Umnotho Ngaphambi Kwesivumelwano Esihle NgoLwesihlanu

Ngaphambi kuka-1998, umnotho waseNyakatho Ireland wawunqandwe kakhulu yimpi yezombangazwe eyaziwa ngokuthi iZinkathazo. Umngcele phakathi kwe-Northern Ireland neRepublic of Ireland wawunezikhali ezinkulu, nezikhungo zokuhlola izakhiwo nezindawo eziphazamisa ezohwebo. Amabhizinisi abhekana nezindleko eziphakeme, ukungaqiniseki, kanye nentengo ehlukene. Ukutshala imingcele yemali ephakathi kwemingcele yezwe kwakunciphile kakhulu, futhi umsebenzi wezomnotho ezindaweni zomngcele wawucindezeleke kakhulu. Ukungasebenzi eNorthern Ireland kwakuphakeme kakhulu kunesilinganiso se-UK, kufinyelela 14% ezindaweni eziphakathi kuka-19800, kuyilapho i-GDP ihamba ka-RC ilandelana emuva kokubili i-UK ne-Riphabliki. I-Fiscal umluthaleko embusweni kahulumeni waseBrithani wawugcwele kakhulu, futhi ukukhokhiswa kwemali ezindaweni ezingaphandle kakhulu. Impikiswanothenwano yobuchopho yahoxa lweze i-Rwanda ephakathi kwe-20%, i-Rwanda ye-20%, i-Est.

IRepublic of Ireland yathinteka futhi, nakuba isilinganiso sezentengiselwano sathinteka ngezinga eliphansi. Imingcele yabhekana nokungasebenzi kakhulu neholo eliphansi kunawo wonke umbuso. Isimiso se-EU somshane Markets, saqalwa ngo-1992, sathembisa ukunciphisa izithiyo kodwa sasingeke sinqobe izithiyo zezentengiselwano nezombangazwe. Ukuyeka kwempi ngo-19949 kwadala inguquko engcono, kanye nokuchuma kwezentengiselwano, kodwa ukuwa komlilo washintsha leyo nzuzo ngo-1996. Kwacaca ukuthi ukuhla kwesivumelwano sezombangazwe sasibalulekile ekuthuthukiseni izomnotho.

Indlela Isivumelwano Esihle SangoLwesihlanu Esasusa Ngayo Izithiyo Nesiyaluyalu

I-Good Wearth Agreement (GFA), ngokusemthethweni i-Belfast Advrence, yasayinwa ngo-10 April 1998. Nakuba ngokuyinhloko yayinendawo yezombangazwe, yayinamalungiselelo amaningana akhuthaza ngokuqondile ukuhlanganiswa kwezomnotho. Isivumelwano samisa i-North - Southern Sea Service Council (NSMC) yokuhlela izimiso ezihlanganisa amagumbi okuhweba, ezolimo, ezokuthutha, ezokuvakasha. Yadala futhi amabhuthi ayisithupha asenyakatho ne-South Ilthracreland, kuhlanganise ne-InterTraireland, enikezelwe ukuthuthukisa ibhizinisi elinqamleza igele. Isivumelwano samisa kokubili uhulumeni ekususweni kwezindawo zokugcinwa kokuphepha nokulawulwa komngcele. Ngo-2005, zonke izikhungo zamayela ezihlala njalo zempi zancitshiswa, futhi amasiko ancitshiswa kancane.

I-GFA yaqinisekisa futhi ukuba amalungu aqhubeke eNyakatho Ireland e-European Union (njengengxenye ye-UK) kanye ne-Riphabliki, iqinisekisa ukuthi zombili izifunda ezihlangene nesimiso esifanayo sokuqondisa. Lokhu kulungisa kwasiza ukuhweba okungenazimpikiswano nokuhamba ngezisebenzi. Izinhlelo ze-EU zokuthula nokwe-INTREG, ezaziqale ngawo ngawo-1990, zanwetshwa ngemva kwe-GFA, zinikeza amakhulu ezigidi zama-yuro enhlangano enqamule isakhiwo sezezezezezemfundo, nentuthuko yezebhizinisi. Lemali yasiza ekuthuthukiseni ukuthembana nokwakha kabusha izinhlelo ezazinqamula umngcele.

