Indima Yokuhlola Izimiso Zokuqondisa Izinqumo Zokungavumelani Nemithetho

Ukuhlolwa komthetho akuyona nje indlela yokuzivivinya yemfundo kodwa inqubo eyisisekelo eqondisayo nenomthwalo wemfanelo. Uma izishaya-mthetho zemisebenzi, zimisa indlela ukungenela kokusebenza, ezizoshintsha ngayo ukuziphatha, ukunikezela, noma ukuxazulula imfuyo yezemfundo. Ngaphandle kokuhlola ngokuhlelekile, lezo zimpoqo zihlala ziphuphuma. Umkhuba wokuhlola izimiso ngemva kokusebenza unikeza abenzi bomthetho ubufakazi obuqinisekile ngalokho okwenzekayo, okuzenza zikwazi ukucwenga, ukucwenga, isilinganiso, noma ukuyeka izindlela ezihluleka ukuveza imiphumela. Le nqubo ibalulekile ye-refecta yentando yeningi, lapho imithombo yomphakathi idingeka isetshenziswe ngokuhlakanipha futhi iqiniswe ngemiphumela esobala.

Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela inqubo elawula ngayo izinqumo ze-wisctical zesikhathi esizayo, kusukela ekuhlolweni okucatshangelwayo kuya ekuhlolweni kwezwe kwangempela kanye nasekuveleni kwenqubo. Iphikisa ngokuthi ukuhlolwa kufanele kufakwe enqubweni yokushaya umthetho kusukela ekuqaleni, kungabhekiselwa phambili ngemva kokuba isimiso sesigxilile kakade.

Isisekelo Sesayensi: Ukwenziwa Kwezimiso Zomthetho Ezisekelwe Ebukhoneni

Ukugcizelela kwanamuhla kokuhlola isimiso kusuka emzamweni obanzi wokwenza inqubo esekelwe ebufakazini (EBPM). I-EBPM isekela ukuthi izinqumo kufanele zifundiswe ngemininingwane eqinile nokuhlaziya kunokuhlola imibono, i-eccodete, noma i-expedience yezombangazwe. Umbono oyinhloko ucacile: ngaphambi kokumisa umthetho omusha noma ukwandisa uhlelo olukhona, abenzi bemithetho kufanele babheke lokho ubufakazi obukushoyo ngokungenela okufanayo. Ngemva kokuba umthetho usukhona, kufanele bahlole ithonya lawo langempela emigomweni yawo.

Izibonelo ezimbili ezivelele zokwenziwa kwezimiso zibonisa ukuthi kungani zihlaziya izinto:

  • I-Ratical-Compehensivery Mode: Imibono yokuthi abenzi bezimiso bangaveza imigomo ecacile, bacabangele zonke ezinye izindlela, bakhethe enye engcono, bese bahlola imiphumela ngaphandle kwesizathu. Eqinisweni, lesibonelo asifinyelelwa ngenxa yesikhathi esilinganiselwe, ulwazi, namandla okuqonda. Ukuhlolwa kusiza ukulinganisela ngokuncela emuva ulwazi lwangempela lokusebenza.
  • I-increlimentism (Ilindblom ka-'lind's' isho “ukudlula phakathi”):[ ichaza uchungechunge loshintsho oluncane kusuka kumo wesimo. Ukuhlola lapha kusebenza njengenqubo eqondisayo, ebonisa ukuthi iluphi ushintsho oluqhubekayo olusebenzayo nolungasebenzanga, oluvumela ukuhlaziywa okuqhubekayo.

Zombili lezi zifekethiso ekugcineni zincike ekutholeni impendulo ekuhloleni ukuthuthukisa izinqumo zesikhathi esizayo. Ngaphandle kwazo, inqubo ihlala iqashelwa. Ukuze ingene kakhulu emapulasiteleni e-EBPM, i-RAND Corporation inikeza ukucwaninga okunzulu ngezindlela zokuhlaziya izimiso.

