Ukulingana phambi komthetho kuyisimiso esiqinile senhlangano yanamuhla yentando yeningi, silolonga okuhlangenwe nakho kwabantu kwansuku zonke kusukela enkantolo kuya emsebenzini, futhi kusukela egumbini lokuvota ukuya esiteshini samaphoyisa sendawo. Kugomela ukuthi akekho umuntu ongaphezulu komthetho nokuthi wonke umuntu unelungelo lokuvikelwa ngendlela efanayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ingcebo, isikhundla, uhlanga, ubulili, ubulili, noma izinkolelo. Le nhloso ihlanganiswe emithethoni nasemithethweni engokomthetho emhlabeni wonke, nokho ukusebenza kwayo okuwusizo kuthonya kakhulu indlela abantu abasebenzelana ngayo nezinhlangano futhi basebenzisana ngayo nabanye. Ukuqonda indlela lesimiso esisebenza ngayo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke kwembula kokubili amandla nayiphi ingxabano eqhubekayo yesimiso sobulungisa esihlangene nokulunga.

Isimiso Sokulingana Ngaphambi KoMthetho

Umqondo wokuthi bonke abantu bangaphansi kwezindinganiso ezingokomthetho ezifanayo unomsuka ojulile ongokomlando, ukuthola ukubonakaliswa kwakuqala kwezincwadi ezinjengeMagna Carta (1215), ezaveza ukuthi ngisho nenkosi yayingawudluli umthetho. Enkathini yanamuhla, iSimemezelo somhlaba wonke samalungelo abantu (Article 7) simemezela ukuthi bonke bayalingana phambi komthetho futhi banelungelo lokuvikelwa ngokulingana. Lesimiso asisona isiqinisekiso somthetho; siyisibopho sokuziphatha nesezombangazwe esibuswa yintando yentando yeningi.

Izici eziyisisekelo

  • Uhlelo olungalinganiyo: Imithetho kumele iqikelelwe njalo, ngaphandle kobandlululo noma ubandlululo. Ukwephulwa kwezimoto yi-CEO ocebile kufanele kube nemiphumela engokomthetho efana neyomuntu oyisisebenzi esincane.
  • I-Equalial Stament: Wonke umuntu unelungelo lokuzwiwa enkantolo, ukuveza ubufakazi, nokuphikisa ukumangalelwa. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi amacala angokomthetho ayingxoxo, hhayi i-odotoma elilodwa elibuswa ngamandla.
  • Ukulandisa kwamandla : Izikhulu zomphakathi, abahluleli, nezikhulu zokugcinwa komthetho ziboshwe ngemithetho efanayo nezakhamuzi. Ama-mechanis anjengendlela yokwahlulela nendikimba yezongamele ezizimele zisiza ekubopheni lokhu kulandisa.

Uma lezi zici zisebenza ngokuphumelelayo, zenza abantu bahlele ukuphila kwabo, bafake imali emabhizinisini futhi bathembele ukuthi amalungelo abo ayovikelwa.

Ithonya Elungelweni Lomuntu Ngenkululeko

Ukulingana phambi komthetho yisihlangu esivikela ukuzibusa komuntu siqu nesithunzi. Sithonya ngokuqondile indlela izakhamuzi ezibhekana ngayo nobulungisa lapho zisebenzelana nabaqashi bazo, abanikazi, amaphoyisa ngisho namalungu omkhaya.

Ukufinyelela Ekulungeni

Ukulingana kwangempela kudinga ukuba wonke umuntu angenele isimiso somthetho ukuze aqikelele amalungelo akhe. Lokhu kusho ukuba nekhono lokubhala isikhalo, ukuthola izimpawu ezingokomthetho, futhi athole ukuqulwa ngokufanele. Nokho, ukufinyelela kuxhomeke emikhiqizweni yezimali. Izinhlelo zomthetho wangaphakathi, abavikeli bomphakathi, nama-probono angamathuluzi abucayi okuvala leligebe. Ezindaweni eziningi, ilungelo lokunikeza izigebengu, liqinisekiswe kakhulu ukuba lezigebengu ziboshwe, kodwa izindaba zomphakathi ezifana nokuxoshwa kwezindlu, ukuwiswa kwezingane, nenkongozeletulo ngokuvamile zishiya abantu ukuba bahambe bebodwa. i-Liberation Union (ACLL)[FL:1] isebenza kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuthi lamalungelo ezindaweni ezisemthethweni ziwusizo, izikhululo ezingokwabantu, labo abangabamele.