Ukuhwebelana Nokutshala Imali Ngemva Konyaka Ka - 1988

Cishe nganoma isiphi isilinganiso, ukuhwebelana ngemikhawulo kwanda ngokuphawulekayo ngemva kwe-GFA. Ngokwe- Intengiselwano ye-InterTradeireland , ukuhwebelana ngezinto phakathi kwe-Northern Ireland neRepublic kwakhula kusukela ku-$1.5 bhiliyoni eliyizigidi ezingu-49 ngo-1998 kuya ngaphezu kuka-$4,5,5,000 000 000 000 (izigidi zezigidi zezigidi ngo-2016 ). Izinkonzo zamanani abathengisimende futhi akhuphuka emngceleni wanyuka ngamafektha angaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu eshumi leminyaka ngemva kwesivumelwano. Wonke amabhizinisi ezomnotho ezwe azuza amaqoqo, amakethena okudla, izitolo, izitolo, nezimboni ezithengisa izinto eziphambili ezifana nezingadiyo.

Ukutshala imali kwamanye amazwe (FDI) eNorthern Ireland kwanda kakhulu. Ukulondeka kwenza ukuba le ndawo ikhange kakhulu kubantu abavela emazweni ahlukahlukene, ikakhulukazi e-United States. Ngo- 2000, izimali ezivela ezimbonini ezinjenge-Seagate, iBombardier, neAlmac zaveza izinkulungwane zemisebenzi. Izentengo eziphansi zenkampani yezezenkampani nezisebenzi ezinekhono zase-Northern Ireland zazuza futhi amabhizinisi angakwazi ukungena emakethe eseningizimu. I-Tourism, eyayingasakwazi ukumelana nezindawo zomngcele phakathi neNyakatho ye-Ireland, yanda. Inani lezivakashi eziya eNyakatho ye-Ireland laqala lisuka ku-1.4 yizigidi ngo-1998 kuya ku-2017, futhi lizuziwe kakhulu kwezomnotho eziphumayo emahotela, ezindaweni zokudlela, nasezikoleni.

Izakhiwo Nemisebenzi Yokuthuthukisa

I-GFA yenza ukuba ukutshala izimali okukhulu kwezezisekelo ezithuthukisiwe okuthuthukisa ukuxhumana. Umgwaqo we-A1/N1 ohlanganisa i-Belfast ne-Dublin wathuthukiswa ngemali ye-EU, wanciphisa izikhathi zokuhamba futhi wathuthukisa ukuphepha. I-loliwe yafaka imali, nakuba kungasaphawuleki. Ukuvulwa kweBelfast Peace Bridge nentuthuko yechweba eDublin kwasiza ukuhwebelana. I-EUS Special Programmes Body (SEUPB) yakwazi ukulawula imisebenzi enqamule umkhawulo we-mfunda mpilo, imfundo, namandla avusene. Ngokwesibonelo, i-eboovula i-mkhawulo we-kamelo we-kamelo i-CARPT (Cooperation and Working Hother) yathuthukisa izinkonzo zezempilo emngceleni. Zonke izimakethelo zamandla, ezasungulwa ngo- 2007, izindleko zikagesi ezincishisiwe kanye nokunakekelwa ezincishisiwe.

I-GFA yasungula futhi indawo ezungezile eqinile. I-Celt Tiger yase-Northern Ireland yathola amagunya ancishisiwe entuthuko yezomnotho, futhi izikhulu ezalandela zasebenzisa amasu okukhanga ukutshala nokuthuthukisa ingxenye ezimele. Ukumiswa kwe-Invector Northern Ireland ngo-2002 kwaqinisa ukusekela kwezebhizinisi. Ukuchuma kwe-Celt Tiger yase-Rwanda kwaphumela eNyakatho ye-Ireland, nezinkampani zaseningizimu ezitshala impahla nentengiso. Ngo-200, umnotho wase-Northern Ireland wawusuthole ukukhula okuqhubekayo, njengoba ukuswela komsebenzi kwehla ngaphansi kwe-5%.

