Ukuqonda Ubungako Bobumpofu ENdiya

INdiya iyikhaya labantu abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1,4, iyenza ibe yizwe elinabantu abaningi kakhulu emhlabeni. Naphezu kokwanda ngokushesha kwezomnotho phakathi namashumi amabili eminyaka adlule, ubumpofu neholo kusenezinselele ezicindezelayo. Ngokwe- World Bank[, iNdiya iye yasusa amakhulu ezigidi obumpofu obukhulu kusukela ngo-1990, kodwa ijubane lokuncipha kwezomnotho liye lancipha eminyakeni yamuva. Isifo se-COVIDAD-19 esithathelwe phambili yiziphepho, sibuyisela abaningi ebumpofwini futhi sandisa igebedule phakathi kwemali ecebile nempofu.

Uhulumeni uye wasabela ngokuxubanisa ukuthunyelwa kwemali ngokuqondile, iziqinisekiso zemisebenzi, izinhlelo zokuphepha kokudla, nezinhlelo zokuhlala. Lezi zinyathelo zihlose ukunikeza isivikelo kwabasengozini kakhulu kuyilapho zikhuluma ngezici zokwakha eziqhubekisela phambili ukungalingani, njengokungatholani kwemfundo, impilo, nomsebenzi osemthethweni. Lesi sihloko sihlola izindlela eziyinhloko i-India eye yazamukela, ihlola ukuphumelela kwayo, futhi sixoxa ngomgwaqo ongaphambili.

Izinyathelo Zikahulumeni Zokunciphisa Ubumpofu

IMahatma Gandhi Izwe Elisebenza Ezindaweni Zasemaphandleni Liqinisekisa NgoMthetho (MGNREGA)

Ama - Gandhi National Rural Act i-Tream Confict (MGREGA) ingenye yezinhlelo zezokuvikela umphakathi ezinkulu kakhulu emhlabeni. Iqinisekisa ukuthi izinsuku eziyikhulu zomsebenzi okhokhelwayo ngokwezimali emikhayeni yonke yasemaphandleni enamalungu amadala azimisele ukwenza umsebenzi wasobala. Yaqala ngo-2005, i-MGNREGA ilungiselele inhlandla ebucayi ezigidi zemikhaya yasemaphandleni, ikakhulukazi phakathi nokwehla kwenani eliphansi kwezomnotho.

Loluhlelo lufeza izinjongo ezimbili: lunikeza iholo futhi lwenza kube nezinto zomphakathi ezihlala njalo njengezindawo zamachibi, imigwaqo, nemisele yokunisela ngenkasa. Ngonyaka ka-2022-23, kwabhaliswa imikhaya engaphezu kuka-7,7. Kwasungulwa nezinsuku ezingamashumi amathathu anesine zomsebenzi owenziwe umuntu ofelweyo. Nokho, izinselele zikhona — ukuntengantengantengiselwa kweholo, inkohlakalo, nokungafunwa komsebenzi kwamanye amazwe kuye kwanciphisa ithonya layo. Uhulumeni uye wandisa izimali nokuhlelwa kwemali nokuhlelwa kwezimiso zokukhokha ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukubonakala nokuphumelela.

UPradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY)

I- Pradhan Mantri Awas Yoyana (PMAY) yamiswa ngo- 2015 ngenjongo yokunikeza wonke amadolobha nasemaphandleni ampofu ngokulinganayo ngo-2022. Icebo linikeza usizo lwezimali — 761.2 lakh ezindaweni zasemaphandleni futhi ukuphakama kwe-667 lakh ezindaweni zasemadolobheni — ukuze kwakhiwe noma kwandiswe izindlu.

Kusukela ekuqaleni kuka-2024, uhulumeni wabika ukuthi izindlu ezingaphezu kwezingu-55 ziye zavunyelwa ngaphansi kwe-PMAY. Icebo liye lathuthukisa izimo zokuphila zezigidi, linciphisa ukungabi namakhaya nezindawo zokuhlala eziminyene. Nokho, ukutholakala kwendawo, izindleko zokwakha eziphakeme, nokungavunyelwa kuyaqhubeka kuvimbela ukusetshenziswa okugcwele. Uhulumeni uye wandisa lelicebo futhi manje ugxila ekuhlambululeni izindlu ezikhona nokunakekela izidingo zabampofu basemadolobheni.

