Isethulo: Isimemezelo Sokulingana

Isaziso soMthetho-sisekelo singenye yezindima ezicashunwa kaningi kakhulu ekuphileni kwezombangazwe kwaseMelika, kodwa ngokuvamile kuthathwa njengokungacaci. Eqinisweni, amazwi okuvula athi “Thina bantu” base-United States" sinjengesimemezelo sokuqala nesinamandla kakhulu sokulingana kulencwadi. Ngaphambi koMthetho-sisekelo, iZiphakamiso zeConfederation eziphathwa njengezinhlangano eziphethe ezingabhekiswe ndawo eziphethe izakhamuzi ngalutho. Isikhulu saqala ukumisa imvume yalo hulumeni wezwe wonke olawulwayo. Lokhu kwakuwukuhamba okukhulu kwezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo zaseYurophu, lapho amandla ayegeleza khona evela ebukhosini ayehlela kubantu.

Inkulumo ethi “Thina bantu” sigomela kakhulu ukuthi sonke isakhamuzi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi siyini isikhulu, sinikela egunyeni eliphethe isizwe. Simemezela uhulumeni okhona ukuze ukhonze abantu baso, hhayi enye indlela ezungezile. Impoqo ibala nezinjongo eziyinhloko zikahulumeni omusha: “UMahluleli, ukuqinisekisa ukuvikela, ukunikeza iNgqomo, ukuthuthukisa iNtlango, nokuvikela iMibusikozo yeNkululeko kithi ngokwethu, futhi uqinisela iSikhungo sethu. Lemigomo iveza inkanuko yokwakha umphakathi lapho wonke umuntu angajabulela khona amalungelo ayisisekelo nokuphathwa ngokulunga. [Frence] [5] “iGeneralgrality" ne“ iqoqo leNkululeko" ayipheleli esimweni esihloniphekile. Kulo, ibeka isisekelo esingokomthetho esingokomthetho sokulingana nesisekelo esingokomthetho senyama esikhona.[0]

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugcizelela kwePregagery nge- “Postrity” kubonisa isibopho sokulingana phakathi kwezizukulwane. Abakhi baqonda ukuthi umsebenzi wokwakha umphakathi onobulungisa wawungeke uqedwe esikhathini sawo sokuphila, futhi baphoqelela izizukulwane zesikhathi esizayo ukuba ziqhubeke zilwela leyo njongo engcono. Lolimi oluphambili luyingxenye yokwenza uMthetho-sisekelo ube incwadi ephilayo, ekwaziyo ukuchazwa futhi yandiswe njengoba ukuqonda kwesizwe ukulingana kukhula.

Isivikelo SikaClaus Esilinganayo

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane, esagunyazwa ngo-1868 ngemva kweMpi Yombango, siqukethe okusobala kakhulu nenamandla esiqinisekiso somthetho-sisekelo sokulingana: i-Uncime Divice Protection Claus. Lesi sigqebhezana sithi “Awukho uHulumeni... ozophika noma ubani onegunya lokuvikela imithetho okulinganayo.” Ulimi lubanzi ngamabomu, lumboze “noma yimuphi umuntu” kunokuba luphethe ukuthi“noma yisiphi isakhamuzi,” ukukhetha okwandisiwe okungavikelelwa abantu abangezona izakhiwo kanye nabantu ababeyizigqila. Lwahloselwe ukugumbuqela i-slobo. [[[FLT:] [[FLT:] [FLD] [FLD] [F:1]] [185], olwaluphethe ukuthi ama-Afrika ayengenakuba izakhamuzi zase-United States]