Indima Ye - European Union Ekukhuleni Okujule

Amalungu e-EU ohlelo lwayo yomibili i-UK ne-Ireland anikeza uhlelo olufanayo lwemithetho nemithetho. IMakethe Yodwa yasusa imisebenzi yamasiko nezindinganiso zokuqaphelana. I-Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) yathuthukisa ukufuya izimali zokusiza izimali zomphakathi nhlangothi zombili. Izimali zokwakha, ikakhulukazi i-Treace ne-INTERREG, ezibekelwe i-CR2 000 000 000 000 000 e-Nyakatho ye-Ireland namakhulu amabili aphakathi kobubanzi be-199520. Le mali yasekela yonke into ezindaweni zebhizinisi eziphakathi kweminyango ephakathi kweminyango ye-omda ye-EU ukuze isekele izakhiwo zokubuyisana. I-GFA isholo livuma ukuthi i-EUA kusebenza phakathi kwayo futhi yomibili i-hulumeni bafaka umsebenzi phakathi kwayo.

I-EU futhi ngokungaqondile yakhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa ngokufuna ukuba i-Northern Ireland ivumelane nezindinganiso zendawo ezungezile nezenhlalo ezivumelana neRepublic. Amaqembu amabhizinisi ahlangene, njenge-Irish Business neMasterers Confederation (IBEC) kanye nokuhlanganiswa kweBritish Industry Northern Ireland (CBI NI), asebenzisana nemikhankaso yezenkambiso. Umnotho wezwe wamukeleka kabanzi, owasetshenziswa ezibhalweni ezingokomthetho naseminyangweni zezomnotho. Ngo-2016, iRepublic yayiyintenal-nterry of Ireland yezenterst factory yempahla, izabalelwa cishe ingqikithi yayo engu-25%.

IBreit Nemithetho YaseNyakatho Ireland – Umsebenzi Omusha

Isinqumo se-UK sokushiya i-EU ngo-2016 safaka usongo olukhona kumalungiselelo ezomnotho e-GFA. Uma umngcele onzima wawungabuyiselwa, ukuhwebelana kungalimala, ukuthula kungasuswa, futhi yonke i-island yezomnotho ingaqhekeka. Ukugwema lokhu, i-EU ne-UK baxoxa nge-Northern Ireland Protocol, eyaqala ukusebenza ngo-1 January 202. Isivumelwano sagcina i-Northern Ireland ingekho i-chekethi yempahla phakathi kwe-Ireland ne-Riphabliki. Kunalokho, kwasetshenziswa i-EU ekuthuleni okusuka eNyakatho ye-British ukuya e-Northern Ireland, okwabizwa ngokuthi uLwandle lwase-Ireland.

I-Protocol yaqinisekisa ukuthi amabhizinisi asezinhlangothini zombili zomngcele wase-Ireland angaqhubeka ehwebelana ngaphandle kwemigoqo, imingcele elawulayo, noma izakhiwo ezingokomzimba. Lokhu kwalondoloza ukuhlanganiswa kweGFA-era. Nokho, kwaveza futhi izakhiwo ezintsha eziyinkimbinkimbi. Izifemu zase-Northern Ireland zabhekana nemithetho ehlukene kunaleyo yaseGreat Britain, ibangela ukuntengantengantenga yemali kanye nokukhushulwa kwamaphepha. Amanye amabhizinisi, ikakhulukazi ekudleni ukudla okuzingela, kwadingeka ukuba avumelane nemithetho ehlukene. UK wandisa inkathi yomusa futhi wafuna ukuguquguquka kwezombangazwe.

Ngo - February 2023, i - UK ne - EU zavumelana ne - Windsor Framework, eyanciphisa izinqubo zokusetshenziswa kwezindawo, yanciphisa imishini yokuhlola izinto ezimiselwe ukuyiswa eNyakatho Ireland kuphela, futhi yanikeza uMhlangano we - Ireland WaseNyakatho inqubo yentando yeningi yokuthonya imithetho ye - EU. Nakuba umsebenzi we - Frames waxazulula izimpikiswano eziningi eziwusizo, awuzange uqede ukungezwani okuyisisekelo phakathi kwezici ezimbili ze - Northern Ireland njengengxenye yezwe lamasimu lase - UK kanye nengxenye yemakethe ye - EUU.

Ithonya LeBrexit ENyakatho - neningizimu

Naphezu kwe-Protocol, ukuhwebelana phakathi kwe-Northern Ireland neRepublic kuye kwaqhubeka kahle. Imininingwane evela e- i-Ireland ibonisa ukuthi ukuhwebelana ngemida yempahla kwaziswa eRepublic noma kwamanye amazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, izitolo ezithile zaseNyakatho Ireland manje ezisuka eRiphablikini engu-20222, kuya kusuka ku-196.5 yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2019. Nokho, ukuhwebelana phakathi kwe-Great Britain ne-Nyakatho Ireland kuye kwabiza kakhulu futhi kwancipha, njengoba amabhizinisi athile ashintsha i-Riphabliki noma amanye amazwe e-EU. Ngokwesibonelo, izitolo ezithile zaseNyakatho ye-Ireland manje zivela eRiphabliki ukuze zigweme ukubambelwa kwemitheko. Zonke izinkampani ze-irland ziye zanda kakhulu, njengoba i-inlandland zifuna ukuhlangana ngokuncibilika kwezentethe ye-EURC.