Umthetho Wesizwe Wokuvikela Izokudla (NFSA)

Umthetho weNational Food Security Act [NFSA] [NT:1], owamiswa ngo-2013, ugunyaza ngokomthetho ku 75% wenani labantu basemaphandleni nangu-50% kubantu basedolobheni ukuba bathole ukudla okuncane kakhulu nge- Public Exploredification System (PDS). Imikhaya ithola ilayisi nge 763 ngekhilogremu ngalinye, ukolweni ngekhilogremu ngalinye, futhi idlavu elimahh1 ngekhilogremu ngalinye.

Lomthetho uye washintsha ekuqinisekiseni ukulondeka kokudla kwabantu abangaphezu kwama-80 abasolile, okunciphisa kakhulu ukungondleki kanye nendlala. Nokho, ukuvuza e-PDS, izinga eliphansi lokudla, namaphutha ayaqhubeka. Uhulumeni uye wasabela ngokufaka amakhadi okuthola ukudla ngokuhlelwa ngemivo futhi wasebenzisa isiqinisekiso esisekelwe ekuvimbeleni ukuvuza. “Isizwe esisodwa, iSiphakamiso esisodwa”, esiqedwe ngo-202020, sivumela abazalweyo ukuba bafinyelele amalungelo abo noma kuphi eNdiya, ukuthuthukisa ukufaneleka kwezisebenzi ezifudukayo.

Ezinye Izinhlelo Zokusekela Ubumpofu Eziyinhloko

Ngalé kwalamacebo ahamba phambili, uhulumeni uthatha ezinye izisulu eziningana:

  • Pradhan Mantri Garib Kayoyan Yoyana (PMGKY): Iphakethe losizo elibanzi elikhishwe phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVID-19, linikeza ukudla kwamahhala, ukudluliswa kwemali kwabesifazane, nesembozo somshuwalense sezisebenzi zezempilo.
  • Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISTAN): Isu lokusekela iholo elinikeza abalimi abancane nabasemaphethelweni amaphandle ama-pal angu-6,000 ngonyaka, elisiza ukuqinisa iholo lasemaphandleni.
  • DAYDAY Antywoda Yoya – National Livalliodes Mission (Usuku-NRLM): ikhuthaza ukuzisebenzela nokuthuthukisa ikhono phakathi kwabesifazane abampofu basemaphandleni ngokusungula amaqembu okuzisiza (SHGS).
  • [[NTL:0] Pradran Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMDY):[[[FT:1] Uhlelo lokufaka okungokwezimali oluvule ama-akhawunti ebhange angaphezulu kwama-crrever ayizi-50, ngokuvamile anobubanzi obungalingani, okwenza kutholakale inzuzo eqondile.

Ukukhuluma Ngokungafani

Ukungalingani kwemali eholayo eNdiya bekulokhu kwanda kusukela ngo-1990. Ngokwe- World Justitustic Memodium[, amaphesenti aphezulu ayishumi abanikazi bemali manje anikeza inzuzo engaphezu kwe 55% yemali etholwa yizwe, kuyilapho uhulumeni ongaphansi ka-50% ehlanganyela cishe kuphela cishe u15%. uye wasebenzisa inhlanganisela yezinguquko zentela, izinhlelo zezenhlalakahle, kanye nezinyathelo zokulinganisela leligebe.

Ukukhokha Intela Nezinguquko Eziqhubekayo

I-Invooting Tax Act [[FLT: 0] I-Invoete Trust ilungiswe ngokuqhubekayo ukuze yandise umthwalo wentela kwabaholi abahola imali eshibhile. Kumali esetshenziswayo ka 2023-24, uhulumeni wasungula uhulumeni omusha wentela onezinga eliphansi nelilinganiselwe, ehloselwe ukwenza lula ukuthobela nokuthuthukisa imali esetshenziswayo ngokwezenhlalakahle. Izigelekeqe eziphezulu kakhulu ziqinisekisa ukuthi abaholi abaphezulu banikela kakhulu ku-ahmpchener.