Okwenza Kudingeke Ukuhlolwa Kwezimiso Zomthetho

Izindikimba ezishaya umthetho zisebenza ngaphansi kwemingcele: isikhathi esilinganiselwe sesimiso, izinto eziza kuqala ezincintisanayo, nokucindezela okukhulu kwezombangazwe. Uma kuqhathaniswa nale nkathi, ukuhlola kunikeza izinzuzo eziningana zikakhonkolo:

  • Ukukhokha ngemali: [ Abakhokhi bentela nabameleli bafanelwe ukwazi ukuthi umthetho ufeze izinjongo zawo ezimisiwe. Imibiko yokuhlola yenza irekhodi lemisebenzi engasetshenziswa ekulaleleni nasekudingiseni uhlelo lwemali.
  • Imithombo esemthethweni:[ Ohulumeni abavamile ukuba nohlelo olungenamkhawulo. Ukuhlola kuveza izinhlelo eziletha izinxephezelo eziphakeme ngemali echithwayo nalezo okufanele zisuswe noma zikhishwe kabusha.
  • Ukufunda okungalawuleki: ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukuhlola kwasikhathi sonke kwakha ulwazi lwezimiso phakathi kwezindlu zomthetho nezinhlangano. Abenzi bomthetho bangathola umtapo wemiphumela yakudala lapho bekha izikweletu ezintsha, bagweme amaphutha aphindaphindwayo.
  • Ukuthembana okungaphelele: Lapho izakhamuzi zibona ukuthi imithetho ibukezwa futhi ibukelwe ngokusekelwe ebufakazini, ukuthembela kuhulumeni kuyakhula. Ukubonisana phakathi kwezindlela zokuhlola nokuthola kunciphisa ukungathembi.

Izinhlobo Nezindlela Zokuhlolwa Kwezimiso

Ukuqonda indlela ehlukile yokuhlola kusiza abashaya imithetho ukuba bakhethe ithuluzi elifanele lesimo ngasinye.

Ukuhlelwa kwama-v. Ukufingqiwe

Ukuhlola kokuhleleka kwenzeka phakathi nokuklanywa kwenqubo noma ukusetshenziswa kwakuqala. Kuhlola ukuhlola komshayeli, ukuqoqa izinqumiso, nokucwengisisa izinqubo ngaphambi kokugcwala. Ngokwesibonelo, ipulatifomu entsha yentela elungiselelwe ngokwezinombolo ingahlolwa ukuze kubonwe izimo zokusebenziseka. Ukuhlola komthetho [[FLT:]], kwesinye isandla, kwenzeka ngemva kokufezeka. Iyabuza: Ingabe isimiso sabangela ushintsho oluhlolweyo? Izinguquko ezinkulu? Izinqumiso ze-Afford Care Acts Act zaziyindaba yokuhlola okuningi okuthiwa ngokufingqiwe yinguquko kamuva.

Inqubo, Umphumela, Nokuhlola Izindleko

  • ukuhlola kwe-Proctive: hlola ukuthi inkambiso ihlelwe kanjani ngendlela eklanywe. Uma uhlelo lokuqeqesha umsebenzi lubonisa imiphumela engemihle, inqubo yokuhlola ingahlola ukuthi ukuqeqeshwa kunikezwa kuyini ngempela, ubani, futhi kuthembeka kuphi. Lokhu kusiza ukuhlukanisa phakathi kokwehluleka kwenqubo nokwehluleka kokufeza.
  • ukuhlola okungaguquguquki: Isebenzisa izindlela zokuhlola noma zokuhlola (izindlela ezilawulwayo zokuhlola, umehluko-ukungalingani, ukubuyela emuva) ukuhlukanisa umphumela wenqubo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlola isilinganiso somholo onciphisiwe wokwenyuka kwesilinganiso sombuso we-athomu elisesilinganisweni sokuhlola imiphumela emsebenzini nasemhlweni. INhlangano ye-Urban ilondoloza iqoqo elibanzi lezifundo ezinjalo.
  • Ukuhlolwa komphumela nezindleko-zokulungisa : kuqhathanisa izindleko zemali yenkambiso nemiphumela yayo, ngokuvamile ngemisho engeyona eyimfihlo (umz., iminyaka yokuphila okugciniwe, ubugebengu buncitshisiwe). Lokhu kuhlaziya kubaluleke kakhulu ezindlu zomthetho eziziqaphelayo.

Izindlela Ezixubile Zokuhlanganisa, Zokuhlanganisa, Nezokuxuba

Ukuhlola okuhle kuvame ukuhlanganisa izindlela. Imininingwane yeQuantitive (izinto ezibhaliwe, amarekhodi okuphatha, izimpawu zezomnotho) inikeza amandla okubala nokusebenza. I-Qualitive data (imibono, amaqembu abhekisisayo, ukuhlola) iveza izinqubo, umongo, nemiphumela engalindelekile. Ukuhlola okuxubile kuvame kakhulu ngoba kunikeza kokubili ububanzi nobubanzi.