Nokho, akuyona yonke imiphumela emihle. Amabhizinisi amancane asezindaweni eziwumngcele abhekene nemithwalo ekhudlwana yokuphatha uma ehweba ngeGreat Britain. Okunye ukuhwebelana kwezinkonzo, ikakhulukazi ezinkonzweni zezimali kanye nezimfanelo ezingochwepheshe, kusekhona ukucindezelwa. Ukuhluleka koMhlangano wasenyakatho Ireland ukusebenza ngokubhokoxa phakathi no-2022-1623 kwalibazisela ukubikelwa kwe-EU (indlela yokubuyisela i-PUPPIPPI). Umbuso we-UK uhlose ukuthatha indawo ye-EUSRODUltive Procestion Fund, uye wathatha isikhathi ukuba usebenze futhi ungabi nesandla esincane.

Izinselele Namathuba Amanje

Naphezu kwempumelelo ye-GFA, ukuhlanganiswa kwezomnotho akuphelele. Imali etholwa umuntu ngamunye eNyakatho Ireland ihlala ingaphansi cishe namaphesenti angu-80 ezinga leRepublic futhi ingaphansi kwesilinganiso se-UK. Impumelelo iphansi, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yefa lempi kanye nokungalawuleki kwamakhono. Isifunda sincike kakhulu emphakathini, okubangela ukukhula okungangeni kuma-30% emsebenzini. Ingxenye yomphakathi ayilingani, igcwele eBelfast nasempumalanga. Izibalo zomngcele njengoDerry ~Londonderry, Newry, ne-Strabane sisabhekenenjé kakhulu emsebenzini neholo eliphansi.

Ukungantengi kwezombangazwe phakathi kwe-Northern Ireland Guide Adminitive kuye kwaphazamisa uhlelo lwesikhathi eside lwezomnotho. Ukuwa koMhlangano kusukela ngo-2017 kuya ku-202020, futhi nango-2022, kwathatha isikhathi esincane sokunquma izakhiwo, amazinga, nokusekela kwezebhizinisi. Ukuntuleka komphathi osebenzayo kwavimbela uhulumeni wase-Northern Ireland ukuba alwele ngokuphumelelayo izingxoxo zawo zangemva kwe-Brreat. Ukuntengantengantenga ngomthetho/uMklami wezakhiwo kuye kwabangela ukungaqiniseki kwabangeni bezimali, nakuba abaningi beye babheka izingozi zokulawulwa.

Ukushintsha Kwesimo Nokuthengiswa Kwezinto Eziyigugu

Imakethe yezisebenzi ezisebenza ngokushintshwa isihlangene kakhulu, nezinkulungwane zezisebenzi ezihamba nsuku zonke zinqamula umngcele. Lokhu kuhamba kuphakeme kakhulu emadolobheni asemngceleni njengeNewry neDundalk. Nokho, ukwehlukahluka kwezentela, izimiso zomphakathi, nezimfanelo zobuchwepheshe kubangela ukukhungatheka. Iholo eliphakeme leRepublic likhanga izisebenzi zaseNyakatho Ireland, kodwa futhi liqhubela phambili izindleko kubaqashi bendawo. Ibutho laseNyakatho Ireland liyakhula futhi, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngokuthutha ngenetha, ukuswela kwamakhono kuvela ezingxenyeni ezinjenge-IT, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, nobunjiniyela.

Amathuba akhona embonini yamandla engokomnotho eluhlaza kanye nakwezobuchwepheshe. I-Protocol inikeza inzuzo eyingqayizivele: ukufinyelela ezimakethe ze-UK ne-EU. Uma ithenwa ngokuphumelelayo, lokhu kungadonsa amafemu angaphandle afuna indawo yokuhweba kuzo zombili izimakethe.

