Umholi ophambili unamandla ashukumisayo ezimisweni zentela ezibumba isimo sezomnotho sombuso. Minyaka yonke, ababusi basikisela ukuhlelwa kwemali, ukukhokhwa noma ukusayinwa kwentela, futhi bamisa indlela yokushaya indiva impikiswano ezindlini zabo zikahulumeni. Izinqumo zabo ngamazinga entela, izikweleti, izikweleti, nokungahoxi kuthinta ngokuqondile ukutshala intela, inzuzo yasekhaya, kanye nezinkonzo zomphakathi. Ukuqonda izinqubo zethonya lesikhulu somphakathi kubalulekile ezakhamuzini, ezingenisweni zemali, nabenzi bemithetho abafuna ukuqaphela izinguquko ezingenisweni zentela zikahulumeni.

Imithetho Yomthetho Namandla Angokoqobo Kambusi Ekukhokheleni Intela

Igunya likambusi ngenkambiso yentela liqala ngomthetho-sisekelo wezwe. Ababusi abaningi banamandla okuveza uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali, okusebenza njengesisekelo sayo yonke intela nokusebenzisa izinqumo. Lesi siphakamiso semali sihlela izithembiso zeholo nokusetshenziswa kwezinto eziza kuqala, ngokuvamile kuhlanganise nezinguquko zentela eziqondile umbusi afuna ukuzibona zimiswa. Nakuba izishaya-mthetho wentela zinegunya lokukhipha umthetho wentela, ababusi basebenzisa amathuluzi abalulekile ukuze bahlele umphumela.

Ugesi weVeto Nesivalo Sohlu

Mhlawumbe ithuluzi elibaluleke kakhulu i-fiscal i-veto. Kunoma isiphi isifundazwe ngaphandle kweNyakatho Carolina, umbusi angakhipha izikweletu ezidluliswa yisishaya-mthetho. Ukuthatha i-veto ngokuvamile kudinga i-suto yesithathu se-injini enkulu, eyivelakancane emakamelweni ahlukene kakhulu. Ababusi abaningi futhi banegunya lokulawula i-meta-train-veto, elibavumela ukuba bashaye izindleko zabantu ngabanye noma intela evela esikhwameni esikhulu ngaphandle kokulahla yonke iphakethe. Lo mbuso unikeza ababusi abahoshosholo enkulu kakhulu phakathi kwezingxoxo zemali. Ngokwesibonelo, uMbusi u-Andreander Cuo wase-New York wasebenzisa igunya lakhe ngokuphindaphindiwe lokusebenzisa izintambo zokukhokha intela futhi banqamle intela ayecabanga ukuthi ayikhokhisi.

Izimiso Zeziphathimandla Negunya Eliphethe

Ngaphandle kwenqubo yomthetho, ababusi bangathonya inkambiso yentela ngeziqondiso zezentela nangokuqondisa ukubusa. Iminyango yentela yoMbuso isebenza ngaphansi kwegatsha eliphethe, ngakho umbusi angaqondisa indlela imithetho yentela echazwa ngayo futhi iphoqelelwe ngayo. Izinguquko ekwakheni kwezisebenzi (izisebenzi. umakhampani ozimele) noma incazelo ye- “nuxus” yentela yenkampani yizibonelo lapho isiqondiso sokuphatha kungaba nomphumela ofanayo noshintsho lomthetho. Lokhu okungamuva kwemithetho yezentela ngokuvamile kuyaqashelwa kodwa kungaba nemiphumela efana nenkokhelo yentela.

Indlela Ukuhola Kwezitho Zomzimba Okushintsha Ngayo Uhlelo Lwemali Olusetshenziswa Kakhulu

Imali esetshenziswayo iqala lapho kuhlelwa imali esetshenziswayo, futhi isiqalo sendlela umbusi ahlela ngayo imali ekhokhelwayo. Ukubikelwa kwentela phakathi kwemfundo, ezokwelapha, ezezisekelo zezakhiwo, nokulondeka komphakathi kubonisa umbono kambusi kahulumeni. Umbusi osekela ukukhokhwa kwentela uyonciphisa izimali ezitholakalayo ukuze kuthengiswe umphakathi, kuyilapho umuntu osekela izintela eziphakeme kubantu abacebile noma ezinkampanini angase azimisele ukuxhasa izinhlelo ezintsha eziphambili.

