Isingeniso: Amandla Okufuya Amanzi

I-pringing yamanzi ingenye yamathuluzi anamandla kakhulu akhona asebenzayo, omasipala, nabenzi bezimiso abafuna ukulawula isidingo nokukhuthaza ukulondolozwa kwezindawo. Njengoba imithombo yamanzi angenasawoti ibhekene nokucindezeleka okukhula ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukwanda kwenani labantu nezakhiwo zokuguga, izindleko zokuhambisa amanzi ahlanzekile zikhuphuka − futhi lezo zindleko kumelwe zidluliselwe kubathengi ngendlela ethile. Kodwa indlela izindleko ezikhona ezihlelwayo zinemiphumela ejulile endleleni abantu abasebenzisa ngayo amanzi nsuku zonke. Imali ephansana encishisiwe ingaba nesinye isisusa sokunciphisa imfucucucu. Isilinganiso esithene semali ekhudlulwayo singasheshisa ukushintsha ngokushesha kwesimilo. Ukuqonda lamandla kubaluleke kunoma ubani ohileleke ekuqondiseni imithombo yamanzi, ukuhlela, noma ukusekela kwenqubo yamanzi engoko, ukuhlola indlela engoko yezomnotho, kanye nezindlela ezisebenza ngayo.

Izifanekiso Zamanzi Asemakhoneni

Ipriping akuyona i-oil elingana nesilinganiso esisodwa. Izinto ezikhona emhlabeni wonke zisebenzisa imifanekiso ehlukene, ngayinye inethonya layo siqu ezindleleni zokusebenzisa nasesimweni sengqondo sabathengi. Indlela ezivame kakhulu zihlanganisa i-priggle eyisicaba, i-pring ehluzekile, kanye ne-prirged enezilinganiso zemitha.

Ukuphotha Kwezinhlayiya Ezithambile

Ngaphansi kwesimiso esiyisicaba, imindeni noma amabhizinisi akhokhela imali eqondile kungakhathaliseki ukuthi angakanani amanzi ayidlayo. Lemali ihlanganisa izindleko eziyisisekelo zokunakekela umsebenzi − ukufushanisa, ukuphatha, nokuphatha (*) kodwa ayihlukani ngobukhulu. Amazinga alawulayo futhi alula futhi aqondakali kahle kubathengi, kodwa abakhiphi amandla aqondile okulondoloza. Uma amanzi ebonakala ekhululekile ngemva kokusetshenziswa kwawo, izindleko eziseceleni zokuthatha isamba esengeziwe noma ukunisela umthetho zingunozungezwana. Ngenxa yalokho, ukusebenzisa ngokweqile nokulahla imfucumfucu. Ukuhlola kuye kwabonisa ukuthi abathengi abayisicaba kakhulu basebenzisa amanzi kunalawo anezicwangciso zemitha noma ahlelwe. Kwezinye izindawo, amazinga acwe aholela ekusebenziseni isilinganiso esiphezulu esiphezulu se-abhulo.

Ukubopha Isikhumba

I-intelligence, ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi amanani anyukayo eblock, ihlela amazinga amaningi anyukayo lapho ukusetshenziswa kwemali enyuka. Ngokwesibonelo, amalitha okuqala angu-10 000 ngenyanga angasetshenziswa ngesilinganiso esiphansi, esiphansi; amalitha alandelayo angu-5 000 emalitha eshibhile ngelitha; futhi noma yikuphi ukusetshenziswa okungaphezulu okubizayo okukhudlwana. Lomklamo wenzelwe ukunikeza amanzi anele ezidingo ezibalulekile kuyilapho edumazayo, esebenzisa kabi njengokugcwalisa amachibi okubhukuda noma ukugeleza. Impumelelo yemibhoshongo emikhulu ixhomeke ekushintsheleni kwezindlela ezihlukene. Izindawo eziwugwadule eziwugwaduleyo ezingaphezulu kakhulu njenge-iestern United States nezingxenye ze-Australia kuphela ezibizayo. Ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi amazinga aphakeme amanzi okuhlala ezindaweni eziphezulu kakhulu phakathi kwabasebenzisi.