Izinselele Zokuhlola Izindlela Eziwusizo

Ukuqaphela lezi zinselele kusiza abashaya imithetho ukuba bahlole imiyalo engokoqobo nekwaziyo ukubhekana nezenzakalo.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwemininingwane Nemfanelo

Ngaphandle kokwaziswa okunesisekelo esithembekile nezindlela zomphumela, ukuhlolwa akunakwenzeka. Imithetho eminingi idluliswa ngaphandle kokuchaza ukuthi yimuphi umniningo okumelwe uqoqwe noma ukuthi ungenziwa kanjani ukuba ufinyeleleke. Izindaba zomuntu siqu, izimiso zokwaziswa ezihlukene, nezimiso eziphelelwe isikhathi zenza izindaba zibe nzima ngokwengeziwe. Imithetho ingasingatha lokhu ngokuqoqa ukwaziswa okunemithetho yokwaziswa ngolimi lwakuqala, ifaka imvume yokuthi izinhlangano kumelwe zikhiphe imininingwane ebhalwe ngokulandelanayo phakathi kwe-system yesikhathi esinengqondo.

Ukumelana Nezombangazwe Nokuxazululwa Kwezikhathi Ezingezinhle

Izikhulu eziqashelwe zingamelana nokuhlola okungaziphoxa noma zinike abaphikisi amandla. Uhlelo oluthandwayo nabakhiqizi lungavikelwa ekuhlolweni, ngisho noma ubufakazi bubonisa ukuthi azisebenzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umjikelezo womthetho ngokuvamile uphambaniswa ngokungafanele nomjikelezo wokuhlola. Ukuhlola iminyaka emihlanu kungafika ngemva kokuba abenzi bomthetho abadlulise isikhwama sokuqala sebeshiye ihhovisi noma baqhubeke. Ngokuphikisana nalokhu, ukudweba kwemithetho kungahlanganisa amalungiselelo okuthatha ukushona kwelanga okudinga ukubhalwa kabusha ngemva kokuba kudlulisiwe ukuhlolwa.

Ukudla Okuyinkimbinkimbi Nokusakaza

Ukuhlukanisa akuvamile ukuphatha ngokuzehlukanisa. Izimo zezomnotho, eminye imithetho, nokushaqeka kwangaphandle kuphumela ekuthonyeni ithonya. Ukuhlukanisa ithonya lesimiso kudinga ulawulwa okuyinkimbinkimbi kwezibalo noma imiklamo engekho ngokwezimiso, okungalindelekile ngaso sonke isikhathi. Abenzi bemithetho kufanele baqonde ukuthi yini engahlolwa futhi bagweme ukulindela izimpendulo ezilula zezinhlelo zezenhlalo eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Ukuvinjelwa Kwemithombo Yezinto

Ukuhlola okunamandla kuyabiza futhi kunikeza isikhathi. Izishaya-mthetho ezincane noma izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ezinemali elinganiselwe zingase zintule ubuchwepheshe noma izimali zokuhlela izifundo eziphezulu eziphezulu. Amalungiselelo okuhlobisa namayunivesithi, izinhlangano zokucwaninga ezingaphakamisi (njengeHhovisi Lezemali likaHulumeni noma amahhovisi e-operaccounts alawulayo) futhi izisekelo zokusiza ekusizeni ukunwetshwa kwamaRandi ngokuqhubekayo.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo: Indlela Ukuhlola Okwathonya Ngayo Umthetho Olandelayo

Izibonelo zezwe langempela zibonisa ithonya elibonakalayo lokuhlola isimiso semithetho ezikhungweni zomthetho.

Abayidlayo Intela Abayitholayo (EITC)

I-EITC kahulumeni kahulumeni ka-U.S. iye yahlolwa kakhulu kusukela yasungulwa ngo-1975. Ukuhlola kubonisa njalo ukuthi kwandisa ukujoyinana kwezisebenzi phakathi komama abangabodwa futhi kunciphisa izindleko zobubhawuli obuncane. Lokhu kutholakele kwaholela ekwandeni okuningi kokubili emazingeni ezwe nawamazwe. Ngokungafani, ukuhlola kwe-Server Consolation for Needy Families (TANF) uhlelo luye lwaveza imiphumela exubile, kubangela ezinye izifunda ukuba zizame nabaxhaphazeli bemi futhi zisekele izimiso zomsebenzi. Umbambo wokwenyuswa kwemidalingo nomthetho ye-ETCPROR

Imithetho Eneziqu Ezintathu Nezimemezelo Zokulungisa

“Iziteshi ezintathu” zomthetho, ezamiswa ngo-1994, zagunyaza izigwebo ezinde zezephulamthetho eziphindaphindwayo. Ngo- 2000, ukuhlola kwabonisa ukuthi umthetho wawuvale ngokungenakuqhathaniswa izaphulamthetho ezingenabudlova, wabiza izinkulungwane zezigidi, futhi awuzange ngokuphawulekayo ukunciphisa ubugebengu uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izifundazwe. Lokhu okutholakele kwakha amandla okuguqula, okwaholela ekunciphiseni ukusebenza komthetho. Izinguquko ezifanayo ziye zenzeka kwezinye izifunda, ukushintshela imithombo ezikhombisweni ezisekelwe kwezinye izindlela ezinjengezinkantolo zezidakamizwa kanye nezinhlelo zobuprotemp.

