: Iziphetho Eziqondile Ezisetshenziswayo
Ukuhlola izinguquko eziqondile kubonisa izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi zokusetshenziswa kombhalo owenziwa ngomthetho - sisekelo ezishintsha zibe ngokoqobo.
ISichibiyelo Se - 13: Ubugqila Obuphoqelelayo
Ubugqila nobugqila obungahlosiwe abuvunyelwe ngokomthetho e-United States, ngaphandle kokuba kube isijeziso sobugebengu ngemva kokuvunyelwa. Ukumiswa kweSichibiyelo seshumi nantathu kwakudinga ukuqeda nje ukumiswa kwezigqila kodwa futhi kugwema amafa azo nokuvimbela izinhlobo ezintsha zobugqila obungahlosiwe.
Ukusetshenziswa kwahlanganisa ukubusa kwempi kahulumeni ezindaweni ezaziyiConfederate, ukudluliswa komthetho wamalungelo abantu, ukumangalelwa kwabantu abazama ukulondoloza izimo ezinjengezezigqila, kanye nemizamo eqhubekayo yokulungisa imisebenzi yokusebenza ejele. Ukunqandwa kwesijeziso sobugebengu kuye kwabangela izimpikiswano zamanje mayelana nokuboshwa kwabantu abaningi kanye nokugqilazwa ejele, okubonisa indlela ukuveza izinselele okuqhubeka ngayo eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu - 150 ngemva kokusetshenziswa kwemisebe.
ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nesishiyagalolunye: Impoqo Yabesifazane
Isiqinisekiso seSichibiyelo seshumi elinesithoba se-19 sesiqinisekiso sokuthi amalungelo okuvota angeke ancishiswe ngenxa yokumiswa kwemiyalo ebanzi yobulili. Izwe kwadingeka ukuba lilungise imithetho yokhetho, imishini yokuvota, izikhulu zokhetho, nokumelana nezikhulu ezimelene nokungagunyazi kwabesifazane. Ukukhipha isigwebo kwakungalingani, kanye nezinye izifundazwe zazivumelana ngokushesha lapho ezinye zilibala noma zidala izithiyo.
Ukusetshenziswa kwenguquko kwaphakamisa imibuzo ngokuphathelene nobubanzi bayo. Ingabe yenqabela kuphela imingcele ecacile esekelwe ebulilini ekuvoteni, noma ingabe futhi yavimbela imikhuba ethinta abesifazane ngokungenakulinganiswa? Izinkantolo nezinhlangano zokuqinisekisa ukumiswa kwayiphendula lemibuzo phakathi namashumi eminyaka yokuchaza nokuqinisekisa, kancane kancane yandisa ithonya elisebenzayo lokwenza uvoti.
ISichibiyelo samashumi amabili nanye: Iminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalombili nonyaka iVote
Lapho iSichibiyelo samashumi amabili nanye sehlisa iminyaka yokuvota yaba ngu-18 ngo-1971, ukusetshenziswa kwadinga izinguquko ezisheshayo, ezibanzi ezimisweni zokhetho. Izwe kwadingeka ukuba lilungise izitatimende zokuvota, izinhlelo zokuvota ezibukeziwe, izisebenzi zokuvota, futhi lithathele abavoti abasanda kufaneleka. Ukusetshenziswa okushelelayo kwabonisa kokubili ulimi olucacile lwe-acement kanye nentuthuko yezombangazwe esekela amalungelo entsha okuvota.
Nokho, kwavela izinselele mayelana nokuvota kwabafundi. Amanye amagunya adala izithiyo kubafundi basekolishi abavota emiphakathini yabo yamakolishi, kuphakamisa imibuzo ngokuphathelene nezimfuneko zokuhlala nokuvota. Imizamo yokuphoqelela ibheka lezi zinselele, iqinisekisa ukuthi isithembiso sentsha sokuvota siba ngokoqobo.
Imibono Yomhlaba Wonke Ngokusetshenziswa Komthetho - sisekelo
Ukuhlola indlela amanye amazwe asebenzisa ngayo izinguquko zomthetho - sisekelo kunikeza umongo obalulekile wokuqonda imikhuba yaseMelika.Izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo ezihlukahlukene zisebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokusebenzisa, zinikeza izifundo zokuthuthukisa ukusetshenziswa komthetho - sisekelo wase - United States.