I-Umeal Protection Claus ingumohambahamba phambili lapho ijudia judiary iphoqelela khona ukulingana. Isigaba sisebenza ngokufuna ukuba noma yimuphi umthetho noma isenzo sikahulumeni sihlukanise abantu (ngokwesibonelo, ngokwezinhlanga, ubulili, noma ubuzwe) kufanelwe ukuthethelelwa ngenjongo kahulumeni engokomthetho. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yasungula isimiso esineziqeshana “scristiny” sokuhlola izigaba ezinjalo. Izimiso ezisekelwe kuhulumeni zithola “ukuhlolwa okuphelele,” indinganiso ephakeme kakhulu, okusho ukuthi umthetho kumelwe ukhonze isithakazelo sikahulumeni esishukumisayo futhi uthoswe kancane ukuze ufinyelele leso sithakazelo. UGender-eder-emele ukwamukela izigaba ezincipheneyo, kuyilapho ezinye izigaba eziningi ze-swongcubuso kuphela“ isisekelo sokuhlola.” Le nqubo inikeza isithembiso sokuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho elingana nemithetho eqinile, ngaphandle kokuba ihlosiwe.[0]

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi i-Umeal Protection Claus ekuqaleni yayisebenza kuphela kohulumeni bendawo, hhayi kuhulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni. Nokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme kamuva yafaka lesi siqinisekiso kuhulumeni wezwe ngeSimemezelo seSimemezelo sesihlanu se-Claus, imfundiso engokomthetho eyaziwa ngokuthi “ukuhlanganiswa.” Ngenxa yalokho, cishe yonke imisebenzi kahulumeni eUnited States manje ingaphansi kwemfuneko yesivikelo esilinganayo. Ukuze uthole imininingwane eyengeziwe ngomlando nangohlelo lwesingeniso, abafundi bangathintana nombono weSibuyekezolwazi [[FLT:] Cornell Legiver Information Institute officity ye-al Protection .[FLT:]

Icala Eliwuphawu Lophawu Lomthetho Elithonywa Isivikelo SikaClaus Esilinganayo

Izinqumo eziningi zeNkantolo Ephakeme ziye zachaza futhi zasebenzisa i-Umeal Protection Claus ekwahlukaniseni imikhuba yobandlululo futhi zandisa amalungelo alinganayo emaqenjini angaphambili abekwe phansi. Phakathi kwenguquko enkulu kakhulu yi-Brown v. Board of Education (1954), eyathi i-FLT], ememezela ukuthi izinhlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi azilingani, ibhuntshisa imfundiso “ehlukene kodwa ezilinganayo” esungulwe [[FLT] Preves v. Ferguson[FLD] [FLD] [186]. Umphathi we-18666]. Umthetho u-Earl Warrenter wabhala ukuthi“ izikomposiso zemfundo ezihlukene zilinganayo,” inkulumo eqaphele ukulimala komzimba kanye nokulimala kwezenculo.[FL:]

Endabeni yokulingana kwabesifazane, icala lecala libhalwe nge-Reed (1971) laphawula okokuqala lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme isebenzisa iSivikelo sika-Enciliture Claus ukuze ishaye umthetho owawuhlukanisa abesifazane. Icala lalihilela umthetho we-Idaho owawuthanda amadoda lapho ephatha izindawo, futhi iNkantolo yasekela ukuthi ubandlululo olunjalo olusekelwe ekwakheni ubulili olusekelwe eNinethi. Kamuva, United States v. Virginia (1966)[FL.], iNkantolo yayala ukuba iVirginia ivume, isho ukuthi isimo sihlulekile ukunikeza “ukunikeza ukuthethelela okunamandla okunye." [FLT]

Emashumini eminyaka amuva kakhulu, i-Unicial Protection Claus iye yaba nenzuzo ekuqhubekiseni phambili i-LGBTQ+ amalungelo. Icala lengqokoso yezenzakalo Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) yanquma ukuthi imibhangqwana efanayo ehlangene-ase-sexute inelungelo lomthetho-mthethweni lokushada, icabanga ukuthi umshado uyisithakazelo esiyisisekelo futhi ususa imibhangqwana efanayo exhunyiwe kulelo-hlelo ephule kokubili iNkathi Yomthetho neSivikelo sika-Classes. Umbono kaJustice Kennedy wagcizelela ukuthi “uMthetho-sisekelo uthembisa inkululeko kuzo zonke izinto ezifinyelela kuyo, inkululeko ehlanganisa amalungelo athile avumela abantu, ngaphakathi kwendawo engokomthetho, ukuchaza nokuveza incazelo yabo.”[FLT:]