Imfundo Nezinkonzo Zabantu

Ngokwesibonelo, ababusi ababeka imali ephambili ngokwezemfundo ngokuvamile basekela izikhungo zemali ezinikezelwe njengentela yempahla eyandayo noma ukukhushulwa kwentela yentela. Ngokuphambene, labo abagxile ekuncipheni kwezentengiselwano zomnotho bangase bafune ukuncishiswa kwentela yemali ekhokhelwayo elinganisela ngesikhathi esisodwa ukukhula kwemali yemfundo. Ukubala kwezombangazwe kuyashesha: abavoti basekela izintela eziphansi kodwa futhi bafune ukuba izikole eziphezulu nemigwaqo. Umbusi kumelwe alawule lezifiso eziphikisanayo, kanye nendlela yokuhola yabo yokuncintisana noma ukubambisana kwemali okungavumelani kahle ngayo ngokuvumelana kwezimiso zabo zemali. Inhlangano yesizwe ivame ukubika ukuthi ababusi bangayifaka kanjani le mali emalini ephakeme ([[FLD:][0][5][5]][5]][FTBBB]]

Izakhiwo Nokutshala Imali Komphakathi

Ukusetshenziswa kwemali esemthethweni kungenye indawo lapho kunezinqumo zezentela ezisemthethweni zibonakala khona. Ohulumeni abafuna ukulungisa imigwaqo namabhuloho ngokuvamile basikisela ukukhuphula intela kaphethiloli noma ukusebenzisa izindleko ezintsha zokuthutha. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo- 2015, uMbusi uJerry Brown waseCalifornia wasayina inqwaba yentela kaphethiloli ukuze kuxhaswe uhlelo lwezezimali eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-54 zezakhiwo, ukuphathwa kwemithetho emelene nokuphikisa okuphawulekayo kwemithetho yezomthetho. Ngokuhlukile, uMbusi Greg Abcop of Texas uyaqhubeka nokuvimbela noma intela yegesi emhlabeni wonke, ukhetha ukuthembela enkokheni ekhona kanye nasenkokhelweni kahulumeni. Lokhu kungena kwemidanganiso ephumayo efilimini ngayinye yefilosofi kambusi ngamunye ngendima kahulumeni nentela.

Inqubo Yentela Njengesu Lezombangazwe

Kubabusi abaningi, umthetho wentela awukhona nje ngokulinganisela imali esetshenziswayo, kodwa uyingxenye eyinhloko yemininingwane yabo yezombangazwe. Ukusika intela kungaba isithembiso esinamandla, futhi ngokuvamile ukubamisa kuveze izihloko eziphambili ezithuthukisa ukuvunyelwa umbusi. Ngokufanayo, ukwanda kwentela yokutshala imali yomphakathi kungaqinisa ukusekela phakathi kwezindawo eziyinhloko zothisha, izisebenzi ezinakekela impilo, noma abameleli abathutha abantu.

Ukukhangwa Kwentela

Amathengi adonsa amabhizinisi kanye nabantu abanenethi elikhulu. Amazwe anjengeFlorida, iTexas, neTennessee akha izakhiwo zawo zezomnotho ngokungenayo intela kahulumeni, nababusi bawo bakha imakethe engcono. UMbusi Ron DeSantis waseFlorida, ngokwesibonelo, uqokomisa njalo indawo ephansi yetheki njengesizathu sokuthuthwa kwendlunkulu yenkampani isuka ezikhungweni eziphezulu. Nokho, ukuhwebela ngaphandle kwentela kuwukuthi lamazwe kumelwe athembele kakhulu ezintela zokuthengisa, okungabuyisela, noma ukuhola izinkonzo ezithile zomphakathi.

Izingozi Zentela Ziyanda

Ukwandisa intela kuyingozi ngokwezombangazwe, kodwa abanye ababusi baye baphumelela ngokuhlanganisa ukwanda ngenjongo ekhethekile nethandwayo. UMbusi uJared Polis waseColorado wasekela isilinganiso sokukhokha intela kahulumeni ukuze andise intela kagwayi, aphawule intela yezempilo nemfundo. Ngenxa yokuthi lesi sihlongozo sabekwa njengenyathelo lezempilo yomphakathi, sadluliswa ngokusekela kwe-bipartisn. Ngokufanayo, uMbusi uPhil Murphy waseNew Jersey wafaka intela yezigidi zezisebenzi zomphakathi ukuze akhokhele intela yezisebenzi zomphakathi, eveza ukuthi uhulumeni awunakukwazi ukulondoloza izibopho zawo ngaphandle kwenkokhelo yezezezezezendabubhikishi. Umbutho wezombangazwe wawe ngokwehlukahluka, kodwa umholi kaMurphy umphatho wokukhokha intela njengomkhankaso wakhe wokuzi.