Ukudla Okulinganiselwe (Ukubukeka Noma Ukwanda)

Imali elinganiselwayo ifuna abathengi abasebenzisa imali encane ngokusekelwe ekusebenziseni kwabo ngokoqobo, ngokuvamile elinganiselwa ngamalitha noma ngamacubic mmeter. Inani lingase lihlale likhona (isilinganiso se-iniformation) noma lihlukahluka ngokwenkathi yonyaka. I-priced ibangela amanzi abe yimpahla yeqiniso, ilinganisele izindleko zobukhulu. Abasebenzisi abasebenzisa izindleko ezingaphansi kwemali, kanti abasebenzisi abakhulu bathwala izikweleti eziphakeme. Lokhu kukhuthaza ukuziphatha kokulondolozwa kwezinto njengokulungisa i-faucet, ukufaka izilinganiso eziphansi, nokunciphisa amanzi ngaphandle. I-pricieding ibhekwa njengesiteji yesisekelo sokuphatha amanzi angcono, futhi manje ivamile emazweni amaningi athuthukile. Kodwa ngisho namanani afanayo angathuthukiswa ngokuhlanganisa ukulungiswa konyaka phakathi nesomiso.

Isayensi Yokusebenza Kwamanzi

Kungani ukuxhuma kuthinta ukuziphatha ngamandla kangaka? Ikhambi lisezimisweni eziyisisekelo zezomnotho ezihlangene nokwakheka komzimba womuntu. Uma amanzi eshibhiwe njengentengo eshibhile noma egcwele, abantu bavame ukuwabheka njengenzuzo engenamkhawulo. Kodwa uma izimpawu zentengo zikhona, imikhaya iyazivumelanisa.

Ukubaluleka Kwamanzi

Izazi zezomnotho zilinganisa ukusabela kokusetshenziswa kwentengo ekushintsheni kwenani ngokunwebeka kwenani. Amanzi ngokuvamile abhekwa njenge-inelyastic ngokushesha kakhulu. Ngokufushana nje, abantu badinga isilinganiso esithile sokuphuza, ukupheka, nenhlanzeko, ngakho ukwanda kwenani lentengo akubangenzeli labo abasebenzisayo ukuba bantengantenge. Nokho, ngenkathi ende nangezindlela zokusetshenziswa (ukulungisa, ukugeza imoto, ukugcwalisa amadamu), imfuno edingayo inganwebeka kakhulu. Ucwaningo luthola ukuthi intengo engamaphesenti ayishumi ekhuphukayo ehoxa ekusetshenzisweni kwamanzi, kuye ngokwezinga lenkathi, inkathi, nokuba khona kwezinye izimpawu. Le mpendulo elinganiselwe kodwa enengqondo isho ukuthi ukuhlinza ithuluzi lokuphatha lezemfundo, ikakhulukazi lapho kuhlangene nemfundo.

Izimbobo Zokuziphatha: Ukuthuka Nokuphola

Ngaphandle kwezindawo ezingokomnotho, indlela ukwaziswa okunemininingwane enikezwa ngayo. Imikhaya ethola izindleko zamanzi eziningi ngokuqhathanisa ukusetshenziswa kwayo nezinyanga ezidlule noma nomakhelwane (ukuqhathanisa umphakathi) inciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwemali ngamaphesenti angu-3-5 ngokwesilinganiso. Uma inombolo iqokomisa izindleko zenkathi ephezulu kakhulu yokusebenzisa, noma ihlanganisa ukuwohloka kombukiso, amakhasi ayakwazi ukunaka udoti. Ezinye izikweleti manje zithumela “izixwayiso ezisetshenziswa kakhulu” ngombhalo noma nge-imeyili lapho ukusetshenziswa kwazo kusondela embhoshoneni. Lokhu kusebenza ngoba enza intengo ye-scumtion i-scrent ne-etamply. Ulimi oluyisicashicing, ngokwesime, ngokwesicana, imfihlo, ukuhlanganisa, ukuhlanganisa konke, ukususa noma yikuphi ukuziphatha.