Ezinye izizwe zimisa izinkantolo ezikhethekile zomthetho-mthetho ezinegunya elikhethekile ezindabeni zomthetho-sisekelo, ezinganikeza ukuchazwa nokugcinwa okungaguquguquki kakhulu kunesimiso sezinkantolo ze-operal. Ezinye izizwe zidinga ukumisa umthetho ngaphambi kokuba amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo asebenze, enze izinqubo ezisetshenziswa ngamabomu ngokwengeziwe.
Lemibono eqhathaniswa isikisela izinguquko ezingase zivele ekumisweni komthetho-mthetho waseMelika. Ubuchwepheshe obukhethekile bomthetho-sisekelo, ukubukeza ukuhlelwa kokusebenza, nokuhlelwa kokuhlelwa kokuhlelwa kwezinhlelo kungaqinisa indlela i-United States eguqula ngayo ukuhlelwa komthetho-sisekelo ube yinto engokoqobo yansuku zonke. Nokho, noma iziphi izinguquko kumelwe zibangele izici ezihlukile zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo waseMelika, kuhlanganise nomthetho-hulumeni, ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, namasiko okubukezwayo.
Ikusasa Lokusebenzisa Umthetho
Njengoba umphakathi waseMelika uqhubeka uhlela, ukusetshenziswa komthetho - sisekelo kuyobhekana nezinselele namathuba amasha. Izinguquko zobuchwepheshe, intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, ushintsho kwezomnotho, nezinhlangano zezenhlalo kuyodala izimo ezidinga izindlela ezintsha zokulungisa umthetho - sisekelo.
Ukuhlanganisa Amalungelo Nentuthuko Yomthetho - sisekelo
Ukulungisa umthetho-sisekelo esikhathini esizayo kungaxazulula izinselele ezivelayo. Izinguquko mayelana nezimali zomkhankaso, ukuvikelwa kwendawo ezungezile, amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu, noma isakhiwo sikahulumeni zingadinga ukusungula izinhlelo ezintsha zokusetshenziswa. Ukufunda kokwenzeka esikhathini esidlule kunganikeza ulwazi lokuthi ukubuyiselwa kwesikhathi esizayo kuklanywa futhi kuqalwe kanjani.
Ngisho noma kungekho zinguquko ezintsha, izincazelo ezishintshayo zamalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo akhona ziyodinga ukumiswa. Njengoba izinkantolo ziqaphela izindlela ezintsha zezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo noma izimfundiso ezikhona, abadlali bakahulumeni kumelwe balungise imikhuba yabo ngokuvumelana. Lenqubo eqhubekayo yokusetshenziswa iqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko zomthetho sisekelo ziyaqhubeka zisebenza ezinkingeni zamanje.
Ukuthuthukisa Imishini
Intuthuko engase ihlanganise ukuxhaswa okwengeziwe kwezinhlangano eziqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwamalungelo abantu, ukuqeqeshwa kwezikhulu zikahulumeni, ukubambisana okungcono phakathi kwezikhungo ezisebenzisa amakhono, amakhambi anamandla okunqanda ukwephulwa komthetho - sisekelo, nemfundo yomphakathi ephumelela ngokwengeziwe mayelana namalungelo omthetho - sisekelo.
Ubuchwepheshe bunikeza amathuba okuthuthukisa ukuhlelwa kwemininingwane engcono, ukugcinwa kwemithetho ephumelelayo, ukuthuthukisa ukutholakala kokwaziswa, nokuthuthukisa ukusebenzelana phakathi kwabadlali. Nokho, amakhambi obuchwepheshe kumelwe aklanyelwe ngokucophelela ukuze kuvinjelwe izinkinga ezintsha zomthetho - sisekelo kuyilapho kuxazululwa ezikhona.
Ukuhlanganyela Kwesivumelwano Nesiko Lomthetho - sisekelo
Ekugcineni, ukumiswa komthetho - sisekelo okuphumelelayo kuxhomeke esikweni eliqinile somthetho - sisekelo − elihambisana nesibopho somthetho - sisekelo, ukuqonda okusakazekile amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo, kanye nokuzimisela ukuba abadlali bakahulumeni balandise. Ukuqinisa lesisiko somthetho - sisekelo kudinga imfundo yomphakathi, ukuthembisana komphakathi, nemikhuba esekela izindinganiso zomthetho - sisekelo.
Lapho lezi zinhlangano zifundisa izakhamuzi ngezimiso zomthetho - sisekelo, zisiza umphakathi ukuba uhlanganyele futhi ulandele umthetho oyisibonelo, ziqinisa isisekelo sokufeza impumelelo. Izinguquko zomthetho - sisekelo ziba nengqondo hhayi ngesenzo sikahulumeni kuphela kodwa nangokuzibophezela ndawonye ezimisweni zomthetho - sisekelo.