Isivikelo Ekucwaseni

Imithetho elwa nokungavumelani iwukubonakaliswa okuqondile kokulingana phambi komthetho. Inqabela ukuphathwa okungalingani okusekelwe ngokohlanga, ubulili, inkolo, ukukhubazeka, nezinye izici ezivikelekile. Ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, lokhu kuthinta izinqumo zokuqasha, amathuba okuhlala, ukukwazi ukufundiswa, nekhono lokuthenga izinto nezinkonzo. Ngokwesibonelo, iFair Howar Act eUnited States inika abantu amandla okukhokha abahlala abangafuni ukuqasha ngenxa yezinhlanga. Ngokufanayo, isivikelo emsebenzini sivumela izisebenzi ukuba zibeke inselele ukuhlukunyezwa noma ukuphindisela. Le mithetho yenza isisekelo sokungagwetyeki, nakuba ukugcinwa kwemithetho kusenselele inselele.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala Okufanele Nenqubo Efanele

Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elilungile liyisisekelo sokulingana. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukubhekwa kobumsulwa, ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi, nokwenqatshelwa kwesijeziso sonya nesingavamile. Uma izinqubo zamaphoyisa zicwasa noma zikhohlakele, isimiso siyaphulwa. Amacala amakhulu amacala okukholisa okungamangalela, ngokuvamile ahilela abamangalelwa abasemaqenjini ahlukene, aqokomisa indlela ukungalingani kwezimiso okungakonakalisa ngayo inzuzo. Izinhlangano ezinjenge-Innocence Project [ isebenzisa ubufakazi be-DNAMET ukuveza ukulahlwa okungamangalelwa ngokungafanele, ebonisa ukuthi ngisho nalapho umthetho usendaweni ephansi, ukusebenza kwawo kungalimaza kakhulu.

Imiphumela Ebhizinisini Nezentengiselwano

Ezomnotho, ukulingana ngaphambi kokuba umthetho ubangele isimo esizinzile nesilindelekile esibangela ukusungulwa kwemisebenzi, ukutshala imali, nokuncintisana. Amabhizinisi athembele esimisweni somthetho sokuphoqelela izivumelwano, ukuvikela impahla, nokuxazulula izingxabano. Uma umthetho usebenza ngokufanayo, izinkampani zincintisana ngokusekelwe ekufanelekeni nasezingeni eliphansi kunokuncintisana kwezombangazwe noma ngokukhetha.

Izinga Lokudlala Inkundla Yokuncintisana

Ukungaphathi imithetho eqinile nezimiso zezentengiselwano kuklanyelwe ukuvimbela izinhlangano zezentengiselwano futhi kuqinisekise ukuncintisana okulungile. Isiqalo esincane kufanele sikwazi ukumangalela inhlangano enkulu yemisebenzi yezebhizinisi engalungile, futhi bobabili abantu bazi imithetho efanayo esebenzayo. Lokhu kukhuthaza ukuthengiswa kwezindawo ezihlukahlukene. Ngokuphambene, uma imithetho igcinwa ngokukhethayo (ngokomzekelo, lapho abalawuli beqala ngokulula emafemini ahlangene kwezombangazwe) /ithscapy informationss nengcebo. IBhange lezwe Lomthetho lithatha izimpawu zokuthika okungabekeki ngokungakhethi, kubonisa ukuva okunamandla phakathi kokulingana okungokomthetho nokukhula kwezomnotho.