Nokho, isilinganiso sentela-GDP saseNdiya sihlala siphansi (cishe 11-12%), silinganisela indawo yezimiso zokuguqula inzuzo. Ukuze athuthukise ukuqoqwa kwemali, uhulumeni uye wandisa inethiloti ngemishini yokulandelela intengiselwano, iMaprofess kanye neNkonzo ye-GDP i-ASC (GST), futhi ulinganisela ukunqanda imali emnyama. [[FLT:] Ubuhle neNkonzo yentengiso (GST) wathatha indawo yemidatha yentela engaqondile ngo-elebhusayithi ngo-2017, ehlose ukudala imiphumela ehlangene yemaketheki kanye nokwandayo, nakuba iqhubeka iphikisana.

Zuza Ukudluliselwa Okuqondile (DBT) Nokuthungatha Kwezimali

Ukusungulwa okukhulu kwemikhankaso yemali ebhange elinama-akhawunti abazuziweyo empilweni yaseNdiya yokulwa nokungalingani, yi- Direct Benefish Transve [DBT] . Ngokuxhumanisa izikweletu zezenhlalakahle ngokuqondile kuma-Aadhaar-ligion of mode, uhulumeni unciphise kakhulu ukuvuza kanye nokuthunywa kwezisebenzi eziphakathi. Ngaphansi kwe-[FLT:Prad] Prancri Jan YYY YHOTA (PMJY)[FLT:], ngaphezu kuka-50 ama-akhawunti ebhange avulwe, enza ukuba kudluliswe ngokushesha ukuthutha igesi yokupheka (HAL), umfunda, umnyuso, iholo. [FRANT] [FLD] [FFLAT], ngenxa ye-205]

Inkokhiso yezemishini kanye ne-Amparers Expatients Transfacement (UPUPI) nakho kuye kwajulisa ukufakwa kwezimali, kuvumela imikhaya engenisa imali ephansi ukuba ingene ezinkonzweni zebhange ngaphandle kwamagatsha angokoqobo. Nokho, ukufunda nokuxhumana kwe-minumetic nolwe-internet kuhlala kunezithiyo ezingezinkulu kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasemaphandleni. Uhulumeni ukhuluma ngalokhu nge- BaratNet[ iprojekthi ehlo ukuxhuma wonke amadolobhaname nge-orectal fibers.

Inhlalakahle Nesu Lempilo

Ukuze kuncishiswe ukungalingani kwemiphumela yempilo kanye nezindleko zemali ezishiywe ngaphandle, uhulumeni wamisa i-Ayushman Bharat Pradtari Mantri Artola Yaroya (PM-JAY) ngo-2018. Lena iyisicwangciso esikhulu kakhulu sempilo emhlabeni, esikhokhela i-65 la kh ngomkhaya ngamunye ukunakekelwa kwesibhedlela somzuzwana nokwe-tertiary kwe-cretary kwamashumi amahlanu ampofu nangabantu abasengozini. Ngo-2024, ukungeniswa kwesibhedlela esine-crrecure esibhedlela kwakugunyazwe ngaphansi kwe-PMJY, okunciphisa kakhulu izindleko zempilo eziyinhlekelele.

Ezinye izinqubo zezenhlalakahle ezenhlalo zihlasela izici ezithile ezihlukile:

  • Pradhan Mantri Vanduna Yojana (PMVY): Inikeza izisusa zemali ekukhulelweni nasekuboleni abesifazane ukuze ikhokhe iholo elilahlekile futhi ikhuthaze ukuzalwa kwamaqembu.
  • Pradhan Mantri Diya Lakshmi Yojana: unika imali ebolekwayo yemfundo ngezinga eliphansi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abantwana abavela emikhayeni ehlawulwayo ephansi bangaphishekela imfundo ephakeme.
  • I-National Social Application (NSAP): Inikeza impesheni kubantu asebekhulile, abafelokazi, nabakhubazekile abahlala ngaphansi kobumpofu.

Imfundo Nentuthuko Yamakhono

Ukuncishiswa kwezikhathi ezide kobungani kudinga ukutshala imali enhloko - dolobha. Uhulumeni uye wenza imfundo yokuqala yanda phansi kwe- Ilungelo lemfundo (RTSTE), 2009, futhi wandisa ukufinyelela ngamasu anjenge Isidlo soSuku ne Sar [iSiseke] kuMthetho wemfundo [i-Abshaan . Emazingeni aphansi naphezulu, [[FLT:] i-Mantala] Ujria[FLT] inikeza ukuxhumana kwangaphandle kwe-LGP kubesifazane abampofu, isikhathi semfundo ekhululekile nesikhulu.