Ezinye izenzakalo eziphawulekayo zihlanganisa ukuphuma v. Virginia (1967), eyabulala imithetho kahulumeni evimbela ukuhlukanisa izinhlanga, futhi i-Grateutter v. Bollinger (2003), eyasekela ukusetshenziswa kohlanga njengesici esisodwa phakathi kwabaningi ezikoleni zomthetho ukuvuma ukukhuthaza ukwahlukahlukana. Lezizenzakalo zibonisa ukuthi isivikelo esilinganayo u-Clauslee siyithuluzi elinamandla elivumelanisa ukuqonda okulinganayo nokulinganayo nobulungisa.[FLT][FLT:]

Inqubo KaClaus Nenani Elilindelekile

Nakuba i-Uncible Protection Claus isiqinisekiso esiyinhloko sokulingana, i-Act Programme Claus yeSichibiyelo seshumi nane inendima ebalulekile ekulondolozeni ukulingana kwazo zonke izakhamuzi. I-Createct Claus ivikela abantu ngabanye ekuthatheni isinyathelo sikahulumeni esizimele ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ilungile, inengqondo, futhi isetshenziswa ngokungaguquki. Inezilinganiso ezimbili: inqubo yokulinganisela, edinga izinqubo ezilungile ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni unciphise umuntu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, kanye nenqubo efanelekile, evikela amalungelo ayisisekelo ekuphazameni kukahulumeni ngisho nalapho izinqubo eziyisisekelo zilungile.[FLD:0]

Inqubo efanelekile iye yaba isisekelo sokuqaphela umehluko wamalungelo abalulekile ekuzilawuleni komuntu siqu nasekulinganiseni, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokushada, ilungelo lokusebenzisa ukuvimbela inzalo, nelungelo lomzimba oqinile. Lawrence v. Texas (2003), iNkantolo ePhakathi yeNkantolo ePhakeme yaseTexas yabulala umthetho ofanayo wokuziphatha okuseduze, ibambe ukuthi umthetho wephula iNkqubo elindelekile kaClausle ngokufaka i-inrud ekhululekile ngaphandle kokulunganiswa okufanelekile. Lesi sinqumo salungisa indlela yokuqaphela umshado ofanayo kamuva [[FLT:] [FLD]bergell [FF:3]. [ngenjalo] I-'ultlectivessss Procective-od'od'othromes) isebenza ngesandla esiqinile sokuqinisekisa abantu ngabanye ukuba bamukele, kungakhathaliseki sokusebenza, ngaphandle kokusebenza kukahulumeni: [Fod]

Umthetho Ogunyaza Amalungelo Nomthetho - sisekelo

Ilungelo lokuvota ilungelo eliyisisekelo elivumela wonke amalungelo ukuba avikelwe, futhi uMthetho-sisekelo uye walungiswa ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuze kwandiswe ukulingana kokuvota. ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesihlanu (1870) sanqabela ukucwasana ngokohlanga ekuvoteni, iSichibiyeli seshumi elinesitho (1920) sanwetshwa kwabesifazane, futhi iSichibiyelo samashumi amabini nanhlangothi (1971) sehlisa iminyaka yokuvota safinyelela ku-18, kodwa lezi siqinisekiso zomthetho womthetho womthetho kuphela zazenelisa imizamo ephikelelayo yokususa umbango, ikakhulukazi ama-Afrika eNingizimu.[[FLT]]