Ukuthembana Kwabathengi Nezici Ezinhle

Abathengisi bazimisele kakhulu ukuhileleka ekuthengiseni lapho bekholelwa ukuthi abathengisi abakhohlisayo bazobekwa icala. Ukulingana phambi komthetho kuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho eveza ukulahlekelwa, izindinganiso zeqiniso, nezivumelwano zisebenza kubo bonke abantu. Ngokwesibonelo, ibhange alinakuphoqelela izikweleti zemali ezibolekwayo ezingekho emthethweni kubolekisa abancane; imithetho efanayo yokuvikela ibusa zonke izinhlangano zezimali. Lokhu kudingekile ezomnotho ezisebenzayo. Uma ukugcinwa kwezentengiselwano kubuthakathaka noma kusekweqiniswa, abathengi abanakuphoqelela, banciphe imali futhi bakhululeke.

Ukunciphisa Ukonakala

Isibopho esiqinile sokulingana ngokomthetho singenye yezindlela eziphumelela kakhulu zokuqeda ukonakala. Uma izikhulu zingamangalelwa ngokufumbathisa, lapho kunikezwa izimvume ngokusobala, futhi lapho izinkantolo zizimele, izindleko zokuqhuba ibhizinisi zincipha. Izenzo ezonakele ziyanda endaweni lapho umthetho unezaba ezicashile nalapho isijeziso singaqinisekile. Ngokusekela ukulingana, izimiso zomthetho zibangela ukunqanda nokukhuthaza impucuko yokulalela. Imibono yenkohlakalo ye-Transparency International ibonisa ukuthi amazwe anomthetho oqinile athambekele ekutheni amazinga aphansi kakhulu okusetshenziswa kweqembu lomphakathi.

Indima Kuhulumeni Nasemithethweni Yomphakathi

Ohulumeni bangabadali nezikhonzi zomthetho. Ukulingana ngaphambi kokuba umthetho ufune lowo mbuso uthathe isinyathelo sokukhokha intela kuya kuphoyisa.

Imithetho Nesivikelo SikaClaus Esilinganayo

Umthetho-sisekelo omningi uhlanganisa isiqinisekiso esifanayo sokuvikela, esivimbela ohulumeni ekwenzeni imithetho ehlukanisayo. Ngokwesibonelo, iSichibiyelo seshumi nane soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. sidinga ukuba kunikezwe izimemezelo zokunikeza "ukuvikelwa ngokulinganayo kwemithetho." Lombhalo uye wasetshenziselwa ukuqeda ukuhlukanisa ngokohlanga, ukuqinisekisa ukulingana komshado, nokuvikela amalungelo okuvota. Ukukhetha imithetho kumelwe kuthethelelwe ngesisekelo esinengqondo, futhi izimpawu ezisekelwe ezinhlangani noma ebusweni bobufana nobulili zihlolwe ngokuqinile. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi abenzi bomthetho abanakukwazi ukuhlasela amaqembu angenazisulu ngaphandle kwesizathu esiphoqelelayo.

Izinkonzo Zomphakathi Nenhlalakahle

Ukulingana ngaphambi kokuba umthetho uthonye ukufinyelela izinzuzo zempilo, imfundo, nokulondeka kwezenhlalo. Izimiso zokungalingani kumelwe zisetshenziswe ngokufana. Ngokwesibonelo, uhulumeni awunakuzinqikaza izinzuzo zezenhlalakahle kubafuduki abangokomthetho besizwe esisodwa kuyilapho ubanika abanye ngaphandle kwesimiso esicacile. Ngokuphambene, ukungalingani kwezezimali zesikole zomphakathi ezisekelwe ezintela zempahla zendawo kuye kwabekelwa inselele njengokuphula izimiso zokulingana ngoba badala amathuba emfundo engenakulinganisenelwa abantwana abacebile kanye nezifunda ezifundeni ezimpofu. Izinkantolo zivame ukulwa nale mithetho ezindaweni ezisekelwe ekutholeni inzuzo.