Iziphakamiso zomshuwalense wokuntuleka komsebenzi

Phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVOVAD-19, imishuwalense yokungasebenzi eminingi yanda kakhulu (UI) kanye nezinzuzo zesikhashana. Ukuhlola okwenziwa yizifundiswa noMnyango wezisebenzi wase-U.S. kwembula ukuthi yiyiphi inqubo eshintshayo (njengeyamukela i-sayina ye-electronic nenkokhelo ephinde yasebenza) kanye nezinga lokungasheshi nokungalungi. Izifunda eziningi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi ziye zenza lezo zinguquko ezihlala njalo ngesenzo somthetho. I-OECD iye yahlola lezinguquko zesicelo sakwamanye amazwe.

Ukuvivinywa Okusezifundweni Nokulandisa

I-No Child Lend Behind Act (NCLB) ka-2001 eyagunyazwa ukuhlolwa kwaminyaka yonke futhi yabeka izijeziso ezikoleni ezisebenza kancane. Ukuhlola okufingqiwe phakathi neminyaka eyishumi ezalandela kwathola ukuthi nakuba amanye amaqembu aphansi ayethuthukiswa ngezibalo, umthetho wakhuthaza ukufundisa okuhlolwa, izifundo zesikole ezivalekile, futhi waveza amazinga aphakeme phakathi kwabafundi abalwayo. Lokho kuhlola kwazisa i-Extents Act (ESA) ka-2015, eyabuyela ezimweni ezivumelanayo futhi yagcizelela izinyathelo eziningi zokusebenza kwesikole kunokuba ihlole amanani amaningi.

Ukuhlola Okushintshayo Enqubweni Yokuqondisa

Ukuze kubonakale ukuthi lokhu kuthinta kanjani, akunakucatshangelwa ngemva kwalokho. Abenzi bomthetho bangahlola umsebenzi wabo ngezinqubo eziningana.

Izimfuneko zokuhlola zangaphambi komthetho

Ngaphambi kokuba kuqaliswe isikweleti, kudingeka uhlelo lokuhlola lokuqala olusho ukuthi: (1) imiphumela engenakulungiseka ehloselwe ukufinyelela uhlelo, (2) imithombo yokwaziswa nezindlela zokuhlola lezo miphumela, kanye (3) nesikhathi sokukhipha umbiko. Ezinye izishaya-mthetho, njenge U.S. IHhovisi lokuQaphela Imali (GAO)[FLT], kakade inikeza ukuhlola okungadingwanga ngesicelo. Ukwandisa amandla amahhovisi anjalo kuqinisekisa ukuthi isilinganiso siyafaneleka futhi sifike ngesikhathi.

Ukushona Kwelanga Nokubukezwa Kwezikhathi Eziningi

Izifunda eziningi zinekhomishane yokuhlola ukushona kwelanga encibilikisa izinhlangano noma izinhlelo ngaphandle kokuba isishaya-mthetho siphinde sizimise ngokusekelwe ekusebenzeni. Ngokwesibonelo, iTexas isebenzisa iSunset Advisory Commission ukuhlola izinhlangano zikahulumeni njalo ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi nambili. Lokhu kwakha impoqo eyakhelwe ukuhlolwa futhi kugunyaza ukunakekelwa kwemithetho ngemiphumela kunokuba kunikezwe i-stentia.

Ukuhileleka Nokuhlola Okuhilelekile

Kuyiqiniso kakhulu ukuhlola uma kuhlanganisa nombono walabo abathintekayo. Ukuhlola okuhambisana nokusebenza kuhilela abazuzayo, izisebenzi ezisebenzela phambili, nezinhlangano zomphakathi ekuchazeni impumelelo nokuchaza okutholakele. Lendlela ingaveza imiphumela engalindelekile, cishe njengemithwalo yokuqondisa evimbela abafanelekele ukuhlolwa.