Izisusa Zentela Zentuthuko Ezomnotho

Elinye ithuluzi elivamile lokulawula ukusetshenziswa kwezisusa zentela ezihloselwe ukukhanga izimboni ezithile. Ukukhokhwa kokukhiqizwa kwefilimu, ukucwaninga nokuphulwa kwentela yokuthuthukisa umsebenzi, kanye nokusungulwa kwemisebenzi konke kuyingxenye yethuluzi lokuthuthukisa kwezomnotho. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lezi zisusa zingakha “indlu ngaphansi” lapho amazwe encintisana khona nenzuzo encane. Nokho, ababusi ngokuvamile bawavikela njengokudingekile ukuncintisana kwezomnotho zembulunga yonke. I-Theacs Foundation isho izinhlelo zezentengiso nokuphumelela kwawo ([[FLT:]] i-Tax Foundation: State Incentivevections[[FLT:]). UGubernatorial ngokuvamile usekela ukuthi kumele ukuncintisana kwezentengo yembulunga yonke.

Ukuhlola Icala Lentela Eqashelwayo

Izibonelo zezwe langempela zibonisa ithonya elinamandla umbusi oyedwa angaba nalo esimisweni sentela sikahulumeni. Amacala alandelayo aqokomisa kokubili impumelelo nokwehluleka.

Umzamo Wentela WaseSam Brownback

UMbusi uSam Brownback wase Kansas (2018) waphishekela enye yezinqumo zentela ezinzima kakhulu emlandweni wanamuhla. Ngo-2012 no-2013, wasayina umthetho onqanda intela eholayo futhi wasusa intela eholweni lebhizinisi. Injongo eyaziwayo kwakuwukukhuthaza ukukhula kwezomnotho ngendlela enamandla kangangokuba ekugcineni inzuzo iphinde iboshwe. Kunalokho, umbuso wabhekana nokulinganiselwa kwemali engapheli yentela, okuholela ekunqumeni emfundweni kwemfundo nasemqondweni. Ngo-201717, umthetho wentela wavotela ukuhlehlisa okuningi kwentela eBrownback’s. Ukuhlolwa kwezentengiselwa kakhulu yizazi zezomnotho njengesixwayiso ngokuphathelenenkambiso yentela engekho esilinganisweni sombuso ([FLD:][FF]]

Ubuphathi Obuphakeme BukaJerry Brown ECalifornia

UMbusi uJerry Brown (2011-2019) wathatha isikhundla njengoba iCalifornia yayivela ekuntengantengeni okukhulu okunezindleko ezinkulu. Wasekela ukwenyuka kwentela yesikhashana kwabaholi abaholayo abaphezulu (Isivumelwano samashumi amathathu ngo-2012), esabangela izigidi zezigidi zezigidi zemali futhi savumela uhulumeni ukuba ukhokhe isikweletu futhi ubuyisela imali ezikoleni zesikole nezezezeminyango yezenhlalakahle. UBrown wakhipha izikweletu eziningi ezazizonezela izibopho eziqhubekayo, ukugcizelela ukukhuphula isijeziso sezeluleko. Umholi wakhe waguqula izimali zeCalifornia enkathazweni enkulu kakhulu ngenani eligciniwe. Nokho, abagxeki abaholi baphawula ukuthi izinga eliphakeme lentela yezwe elisezingeni eliphezulu liyaqhubeka ukuxosha abantu abacebile ngaphandle kukahulumeni. Ifa likaBrown iyisikhumbuzo sokuthi ithonya le-ubberernator lihlanganisa ukukhokhwazwa kwentela komphakathi wonke.

I - Inspideoodic Reat Taxbourg e - Arkansas ka - Asa Hutchinson

UMbusi Asa Hutchinson wase Arkansas (205-2023) ngokwendlela wanciphisa izinga lentela ephakeme yalelozwe kusukela ku 7% kuya ku-5,5% kunyaka wakhe. Wahlanganisa lezi zikweleti ngokunwetshwa kwentela yokuthengisa nentela yebhizinisi ukuze kuncishiswe ukulahlekelwa kwemali. UHutchinson waveza ukuthi intela ehhala kakhulu ingenza i-Arkansas incimpane ikhutshane nomakhelwane bayo. Ukuthatha isigaba kwavumela ukuba izimali zivumelane, futhi umbuso usekele imali ekhokhelwayo emfundweni nasemigwaqweqweni emikhulu. Lendlela yokwenezela intela ibonisa indlela umbusi angafinyelela ngayo ushintsho olude lwesikhathi esincane lwesakhiwo ngaphandle kokubona eKansatina.