Ukwethembana Komphakathi Nokuhlanganyela

Uma izakhamuzi ziqaphela ukuthi umthetho uvikela wonke umuntu ngokulinganayo, zithambekele kakhulu ekuzivumelanini ngokuzithandela nezimiso, zikhokhele izintela, futhi zihlanganyele ezinqubweni zentando yeningi. Ngokuphambene, ubandlululo olucatshangelwayo (_ngokwesibonelo, ekubosheni amacala ezidakamizwa ahlasela ngokungenakulinganiswa imiphakathi emincane (ukuthembana futhi kungaholela ekuqhutshekisweni komphakathi. Izinhlelo zomphakathi zokulungisa nokulungisa izinhlelo zomthetho zizama ukuvuselela lokhu kuthembana ngokubonisa ukuthi umthetho unomthwalo wokugcinwa futhi ulungile. Ngaphandle kwalesi sisekelo, ukubusa kuyavumelana futhi kuyaguquguquka.

Izinselele Zokulingana Ngaphambi KoMthetho

Naphezu kwezisekelo zayo, ukufinyelela ukulingana kwangempela ngaphambi kokuba umthetho uqhubeke kuyimpi eqhubekayo.

Izimo Ezingafani Zezenhlalo Nezomnotho

Ingcebo ivame ukunikeza imiphumela engokomthetho. Ikhono lokuposa ibheyili, ukuqasha ofakazi abangochwepheshe, ukudlulisa izikhalo, noma ukulungisa amacala omphakathi ngokushesha kuxhomeke kakhulu emalini. Ummangalelwa ocebile angakhokha iqembu elinamandla aphezulu lomthetho elingase lithole isikhalazo noma isinqumo esingcono, kuyilapho ummangalelwa ompofu angacindezelwa ukuba afake icala ngenxa yokungabi namali. Izimiso zomphakathi zokuvikela zihlala zikhona, ziholela ekuthwaleni okukhulu kwezekwehlela futhi zimelele okunganele. Lokhu kwakha isimiso sobulungisa esinezeluleko, lapho ukulingana kwephepha nokungalingani kusetshenziswa khona.

Iziqu Zobuhlanga Nezobuhlanga

Ubandlululo lwesimiso luhlala luyinselele enkulu. Ukuhlola ngokungaguquki kubonisa umehluko phakathi kwenani lokuboshwa, ubude, nokusetshenziswa kwamaphoyisa. Ubandlululo oluphelele phakathi kwabahluleli nabejaji lungathonya izinqumo, ngisho nalapho kungekho ubuhlanga obungavamile. Ifa lemithetho eyahlukanisa ngokucacile − njengemithetho e-United States noma umthetho wobandlululo eNingizimu Afrika. Ukusingatha lokhu kucwasa kudinga izinyathelo eziqhubekayo njengokuqeqeshwa kokwaziswa, ukuqoqwa kwemininingwane yezokwaziswa, kanye nenguquko enjengezingalinganiyo ezithi i-custone i-gallerys.

Ukuntuleka Kwemithombo Yengcebo Nezokuqapha Okungokomthetho

Abantu abaningi abawazi amalungelo abo angokomthetho noma indlela yokuwasebenzisa. Imingcele yolimi, amazinga aphansi okufunda nokungafundi, kanye nokuhlukahluka kwamasiko kungahlanganisa lokhu kungazi. Ngisho noma abantu bewazi amalungelo abo, bangase balwele ukuthola usizo olusemthethweni oluthe ngqo. Ezindabeni zomphakathi, igebe "ubulungisa" lisho ukuthi izigidi zibhekana nezinkinga ezingokomthetho ngaphandle kophawu. Izixazululo zobuchwepheshe, ezifana ne-i-inthanethi yokuzisiza ngokwayo nezindlela zenkantolo ezilula, zivela ekuvaleni leligebebe, kodwa azikwazi ukuthatha indawo yeseluleko esingokomthetho esinekhono. [FLT] Brenan Center yeJaji zinikeza ukucwaninga nokulungisa le mithetho futhi zithuthukise indlela yokukhuluma ngalezindawo nezinkantolo.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukulingana Ngaphambi KoMthetho

Ukuqinisa isimiso sokulingana phambi komthetho kudinga imizamo yamabomu, ehlukahlukene evela kubantu ngabanye, emiphakathini, nasezinhlanganweni. Nakuba ukulingana okuphelele kungafinyelelwa, intuthuko eqhubekayo ingenzeka.