IVoting Rights Act ka-1956 (VRA) yamiswa ukuba iqinisekise izithembiso zeSichibiyelo seshumi elinesihlanu futhi ihlale ingenye yemithetho ephumelela kakhulu eMthethweni waseMelika. Izivivinyo zeVRA ezivimbela ukufunda nokubhala, intela yokuhlola, nezinye izinhlelo zobushiqela ezisetshenziswa ekuvimbeleni i-voti. Yadala futhi isimiso “sokukhetha” esasidinga ukumiswa komthetho wokuvota ngomlando ukuze kuthole ukuvunyelwa kwezwe ngaphambi kokushintsha imithetho yokuvota noma imikhuba. [[FLT: 0] I-Shelby County v. Haker (20:1) [FLT:], iNkakhulu leNkathi yenze phansi indlela esetshenziswa ekunqumeni ukuthi imingcele ihlelwe yini ukuhlelwa kwe-VRA, ilulaza. Nokho, isivikelo se-VLT] kuyaqhubeka nokubuyiselwa kwenkulumo-Arvence. [3]

Umzabalazo wokulingana kokuvota uyaqhubeka namuhla, ngezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngemithetho ye-ID yamavoti, ukukhokha, ukungenela kwasekuqaleni, nemithetho yeposi evimbela ukuvota. Abasekeli bemithetho ye-ID eqinile baphikisa ukuthi bavimbela ukukhwabanisa, kuyilapho abagxeki bephikisa ngokungalingani ukuthi bathinta abavoti abambalwa abangasenaso isiqinisekiso sokuthola ukuthi bangobani abamele. Izinkantolo ziyaqhubeka ukuphikisana nalezimpikiswano ngaphansi kwakho kokubili uMthetho-sisekelo neVRA, zigcizelela ukubaluleka kokuqapha kwe-aphakamiso.

Indima Yezinqumo Ekuthuthukiseni Ukulingana

Inqubo yokulungisa yoMthetho-sisekelo iye yaba indlela eyinhloko yokwandisa ukulingana ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. I-Bill of Rights (1791) ayikhulumi ngokucacile ukulingana, kodwa isiqinisekiso sayo senkululeko yokukhuluma, inkolo, ingqungquthela, nelungelo lokuhlola ngokulunga sidala izimo lapho ukulingana kungachuma khona. Ngokulandelayo ukuguquguquka kuye kwadingida ngokuqondile ukulingana futhi kwandisa isiyingi salabo abanelungelo lokuzuza amalungelo ezakhamuzi.

ISichibiyelo seshumi nantathu (1865) saqeda ubugqila nokugqilazwa ngaphandle kwesijeziso sobugebengu. Lokhu kushintsha kwashintsha isimo sezigidi zaseMelika zaseAfrika, kwabaguqula ekubeni babe yimpahla abantu ngamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. ISichibiyelo seshumi nantathu sanikeza futhi amandla okumisa amalungiselelo aso “ngomthetho ongafanele,” lowo uMkhandlu kamuva owasebenzisa ukudlulisa imithetho yamalungelo abantu ehlasela“ izigebengu nezenzakalo zobugqila,” kuhlanganise nokucwasa kwabantu ngasese ezindlini nasezindaweni zomphakathi. [[FLT:]

ISichibiyelo seMiphetho yeshumi nane (1868) samisa ubuzibulo, isiqinisekiso senqubo efanele, nesivikelo esifanayo, njengoba kuxoxwe ngenhla. ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesihlanu (1870) sanqabela ukucwaswa kohlanga ekuvoteni. Ndawo-nye, lezi ziNguqulo ezintathu zakha isisekelo somthetho-sisekelo samalungelo omphakathi eMelika. ISichibiyelo seSiphendu (1920), Amashumi amabini namaFourth Rempliment (1964) (intela yokuvota) kanye neSiphendulo samashumi amabini nambili (ukuhlisa inkathi yokuvota) sandisa imingcele yokuhlanganyela.[FLT]