Ukulondoloza Imvelo Nenzuzo

Amanani amanzi aphakeme nezakhiwo ezinamaqoqo agcina ethatha isilinganiso sobuchwepheshe bamanzi. Ngokwesibonelo, ezindaweni ezinezitebhisi eziwumqansa, abaninimakhaya basengozini yokutshala izindlu zangasese eziphansi, imishini yokugeza esheshayo, imishini yokumpompela, amatanki okunisela amanzi amanzi. Inkathi yokukhokha izindleko zalemali eshibhile yalemali inciphile uma izindleko zamanzi eziseceleni ziphezulu. Ngokwesibonelo, umkhaya okhokha imali engu - R1 000 ngemali emfucushweni ephezulu ungaphinde unyuse izindleko zendlu yangasese ephansi engaphansi kweminyaka emibili ngemali. Lobuchwezi idala umjikelezo omuhle: ukuncibilika kwemali ephansi kwemali encishisiwe egciniweyo futhi ubambe izindleko ezibizayo ezibiza imali ebizayo.

Ukulingana Nokungalingani

Akukho kuxoxisana nge-princing okuphelele ngaphandle kokunikeza imvume. Izinga elifanayo elinemitapo elikhokhela ukulondolozwa kwezindawo ezingenisa imali ephansi, ikakhulukazi lezo ezinemikhaya emikhulu noma izindlu ezingaphumelelanga. Uma i-baseline libiza kakhulu, noma uma ukugxuma phakathi kwemigqa kuphakeme kakhulu, izakhamuzi ezimpofu kungabhekana nezikweletu ezingakhokhi. Lokhu kuholele iziphathimandla eziningi zamanzi ukuba zisebenzise amazinga ephilayo [ noma intengo yokukhokha engcono yokufaneleka. Izinga lokuhlengisa lidinga isilinganiso sokuqala samanzi emalini ephakeme kakhulu, ngokuvamile ngaphansi kwezindleko, futhi kubeke izindleko ezidingekayo ezingeni eliphansi ekusetshenzisweni endlini. Ezinhlanganweni ezisekelweni ezisekelwe ekusizeni, izimali, izilungiselelo ezihambisana nokukhokhwakhwazwayo ezikhokheyo ezikhokheyo ezikhokheyo. Ukuncishini ezikhokhelayo kudinga ukuncishwa kwemishwa kwemishwa kwemita yamanzi.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo: Imiphumela Yomhlaba Wangempela

Ukuhlola indlela amadolobha aye ashintsha ngayo ama - producement kunikeza izifundo ezibalulekile.

Inguquko Eboshiwe YaseCalifornia

Phakathi nesomiso esikhulu sango-2012, imishini eminingi yamanzi yasebenzisa i-pricing eqinile. Ngokwesibonelo, idolobha laseLos Angeles, lasungula isimiso se-injini esinesilinganiso esisuka kuma-CR2,16 ngekhulu le-HCF enyukayo kuma-imitha angu-20.58 okuqala kuya ku-R2,58 nge-HCF. Le projekthi, ihlangene nemithetho esemthethweni kanye nemikhankambiso yomphakathi, yasiza ekunciphiseni ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi ahlalayo ngokwesilinganiso esingaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-20 ezwe. Ngokuphawulekayo, isakhiwo se-pricishing saklanywa nge-riging siqinisekisa ukuthi inzuzo yokuqala yokusetshenziswa. I-California ibonisa ukuthi ukuhlelwa kwe-HCF kusebenza ngisho nasezindaweni ezinkulu, ezinhlalweni, ezihlukene, ezilungiselelwe ukuba i-onkene.