Imfundo Yasemthethweni Nemikhankaso Yokuqapha

Ukunika abantu amandla ngolwazi lwamalungelo abo angokomthetho kuyisinyathelo esiyisisekelo. Izikole zingahlanganisa imfundo yomphakathi ehlanganisa izimiso eziyisisekelo zomthetho, kuhlanganise nendlela yokubhala izikhalo, ukuthi kuyini ukucwasana, nendlela isimiso senkantolo esisebenza ngayo. Izinzuzo ezingekho namaziko kahulumeni angaxhasa izinkampani zomphakathi kanye nezinto zolimi oluhlukahlukene. Ulwazi lungamandla: umuntu oqonda ilungelo labo lokuthula noma ukuncintisana nokuxoshwa kungcono ukuba azivikele.

Ukushisekela Umthetho Nezinguquko Zokwakhiwa

Amaqembu afundisayo afeza indima ebalulekile ekuqhubeni ushintsho lwezimiso. Lokhu kuhlanganisa imikhankaso yokuqeda ibheyili yemali, iziqondiso zokugweba inguquko, ukwandisa ukuxhasa imali kwabavikeli bomphakathi, nokwandisa usizo olungokomthetho. Ukufuna izinqubo zokwahlulela ezibonisayo nokwengamela kobukhoma kwamaphoyisa kunganciphisa futhi ubandlululo. Amaqumrhu anjengeZizwe Ezihlangene athuthukisa izindinganiso zendawo yonke ngemihlangano kanye nokubukeza ngezikhathi ezithile, agcina amazwe angamalungu elandisa ngentuthuko yawo ezikhombisweni zomthetho.

Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi Nobulungisa Obubuyiselwe

Izindlela zendawo ezihlanganisa amaphoyisa, abashushisi, abameli, namalungu omphakathi zingakha ukuqondana nokuveza izinkinga ezithile. Izinhlelo zobulungisa ezibuyiselwayo, ezigxile ekulungiseni umonakalo nokubuyisana kwamaqembu kunokuba zithathe izinyathelo zokukhipha isijeziso, zingaba ezinye izindlela ezihambelanayo nenqubo engokomthetho engokomthetho. Ngokuvamile zikhuluma ngezindaba zokungalingani ngokunikeza izisulu nabahlukumezi izwi eliqondile. Izinkantolo zomphakathi ezisingatha izono eziphansi ezigxile ezinkonzweni zomphakathi kunokuba zigxile ekusebenziseni isikhathi sokuvalelwa kwejele.

Ubuchwepheshe Nokubuyiselwa

Amathuluzi emishini angathuthukisa ukufinyelela kobulungisa. I-operate coption plat, i-computer yezincwadi ezizisebenzelayo, kanye ne-Al-apar-asensit eziphendula imibuzo engokomthetho engasiza abantu ukuba baqondise isimiso ngaphandle kommeli. Izinkantolo zivumela ukuqulwa kwamacala, ukunciphisa umthwalo wokuhamba nesikhathi emsebenzini. Nokho, kumelwe kuqashelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ubuchwepheshe abukhiqizi izithiyo ezintsha kulabo abangenakho ukungena noma ukufunda ngo-inthane.

Isiphetho

Ukulingana phambi komthetho akuwona umgomo ongekho ngokomthetho; kuyisimiso esiphilayo esilawula ukuphepha, amathuba, nesithunzi sawo wonke umuntu emphakathini. Kuthonya indlela esiphathwa ngayo amaphoyisa, ukuthi singaphoqelela isivumelwano, nokuthi ivoti yethu ingaba ibaluleke njenganoma ubani yini. Nakuba izinselele ezinkulu zikhona .(ukungalingani kwezomnotho nokungalingani kwezimiso) kunikeza indlela ebaluleke kakhulu yokulunga. Ngokukhuthaza imfundo, ukusekela izinguquko, nokuhlanganyela njengezakhamuzi ezikhuthele, singasondela ezweni lapho umthetho ukhonza khona wonke umuntu ngokulinganayo. Ukuphishekela ubulungisa akupheli, kodwa kuhlala kuyindlela ethembekile yokukhetha impucuko elungile nenokuthula.