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ngisho nangemva kwalokhu kulungisa, isithembiso sokulingana asizange sigcwaliseke ngokugcwele amashumi amaningi eminyaka. Ngokwesibonelo, iSichibiyelo seshumi elinethoba asizange ngokuzenzekelayo sifake abesifazane bemibala ehlukahlukene, ababhekana nemigoqo eyengeziwe njengokuhlola ukufunda nokubhala, ulweyise, nemingcele yobuzwe. AmaMelika Omdabu ayenganikwa ilungelo eligcwele lesizwe kuze kube i-Indian Cititizenship Act ka-1924, futhi ngisho nangalesosikhathi, amazwe amaningi aqhubeka ebaphika ilungelo lokuvota ngemithetho yokuthatha i-translamment. Izivumelwano zamisa indilinganiso yomthetho, kodwa ukufinyelela isilinganiso sangempela kwakudinga ukugcinwa kwe-ligiocracki, ukulawulwa, ukugcinwa kwemithetho ekhona nanamuhla.[FLD:]

Isinyathelo Esiqinisayo Nokuphishekela Ukulingana Okungaqondakali

Isimiso esingokomthetho sokulingana ngokomthetho, − isimiso sokuthi umthetho kumelwe uphathe bonke abantu ngokufanayo − sibalulekile kodwa ngezinye izikhathi asinele ukuxazulula izinkinga ezingokomlando ezidlulele. Isenzo sokuqinisekisa sibhekisela ezimisweni ezithatha izinyathelo zokwandisa amathuba angokomlando ahlukene, ngokuvamile ezicini zemfundo, umsebenzi, nokuthola uhulumeni. Lezimiso ziye zaba indaba yenkulumo yempikiswano enzima engokomthetho nengokwezombangazwe, kodwa zimelela umzamo ongathi sína wokufinyelela lokho ngezinye izikhathi okubizwa ngokuthi “ukulingana kwemiphumela engenakulinganiswa kwezedlula ezinye” / /-kakhulu elinguquaye likawodwa wemiphumela, hhayi nje ukwelashwa okulinganayo ephepheni.

INkantolo Ephakeme yaqale yakhuluma ngomthetho-mthethweni wokuvuma isenzo sokuthatha isinyathelo [ku- uRegens weYunivesithi yaseCalifornia v. Bakke (1978], eyabulala izibalo zobuhlanga eziqinile kodwa yavumela ukuba izinhlanga zibhekwe njengesici esisodwa sokuvuma ukuze kuzuze isithakazelo esiphoqelelwe sezenzo zokwahlukahluka. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, iNkantolo ithuthukise izinga elivunyelweyo lezimiso zohlanga. [[FLT:] [FLT]] Gritateb v. Bollinger (2003)[FLT] [FL:3], iNkathi yeNkathi yeMithetho yeMithetho yomthetho ifuna ukuvuselelwa okuqinile, kodwa [kusukela ku-FLD] ku-FOLD [196] ku-196] i-196]

Ngo-2023, iNkantolo yakhipha isinqumo esibalulekile [ku-[FLT: 0] iziqu ze-Fair Adgicts, Inc. v. Harvard College kanye neziqu ze-Fair Adgigigists, Inc. v. University of North Carolina, ngokuphumelelayo ukuqeda ukuvuma kohlanga emakholiji naseyunivesithi amaningi. Inkantolo yakholelwa ukuthi izinhlelo zokungena eHarvard nase-UN zaphula i-C isivikelo somhlanga ngokusebenzisa isigaba esingenayo esinengqondo futhi ihlulekile ukunikeza izinzuzo ezingokomthetho zemisebenzi yokwamukeleka futhi ibangele ukuvuselelwa kwemithetho eminingi. I-'impikiswano yendlela yokuthola i-CCC'ulticralightose ngokukhetha ezinye izindlela zesigaba esikhona ngaphambili, noma ngokuguqula ezinye izindlela zesigaba esilandela isigaba esingcono.[4][4]

Izinselele Zokulingana Ngenani Esikhathini Sanamuhla

Naphezu komthetho-sisekelo omisiwe namashumi eminyaka entuthuko, izinselele ezinkulu zokulingana ziyaqhubeka. Ukungalingani kwezomnotho kuye kwakhula ngokuphawulekayo kusukela ngawo-1970, namaMelika acebe kakhulu aqongelela ingxenye engaphezulu yengcebo yesizwe. Lokhu kuhlukana ngokwezomnotho akukona okohlanga noma ubulili: Imikhaya yabamnyama neyamaSpaniki ingenayo ingcebo engcono kunemindeni emhlophe ngokwesilinganiso, futhi abesifazane basahola imali engaphansi kwamadoda asebenza umsebenzi olinganayo. Izinhlangano zezomnotho nezenhlalo zihlanganisa izikhala ezikhona ngobukhulu bemali ngobukhulu obungokomthetho kuphela.