Indlela Ukuhola Kwezimila Ezingalawuleki Okuthinta Ngayo Ukuthuthuka Kwezomnotho Nokuchuma Kwemali

Imiphumela emide yemithetho yentela elawulayo iyabonakala emazingeni okukhula kwesibopho, isilinganiso sobuhlobo, kanye nokuthambekela kwenani labantu. Izwe nababusi abalondoloza izimiso zentela ezizinzile, ezizibonele kahle bathanda ukukhanga ukutshala intela eyengeziwe. Ngokuphambene, ukushintshwa kwemithetho yentela njalo kubangela ukungaqiniseki okungaqeda izibopho zenkokhelo ezihlala isikhathi eside.

Ukuzinza kwezezimali kubaluleke kakhulu ekuhleleni imali kahulumeni, okumelwe ixhase izinkonzo zezentengiselwano ngemijikelezo yezomnotho. Izikhulu eziye zathola inzuzo enkulu yemali eguquguqukayo ngokomthetho (njengenzuzo yezimali) noma intela yenkampani) zingazithola ziphoqelekile ukuba zinciphise ubuhlungu phakathi nokuwohloka. Ababusi abacabangayo bavame ukwakha amakhokha (imali yosuku oluphansi) futhi bafake intela esekelwe esisekelweni sezentengosini. I-California uJerry Brown wayengummeli oqinile walendlela yokuzimela le nzuzo, eshiya ihhovisi elinezinqolobane ezisiza isimo sesimo sokuma kwe-CHOVAD-19 ngaphandle kobhadamu enkulu.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ababusi abahlongoza ukuncishiswa kwentela ngokushesha ngaphandle kokukhokhwa bangase bathobe isilinganiso sesikweletu sikahulumeni. Ukubukeza njalo kwe-Moody ne-Standal & Poor’s umqondisi wezwe, futhi ukululaza kwabo kungandisa izindleko zokuboleka emikhankasweni yezemisebenzi yezemfundo. Izinqumo zenkambiso yentela zingabangela imiphumela ehlala isikhathi eside kakhulu kunaleyo abangayichitha.

Ukuhlangana Phakathi Kohulumeni Nemithetho KaHulumeni

Inkambiso yentela ayivamile ukuba ibe umboniso wesikhathi. Ohulumeni kumelwe baxoxe nezishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni, ngokuvamile ezinolwazi olungokwezimo nemibono yezombangazwe. Uhulumeni ohlukene phakathi (8) lapho umbusi engoweqembu elilodwa noma womabili amagumbi elawulwa khona ngelinye, qhaza elidala inguquko yentela.

Uhulumeni Ohlukene Nokuwohloka Kwemali

Uma amaqembu engavumelani ngezimiso zentela, umphumela ungaba yi-gray break. Ngokwesibonelo, uMbusi Gretchen Whitmer waseMichigan (Democrat) ekuqaleni wasikisela ukunyuswa kwentela yegesi elingana ne-45 ngelitha ukuze kulungiswe imigwaqo, kodwa isishaya-mthetho saseRepublican esilawulwayo senqatshwe. Ngemva kwezinyanga zokuxoxisana, ukuhlehliswa kwentela yegesi kwafinyelelwa ngokuthatha intela encane kakhulu nokuthunyelwa kwemali engxoxweni egciniwe. Lendlela yokukhuphulwa kwemizwa kwemali kuvamile kuvamile kuhulumeni ohlukene, futhi isimiso sokugcina sentela ngokuvamile sibonisa ukubhidlisana kwezentengo yezombangazwe kunecebo elihlangene.