Ukuvakasha Nokuhlukana Kokuthula

I-UNESCO World Heritage Site of the Giants’s Calleway ikhanga i-Titanic Belfast, i-Grave of Thrones ikhanga izigidi zezigidi zezindawo. Ukuhanjwa kwemigqa enqamlezo kukhushulwa ngemizimba enjenge-Tourism Ireland, ethengisa isiqhingi njengendawo eyodwa. Ngo-2019, i-Northern Ireland yathola izivakashi ezingaphezu kwezigidi eziyisihlanu, ezichitha ukululama okuyizigidi ezingu-$1.2. I-post-pandemic ihlanganisa izindleko zenhlekelele yokuphila, i-Brexit-pansic ikhunge izingxabano zezisebenzi ze-EURS ezihambisana ne-ixoxoxowa.

Amagebe Okutshala Nokutshala Imali Esikhathini Esizayo

I-Infractive iseyisithiyo. I-A5 enyukelayo, ehlanganisa i-Derry ~Londonderry ukuya eDublin, iye yagcinwa iminyaka engaphezu kweshumi ngenxa yezinselele ezingokomthetho nezingxabano ezingokwezimali. Ujantshi we-Belfast-Dublin uhamba kancane futhi awuthembeki uma uqhathaniswa namanye amaphasishi aseYurophu. I-Broadband ezindaweni ezisemngceleni ijiyile. Nokho, uhlelo lwe-EURAND POUT, oluvunyelwe ngo-20222, luzonikeza i-CR1, izigidi eziyizinkulungwane zemisebenzi yesiphambano-mfanti eziso, kuhlanganise nezakhiwo eziluhlaza, ukuxhumanisa, i-misebe, kanye nokuthuthukisa impilo. UK’uRG. U. i-Dolopo ye-Belfast, Dercer~londory, ne-West commetersting nazo ze-operation, i-mist, i-mist, i-export, i-octrient, i-20222222, i-'ex

Isiphetho — Ifa Eliyifa Lesivumelwano Esihle SangoLwesihlanu

I-Good Wear Agreement yaguqula isimo sezomnotho sesiqhingi sase-Ireland ngokuyisisekelo. Yathatha indawo ye-oda egcwele ukuhweba ngempi; yathatha indawo yokusolana ngezimiso zokubambisana; futhi yadala izimo zokwahlukana okunokuthula okuye kwazuzisa izigidi. Nakuba isivumelwano ngokwaso ngokwaso sasingesona isivumelwano sezomnotho ngokuyinhloko, amalungiselelo aso enza ukuhlanganiswa kwezomnotho okuye kwaba okubalulekile entuthukweni yaseNyakatho ye-Ireland. Imakethe kanye nezimali zokwakha zaqinisa le ntuthuko, kwadala ukuhlanganiswa okujulileyo kwezomnotho zezwe manje esezihambisana nezinselele ze-Brexit.

Iminyaka ezayo izohlola ukuqina kwalokhu kuhlanganiswa. I-Protocol yase-Northern Ireland/Windsor Framework kumele isetshenziswe ngendlela egcina ukuhweba okungaxabani kweNyakatho-ntshona nentshonalanga lapho inciphisana. Ukuzinza kwezombangazwe eBelfast kubaluleke kakhulu ekuhleleni isikhathi eside. Ukuqhubeka kokutshala izakhiwo, imfundo, namandla aluhlaza kudinga ukuvala igebe lomkhiqizo. Izinhlangano zeGFA, ikakhulukazi i-North - Southern Service Councial ne-Ilmentodiation, kuhlala kusemqoka kakhulu ekuxazululeni izingxabano zesikhathi eside, nezinto eziphambili ezingokwezomnotho ezihambisanayo.

Ukuze uthole ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kwamalungiselelo ezomnotho eGFA, bheka i- yezincwadi zoMkhandlu we-British-Irish. I-interTraireland yaminyaka yonke [ Trade ne-Business inikeza izibalo eziqhubekayo zokulandelela. I-Nyakatho ye-Ireland ukucwaninga nolwazi lwenkonzo kunikeza amaphepha eposi ukuhwebela kweBrtit kanye ne-Fractal esebenziswakelelwe nge-Prom]. Ukuhlangana kwezomnotho okwenziwa ngaphansi kwe-Proviement kuyinto ephawulekayo, kodwa kudinga ukuthuthukisa amandla alo njalo ekushintsheni kwayo ngokushesha kweYurophu.