Intuthuko yekhono insika eyisihluthulelo. Pradan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yoyana (PMKVY) inikeza izifundo zokuqeqesha okufushane okuhlangene neziqinisekiso zezemboni. i-National Skill Development Mission (NTM) ihlose ukuqeqesha abantu abanobuntu abangaphezu kuka-40 ngo-2025. Nokho, ukuqinisekisa ukubekwa komsebenzi nezinga lokuqeqeshwa kuhlala kuyinselele; abaningi abathweswe iziqu basalukela amathuba angokomthetho okuthola umsebenzi. Uhulumeni manje ugxile ekuqeqesheni ikhono esikoleni [NTLTS][FLTY][FLT] [FLT] [FLT] [FLT]

Ukungalingani Kwasemadolobheni Nehlelo Lethukela

Ukuvama kwe-Indiya ukuvama kwezindawo zasemadolobheni kuye kwadala izinhlobo ezintsha zokungalingani. Nakuba amadolobha anjengeMumbai, iDelhi, neBengaluru ekhanga ukutshala imali nethalenta, izisebenzi ezinkulu zemisebenzi ngokwethukela(izisebenzi zokuzisebenzela, izisebenzi zasekhaya, kanye nabadansi basemgwaqweni (__intengiselwano yezenhlalakahle). iCode on Social Security [20] ifaka imithetho eminingi kanye nokuhlanganisa i-gathensiskowe ku-ged nepulati, nakuba ukusetshenziswa kuseyi-jini, kunikeza abadayisakazi abasebenza ezindaweni ezisebenzela ibhizinisi, futhi kusiza ukungenela ibhizinisi labo lokusebenza. [[FLT.2]

Izinselele Neziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo

Ukwehluka Kwezifunda Neminwe Engaphansi Kwegunya

Enye yezinselele ezingapheli kakhulu ukuhlukahluka okukhulu kobumpofu nokungalingani ezizweni zamaNdiya. Nakuba izifundazwe ezifana ne-Kerala ne-Tamil Nadu zinentuthuko ephakeme yabantu edayisayo, i-Bhar, i-Utar Pradesh, ne-Jarkandhand Lidge. I-fiscal translations kanye nezinhlelo ezixhaswa kakhulu zizama ukusingatha lokhu, kodwa amandla ombuso, ukubusa okubuthakathaka, nokucwasana kwesigaba ngokuvamile kululaza imiphumela. [[FLT: 0] I-NITIOGOG [ itusa ukudluliswa kwemithetho ehloniphekile kakhulu nomphumela osekelwe ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kahle.

Ukuswela Umsebenzi Nokungasebenzi Kancane

Ukwehlukana kwenani labantu baseNdiya (umphakathi omncane nokhulayo) kubonisa ukuthi amazinga okungasebenzi, ikakhulukazi phakathi kobusha (15/299) ahlala ephakeme, ngokuvamile engaphezulu kwe 20% uma imisebenzi ingenziwa. Umbuso uye wasungula [[FLT:] i-Atmanhar Bhar [[[FLT:]] [[3] (Inani le-FLT]) [inani lentsha] libonisa ukuthi amaphakethe okwakha, ikakhulukazi phakathi kweminyaka engu-15:49), futhi i-[FLT] i-PLD [FUT] i-FLD [FLT] i-active [iced projectived proced [[FFF]] [FT] 14] izama ukuthuthukisa izinjongo zemisebenzi, futhi i-Foctivemone][5], i-Foctivess.[5]

Kodwa, ukushintshwa kwezolimo kuya ezindaweni eziphezulu njengemisebenzi yokukhiqiza nezinkonzo zezemvelo kuye kwathatha isikhathi. Ingxenye enkulu yezisebenzi ihlala ikhokhela imali ephansi, imisebenzi evamile. Uhulumeni utshala imali ezimbonini zezemishini, embonini, nemisebenzi esemthethweni ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuphucuka kwebhizinisi, kodwa ukufezeka kuhlala kungalingani.