Izimfuneko Zobuqotho Obuphakeme

Ezinye izifundazwe ziphoqelela izimfuneko ezinkulu kakhulu zokwanda kwentela .Njengoba izifunda ezimbili-ntathu zemvume egumbini ngalinye ukuze kutholakale noma yiyiphi inzuzo entsha. Lokhu kunikeza idlanzana labashaya umthetho, noma umbusi uma besekela idlanzana, isikhundla esinamandla sokuvimbela. ECalifornia, imfuneko yokuvota intela eyandayo yama-35 iholele ekuncikeni okukhulu kwemizamo yabavoti abagunyaziwe ekuphakamiseni intela. Umholi we-Gubernator emazweni anjalo udinga ukwakha imifelandawo ebanzi ehlanganisa amalungu ayo womabili amaqembu, kanye nenzalo kanye nemithombo yezindaba.

Umphumela Wemingcele Yezikhathi Zokubusa Nokufuna Isikhundla Kwezombangazwe

Isikhathi sombusi sithonya kakhulu ukukhethwa kwezimiso zabo zentela. Ohulumeni abaphethe imingcele yemithetho yentela bangase bazizwe becindezelwa ukuba benze izinguquko ezinkulu ngokushesha, kuyilapho labo abafanelekela ukukhethwa kabusha bengase bathathe indlela engcono. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ababusi abafisa intela bangayisebenzisa inqubo yokwakha idumela elikhanga izilaleli zezwe zezombangazwe.

Ngokwesibonelo, uMbusi uRon DeSantis waseFlorida uye wagwema njalo noma ikuphi ukwenyuka kwentela, ngisho naphakathi nobhadane, ukuze ashise izitifiketi zakhe eziqinile. UMbusi uGavin Newsom waseCalifornia, obhekwa kakhulu njengomphathi wesikhathi esizayo, uye wamukela inhlanganisela yezintela eziphakeme kwabacebile futhi yandisa izikweletu emikhayeni ehlwizayo ehlwithwayo, ezizibeka njengenye yezindlela eziqhubekayo. Lezi zinqumo eziphambili zibonisa ukuthi isimiso sentela se-gabernerator sivame kakhulu mayelana nesithombe njengoba kunjalo ngezibalo.

Ikusasa Lomthetho Wentela Oyimpoqo Enkathini Yokungaqiniseki Kwezentengiselwano

Inqubo yentela kazwelonke ishintsha eWashington idala amathuba nezinselele kubabusi. IThroxics Cuts no-Jobs Act (TCJA) 2025 iyakuphoqa intela yendawo nesifundazwe (SAT) intethelelo ehlawulweyo eR7 000, ishukumisa ababusi bezifundazwe eziphezulu njenge New York ne-Illinois ukuba bahlole imisebenzi efana nokudlula ezintelani. Ukuqedwa kwemikhakha ye-TCJA ngo-2025 kuzophoqa ababusi ukuba bahlole kabusha amasuntswo abo siqu entela, ikakhulukazi uma isilinganiso sikahulumeni sinyuka futhi inzuzo kahulumeni ithintekile.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthambekela emsebenzini oqhelile kuye kwandisa ukuncintisana kwezikhulu zikahulumeni zekomkhulu lenkampani nezakhamuzi ezithola imali eshisiwe. Ohulumeni basebenzisa izisusa zentela eziphathekayo (njengezikweleti zezisebenzi ezikude) kanye nemithetho yokungakhi yokwehlisa intela ukuze kuthathwe intela ezisebenzini ezihamba ngemoto. Ikusasa cishe lisenesikhathi esiningi sokuhlola izintela zezemisebenzi yamanani, izintela zekhabhonithi, kanye nezinye izintela zemali eziqokwayo ezizohlolwa kakhulu − konke okuzokwenziwa kakhulu yiholi ye-gabernera.

Isiphetho

Ukuhola kwentela akusona isici esisodwa phakathi kwabaningi abalandela inkambiso yentela kazwelonke, futhi ngokuvamile kuyisici esinqumayo. Ngokusikisela kwezemali, amandla emali, ukubusa, ukuhlelwa kwezinhlelo zezombangazwe, ababusi bahlela izimiso zentela ezixhasa izikole, imigwaqo, nokunakekela impilo. Ukukhetha kwabo ngokulinganisela intela, ukwanda, kanye nezisusa ezithonya ngokuqondile ekukhuleni kwezomnotho kanye nokusakaza iholo. Njengoba amazwe ebhekene nezingcindezi ezibangelwa yizinguquko zemithetho kahulumeni, izinguquko zezomnotho, nezimo zezenhlalakahle, indima yombusi iyoba ngcono kakhulu. Kunoma ubani okhathalela ukuchuma nokulunga kwezwe, ukuqonda ithonya lomuntu ehhovisi lombusi libalulekile.