Cape Town: Isomiso ne - “Dir Pricing ”

Ngo-2017-2018, i-Cape Town, eNingizimu Afrika, yabhekana nesomiso esingakaze sibonwe ngaphambili esasisongela ukuvala amanzi atholakalayo kamasipala. Idolobha lasungula amapayipi amanzi aphakeme kakhulu, licindezela izakhamuzi ngokuphindwe kabili kunesilinganiso esivamile sokusetshenziswa ngaphezu kwemali eqinile engu-50-perper sperper s. Umphumela waba mkhulu: isilinganiso sansuku zonke semali esetshenziswayo yasekhaya yancipha kumalunga namakhulu amahlanu umuntu ngamunye kuya kumalitha alithayitha alikhulu ngezinyanga ezimbalwa. Izindleko zokusetshenziswa kwezindawo eziphansi kakhulu zazingalitholi leli nani elinamandla futhi zazingasizangalitholangalelwanga izindleko zokusetshenziswa kakhulu. Kodwa izindleko eziphakeme zokusetshenziswa komsebenzi wenkabazwe zazibonisa ukuthi lapho amanzi enqaba ngokwaneleyo, ukushayela ijubane, ngisho nokusetshenziswa okubalulekile. Nokho, izingozi zakhona zazingasetshenziswa ngezindlela eziphambili: izakhamuzi zasezindaweni zokuhlala khona kakade zazinganele kakade.

Umklamo Wokuphathwa Kwamanzi Ongalondolozwa

Ngokusekelwe ebufakazini, abakhi bezimiso bangaklama izakhiwo ezilinganisela izinga lamanzi ekulondolozweni, ekulinganisweni kwezindawo nokulondolozwa kwemali.

Ukugcwalisa Izinga Eliboshiwe Ngokunakekela

I-primetic eyandayo enziwa kakhulu i-bitting ingumboniso otuswa kakhulu wezinto ezisebenza emanzini asemadolobheni. Ukuze iphumelele, izihlunga kumelwe zibonise izindlela ezingokoqobo zokusebenzisa amanzi kanye nokuntuleka kwamanzi kwendawo. Isithiyo sokuqala kufanele sihlanganise ukusetshenziswa okubalulekile ngaphakathi (cishe 4 000-6,6 000 wamalitha ngenyanga emkhayeni wabane) ngesilinganiso esiphansi noma esingaphansi. Izitebhulo-bhu ezilandelayo kufanele zinyuke kakhulu, ngohlu oluphezulu olubekwe ukuba lungakhohliswa. Izinga elivamile elidingekayo ekulondolozeni intengo yangempela yokwehla kwamandla nokwehla kwemali. I-Utillials kufanele futhi icabangele izilinganiso zonyaka eziphezulu phakathi nezinyanga zehlobo zokunizalisa.

Izindawo Ezingaphansi Nezinhlelo Zosizo

Ukuze kulungiswe ukukhathazeka nge-quite, i-prigne eqoqiwe kufanele ihlanganiswe nezinhlelo zosizo zamakhasimende. Lokhu kungahlanganisa:

  • Izinga lobomi: lincishiswe kakhulu isithiyo sokuqala samakhasimende athola imali ephansi.
  • Izikweleti zemali ezibolekiwe: Imali emisiwe yedola ebolekiwe ukuba ifanelekele ama-akhawunti inyanga ngayinye.
  • [[UMTL:0] Imali yokulungisa izibambiso: Ukulungiswa okukhululekile noma okuphansi kwezindawo ezithola imali encane ukuze kuncishiswe udoti nezikweletu.
  • [[ITL:0] Izindleko eziphakwe: Ezinye izikhitshane ezifakwayo zifake isamba semali yonke efuna abathengi ukuba bafaneleke ngokwengxenye yeholo.

Le zinhlelo ziqinisekisa ukuthi umyalezo wokulondoloza imvelo awulahlekile kulabo abangakwazi ukukhokha imali eyengeziwe, futhi usekela umphakathi ngesilinganiso esengeziwe, ngokuvamile esingathandwa kwezombangazwe.

Ukulinganisela Ngokuhlakanipha Nobuchwepheshe

Izakhiwo eziphambili ze-milli ezisebenzisa inzuzo yesikhathi esibanzi (AMI) zivumela abathengi ukuba basebenzise ukwaziswa okuthatha isikhathi sangempela, okungahlanganyelwa nabathengi nge-webcards ne-solution. Uma amakhasimende ebona amanzi asetshenziswayo kanye nokuthi abizani, angenza izinqumo eziqondisiwe. Ezinye izimiso ze-AMI zivumela ngisho nabathengi ukuba bahlele izixwayiso ngohlelo olusetshenziswayo (*izaziso uma besondela kuhlu olulandelayo. I-Unity ingasebenzisa futhi AMI ukuze baqaphele ukuvuza komthengi futhi babaxwayise ngokushesha. Indimu yemime ne-pringishi eqoqwe ikha i-temfontra ngamandla ukuze ikwazi ukuphatha imfuyo. Izindleko zenhloko ziphakeme kakhulu, kodwa izindleko ezinde ezingangeni ezigwenywayo ngokuvamile zivikela ukuthengwa kokwandisa imali.