Ukuqeqeshwa Kwabemithetho Ngenxa Yobufakazi Obusetshenziswayo

Izisebenzi zekomiti nezisebenzi zomthetho ngokuvamile yizona ezigaya imibiko yabenzi bomthetho. Ukuziqeqesha ngomklamo wokucwaninga oyisisekelo, ukufunda ukwaziswa, nokucubungula ngokugxeka ukuhlolwa kuthuthukisa izinga lokuhlobana kwemithetho. Izinhlangano eziningana, kuhlanganise ne-National Conference of State Legislatures, zinikeza amashabhu nemishini yokuhlela izinhlelo ezisekelwe ebufakazini.

Ukuthambekela Okukhulayo Ekuhlolweni Kwezimiso

Umkhakha wokuhlola isimiso sezokusebenza uthuthuka ngokushesha, ushukunyiswa intuthuko yobuchwepheshe nokushintsha kwezifiso.

Imininingwane Ephakeme, Ukufunda Imishini, Nokuhlolwa Kwesikhathi Sangempela

Imininingwane eqondiswe ekukhokheleni intela, izinzuzo, amarekhodi empilo, nezimiso zikahulumeni zendawo manje zingahlanganiswa ngokwezinga ngalinye, zivumele ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe nokufike ngesikhathi. Izimiso zokufundisa ngemishini zingabona imiklamo kanye nokubikezela imiphumela, nakuba ziphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokukhetha nokubona. Amabhodi okuhlola kwesikhathi sangempela ."manje asetshenziswa emazweni amaningana ekuphenduleni umqedazwe / "ukuvumela abenzi bezimiso ukuba balungise izifundo eziphakathi kwe-indix kunokulinda iminyaka eminingi ukuze bathole umbiko wokugcina.

Ukuhlanganyela Nokuhlola Okuphelele

Kunokuqashelwa okukhulayo kokuthi izindlela zokuhlola ezingokwesiko zingabushaya indiva umehluko noma ziqinise ukulingana okukhona. Ama-sakhelo amasha aphakathi ngokususa imiphumela ngohlanga, iholo, ubulili, nokuma kwezwe, nangokunikeza imiphakathi izwi ekuklameni imibuzo. Uban’s equity quence requence menual metation [ iveza lomkhuba.

Umbukiso Wezizwe Zonke Nokufunda Ngesizwe Sesiphambano

Abameli babheka kakhulu kokuhlangenwe nakho kwamanye amazwe lapho kuhlelwa imithetho. Izinhlangano ezinjenge-OECD ne-World Bank zisakaza ukuhlolwa okuqhathaniswa kwezimiso ezindaweni ezinjengemfundo, impilo, intela, nemithetho yendawo ezungezile. Lemitapo yezincwadi enqamule amazwe isiza abamisi-mthetho ukuba bahlole ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuba umthetho usebenze ngokwawo ngaphambi kokuba ungenise izindleko ezigcwele zasekhaya.

Ukuqonda Kokuziphatha Nendlela Yokufinyelela Amasu

I-nyodge unit kanye ne-codes common joints (njenge-Stupical Insights Team ye-UK’s Stupial) yenza ukuhlola okusheshayo kwezinguquko ezincane zenqubo, njengokushintshwa kwezinhlamvu ezibomvu ukuze kuncishiswe ukuqamba intela noma izindlela ezenziwe lula ukuze kwandiswe ukubhaliswa kwezinhlelo. Lokhu kuhlolwa okuphansi kungalinganiswa kube umthetho ogcwele uma imiphumela ilungile, ukwenza ipayipi eliqondile kusukela ekuhlolweni kwemithetho.

Isiphetho: Ukwakha Isiko Lokuhlola

Ukuhlolwa komthetho akuyona inqubo emelwe ithathelwe izifundiswa futhi inganakwa abezombangazwe. Yinqubo eyinhloko evumela izindikimba zomthetho ukuba zifunde, zivumelane, futhi zilawule ngokuphumelelayo. Uma kuhlolwa inqubo yomthetho kusukela ekuqaleni, iveza ukuqonda okusebenzayo okunikeza izinqumo ezilandelayo okusho ukwandisa umshayeli ophumelelayo, ukumisa ukuphumelela okungahambi kahle, noma ukuqeda uhlelo olungasasebenzi.

Izinselele zokwaziswa, ezombangazwe, nemithombo yemali zingokoqobo kodwa zinqobile. Ngokufaka imali eqoqweni lamahhovisi okuhlola okuzimele, ukuqoqwa kokwaziswa, izisebenzi zokuqeqesha, kanye nokwamukela izindlela ezintsha ezinjengokuhlola kwangempela nokuhlola ukuhlukanisa, izishaya-mthetho zingasusa ekwenzeni imithetho yokholo ukuze zenze imithetho esekelwe ebufakazini. Ikusasa lokubusa okuphumelelayo lixhomeke kulokhu.