Isiphetho: Kusukela Esikhumbani Kuya Ekuzijwayezeni
Uhambo olusuka ekulungiseni umthetho-sisekelo luye ekufezekeni kwansuku zonke luyinkimbinkimbi, luhilela izinhlangano zikahulumeni eziningi, abadlali abahlukahlukene, nomzamo oqhubekayo. Abantu baseMelika baye basebenzisa lenqubo yokuguqula uMthetho-sisekelo ngokunezela iBhili yamaLungelo, ukuqeda ubugqila, ukuthembisa inkululeko nokulingana, futhi bandisa ilungelo lokuvota kwabesifazane nama-Afrika. Nokho, ukukhucululwa kumane nje kumelela ukuqala kwalenqubo eguqulayo.
Ukusetshenziswa okuphumelelayo kudinga umthetho womthetho ogunyaziwe oguqulela izimiso zomthetho-mthetho ezineenkcukacha zomthetho, izinhlangano eziphethe zithuthukisa izimiso nezimiso zokugcinwa kwemithetho, izinkantolo zichaza ulimi olungokomthetho futhi zinikeze amakhambi ombuso nemithetho yawo, imibuso nemisebenzi evumelanisa imithetho nemithetho engokomthetho, nezinhlangano zomphakathi ezisekela amalungelo nokugcinwa kwemithetho. Lenqubo yokusetshenziswa kwemithetho ehlelwayo ehlelwayo iqinisekisa ukuthi ukulungisa komthetho-mthetho kubumba ukuphila kwansuku zonke ngezindlela ezinenjongo.
Izinselele zokusetshenziswa kwazo zibalulekile − ukumelana nabadlali bakahulumeni, izithiyo zemali, izingxabano ezithatha imali, kanye nokuxazulula izimo zomphakathi konke kwenza imizamo yokwenza izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo zibe namaqiniso awusizo. Kodwa naphezu kwalezi zinselele, isimiso somthetho-sisekelo saseMelika siye sathatha izinguquko ngokuphumelelayo phakathi namakhulu amabili eminyaka, ngokuyisisekelo siguqula ukubusa nokwandisa amalungelo.
Ukuqonda ukumiswa komthetho-sisekelo kukhanyisa isimo esiyinhloko somthetho-sisekelo. UMthetho-sisekelo awuyona nje incwadi engokomlando kodwa uyisisekelo esiphilayo esiqhubeka silolonga ukuphila kwaseMelika ngemizamo eqhubekayo yokufeza. Njengoba umphakathi ushintsha futhi kuvela izinselele ezintsha, inqubo yokusetshenziswa ivumelana, iqinisekisa ukuthi izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo zihlala zibalulekile futhi zigcinwa.
Kuzakhamuzi, ukusetshenziswa kokuqonda kunikeza amandla okuhlanganyela ngokuphumelela kakhulu ekuthatheni idemokrasi yomthetho-sisekelo. Ukwazi indlela ukulungisa okusetshenziswa ngayo, izinhlangano ezifeza imithwalo yemfanelo, nendlela yokumisa amalungelo omthetho wezomthetho kwenza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukulandisa futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi izithembiso zomthetho zenza izinto ezingokoqobo. Izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo azizona nje izinto ezingekho kodwa zivikela ezilawula okuhlangenwe nakho kwansuku zonke okungakhona kusukela ekuvotelweni kokhetho ukuze zikhululeke ekutholeni ukuphathwa ngendlela elungile ezinkantolo ukuze zijabulele amathuba alinganayo emphakathini.
Umsebenzi oqhubekayo wokumiswa komthetho-sisekelo usikhumbuza ukuthi ukubusa ngentando yeningi kudinga umzamo oqhubekayo, ukuqapha, nesibopho. Izinqumiso azizifezi; zidinga izikhulu zikahulumeni ezizinikezele, izakhamuzi ezibophanayo, abameleli abaqaphile, nezinhlangano ezisebenzayo. Ngokuqonda nokuhlanganyela ezimisweni zokufeza, amaMelika angasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ukulungisa komthetho-sisekelo kufeza amandla awo okuguqula, okwenza izithembiso zoMthetho-sisekelo zibe ngokoqobo kubo bonke abantu.
Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngenqubo yokulungisa komthetho-sisekelo, vakashela i-National Archives. Ukufunda okwengeziwe ngamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo nohlelo lwawo olusebenzayo, imithombo yokucwaninga e eMzimbeni woMthetho-sisekelo wesizwe [.