Ikusasa Lokufuthwa Kwamanzi

Njengoba ukuntuleka kwamanzi kwanda emhlabeni wonke, amasampula azokuqhubeka eguquka. Omunye umqondo ovelayo yi- i-didget prigsion, lapho umkhaya ngamunye uthola khona imvume esekelwe enanini lezakhamuzi nezidingo ezivamile zasendlini. Ukusetshenziswa phakathi kwemali kubekwa ngesilinganiso esiphansi; ukusetshenziswa kwemali ngezindlela ezingaphezulu kwemali kuyalahlwa ngokucuthayo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ngokuqondile ezicini zasekhaya futhi kuhlose ukuhlela amanzi ngendlela elinganayo kunesimiso esivamile. Okunye ukuthambekela kuhlanganisa ulwazi lwezulu ne-pluntwensig: phakathi nezikhathi ezomile, amazinga akhula ngokuzenzakalelayo ukunqanda ukusetshenziswa ngaphandle, futhi phakathi nezinkathi zokuncipha kwazo kudinga ukuhlelwa kwamanzi okuyinkimbinkimbi kodwa kungenza amanzi alondolozwe kanye nezindawo ezingokoqobo.

I-prignating futhi iba sobala kakhulu njengoba imishini esetshenziswayo ekuhloleni izindleko zokulungisa i-athomu ukuze ihlele amazinga agcwele awezindleko zokwelapha, ukuthutha, nezakhiwo zesikhathi esizayo. Nakuba lokhu kubangela amanani, futhi kuqinisekisa ukusebenziseka kwesikhathi eside. Ngokwesibonelo, U.S. IsiKhuseli Sendawo Ezungezile sokulondoloza imvelo situsa ukukhuliswa okugcwele njengendlela engcono kakhulu yokulawula amanzi. Ngokufanayo, i-World Bank World Bank abalweli yenguquko yenkambiso ebiza ukulingana nokukhiqiniswa kwemali emazweni asathuthuka.

Amashumi eminyaka azayo azobona ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kwezakhiwo ezisekelwe ekufuneni izimfihlo, ukulawulwa kwesidingo, nokubophana kwamakhasimende. Izindlela zokubona ingaphakathi azizukulondolozi amanzi kuphela kodwa futhi ziyothuthukisa ukumelana nokushayeka kwesimo sezulu.

Isiphetho: Ukulinganisela Ukulinganisela Nokulinganisela

I-prigling ayilona nje ithuluzi elingokwezimali; iyisixhaso sokuziphatha. Isimo samazinga sithumela uphawu olucacile ngokubaluleka kwamanzi nokubaluleka kokulondoloza imvelo. Amazinga amema ukulahlwa; amaqoqo anezitebhisi akhuthaza ukuphumelela. Kodwa ukufakwa komchamo wodwa akukwazi ukuxazulula zonke izinselele zamanzi. Kumelwe kupheleliswe yimfundo yomphakathi, ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe, nezinhlelo eziqinile zosizo kubantu abasengozini. Uma ziklanywe ngokunengqondo, i-priging inganciphisa ukusetshenziswa, isithibezela ukwanda kwezakhiwo ezibizayo, futhi ibeke imfuno yemfutho encithakayo. Imishini, imishini yezenezenezenezemisebenzi, i-odoculote, futhi yonke ifeza indima yokulungisa amanzi esikhathini esizayo.

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ngezimiso zokuhlanganisa amanzi kanye nokuhlolwa kwezezimo, bheka ASCE Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management kanye ne Inhlangano eqondisayo ye-Pacific ezingeni lamanzi[.