Izigaba Ezingafani Nezinhlalo Zokungalingani

Ukungalingani kwemali ekhona eNdiya kuhlangene nokuhlukaniswa kwesigaba esiphakathi kwesigaba nesigaba sobulili. AmaDalit, ama-Adivasi, kanye nama-Enye ama-Freed Cade (OBC) abhekene nokungalingani komlando wemfundo, umsebenzi, kanye nobunikazi. Uhulumeni ulondoloza ukuvuma izimiso zemfundo (imisebenzi), imisebenzi kahulumeni, nemithetho yokushaya umthetho, kodwa ithonya lawo ekuhambeni kweholo liphikisana. [[FLT: 0] Ukungalingani kwezelelwa kwemfundo, [[FLT:[FF:1]] futhi kusobala: ukuthakazelelwa kwezisebenzi kuphakathi kwezingasese emhlabeni, nabesifazane bahola imali enciphile kakhulu kunabantu. [[FLT] IMancla syddra KTra [FT][FT][5]

Ukuzinza Kwendawo Ezungezile Nezithukuthezi Zesimo Sezulu

Ubumpofu nokungalingani kuhlangene ngokuyinkimbinkimbi nokuwohloka kwendawo ezungezile. Isomiso, izikhukhula, nama-atrwaves kuthinta ngokungenakulinganiswa abavuni basemaphandleni abampofu nabathola imali nsuku zonke. I-National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)[FL:1] ihlanganisa imisebenzi ebangelwa amandla elanga, ezolimo eziqinile, kanye nokuphatha amanzi, kodwa ukuncishibilikisa isimo sezulu sabangawomancane kuyinselele enkulu. [[FLT:] Prathri Sinchaee Yogata (MKSY])[FLT] ihlela ukunyuswa nokunciphiswa kwemali enciphe kakhulu. [FLT]

Iziyalezo Zesimiso Sesikhathi Esizayo

Ochwepheshe basikisela ukuthi iNdiya kudingeka igxile ezintweni eziningana eziza kuqala:

  • Isivikelo somphakathi esingavumelaniyo: Ukusuka ekuhloselweni kwezinhlelo zendawo yonke ukuze kuncishiswe amaphutha okukhishwa kwenani kanye nezindleko zokuphatha.
  • Izinkonzo zomphakathi ezisezingeni eliphezulu: Ukutshala empilweni, emfundweni, nasekhuculweni ukuze kuxazululwe izimbangela eziyinhloko zokungalingani.
  • [[UMTL:0] Intela yentela ethengisekayo nengcebo:[ ukwandisa isisekelo sentela nokungenisa intela engcebweni yenetha noma ifa, njengoba kutuswa IMF.]
  • Ukuguqula umnotho: kukhuthaza umsebenzi wengxenye ngokuguqula umthetho wezisebenzi kanye nokwanda kwezokuvikela umphakathi.
  • I-injini elawulayo: ubuchwepheshe bokuhlasela obungcono, ukugada, nokukhala.

Isiphetho

Imizamo yaseNdiya yokuqeda ubumpofu nokungalingani kwemali ifuna inzuzo futhi igcwele inqwaba. Izinhlelo ezinjenge-MGNREGA, PMAY, ne-NFSA ziye zanikeza izinzuzo ezingokoqobo emakhulwini ezigidi, kuyilapho ukuthunyelwa ngokuqondile nokufakwa kwezimali kuye kwabangela ukuvuleka nokuthuthuka. Nokho, izikhala ezinkulu ezisalokhu zikhona, ukungalingani okuqhubekayo, ukungahlali, ukuhlukana kwezindawo, kanye nobandlululo lwezimiso ziyaqhubeka zinciphisa ithonya lokuguqula izenzo zikahulumeni.

Ukuqhubekela phambili, impumelelo yalezi zinyathelo ixhomeke entando eqinile yezombangazwe, engokwezimali, nasekusetshenzisweni okuphumelelayo ezingeni lotshani. Uhulumeni waseNdiya ugxila kakhulu esimisweni esisekelwe kubufakazi, ezisekelweni zemishini, nasebuhlotsheni nezifundazwe. Nakuba izinselele zinzima, izimpawu zokukhula okwengeziwe uma izwe lingalondoloza inguquko yalo futhi libeke imfuno yalo enciphe kakhulu. Njengoba idemokhrasi enkulu kakhulu emhlabeni, okuhlangenwe nakho kwelaseNdiya ekunqandeni ukungafani kwezomnotho okunezifundo eziwusizo kwezinye izindlela ezilwela ukuthuthukayo ukuthuthukisa intuthuko engenakulinganiswa.