Ukucindezelwa kwevoter kusalokhu kukhathaza kakhulu. Ngemva kwesinqumo se-Shelby County, izifunda eziningana zimise imithetho ye-ID eqinile, zinciphise izinsuku zokuvota zakuqala, zisuse imiqulu yamavoti, futhi zivale izindawo zokuvota ezindaweni ezimbalwa. Lezi zinyathelo ziye zalunganiswa njengokufanele ukuvimbela ukukhwabanisa, kodwa ukuhlola okuqhubekayo kubonisa ukuthi ukukhohlisa kwevota kuyivelaka kakhulu, kuyilapho imithwalo ebekwe yilemithetho incipha kakhulu ekuvotini imibala, ihlwisana novoti, uvoti ogugile, nabafundi. Kubantu asebe (H.R. 1) umthetho we-Volight Revition Active Active Act, uhlolwe ukuvuselela nokuvota, kodwa zombili ziye zabhekana ne-'''uhlu.[Foct:2]

Ukuguqulwa kobulungisa bezobugebengu kungelinye icebo elibucayi ekulweleni ukulingana. I-United States inezinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokuboshwa kunoma yiliphi izwe elithuthukile, futhi isimiso sithinta ngokungenakuqhathaniswa amadoda amaBlack namaHispanic. Imida encishisiwe, imithetho emithathu ethatha izintambo, nempi yezidakamizwa iye yanezela esizweni esilulazalelayo isithembiso sokulunga okulinganayo. Imizamo yokuguqula isigwebo, ukunciphisa ibheyili, nokususa amacala angenabudlova imelela izinyathelo ezibalulekile, kodwa umsebenzi omkhulu usalokhu uqinisekisa ukuthi isimiso sobulungisa siphatha bonke abantu kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bangaba baluphi uhlanga noma isikhundla sezomnotho.

LGBTQ+ ukulingana kuyaqhubeka kuguquka. Nakuba obergefell enelungelo lokushada ngokungemthetho, futhi Bostock v. Clayton County [2020] ikholelwa ukuthi iSihlomo VII samaLungelo Omphakathi soMthetho weSivumelo somthetho we-OFlact sokwe-On enqabela ukubonakala kwasocansi noma ubulili emsebenzini, ezinye izindawo zisekhona ezincintiwe. Izifunda eziningi ziye zadlulisa imithetho evimbela amalungelo abantu ngabanye, ikakhulukazi intsha, ukufinyelela ubulili obuqinile, ukuhlanganyela kwezemidlalo, noma ukusebenzisa imicimbi efanayo ngaphansi kwesilinganiso sobulili. Lemithetho ibekelwe inselelene.[FFoct]

Ikusasa Lokulingana EMelika

Ingxenye yokulingana koMthetho-sisekelo iqinisekisa ukuthi i-ace iyavumelana nokufakwa, kodwa ukuthi i-arcism ayizenzakaleli, kudinga umzamo oqhubekayo wezakhamuzi, abameleli, nezikhulu zomphakathi. Ukwakhiwa kweNkantolo Ephakeme nokubekwa kwayo kuyaqhubeka kushintsha, futhi izinqumo zesikhathi esizayo zinganweba noma zivumelane nesilinganiso sesivikelo esifanayo nenqubo efanelekile. Izakhamuzi kumelwe zihlale zinolwazi futhi zithembise, hhayi ebhokisini lokufaka ibhola kodwa futhi nangokuhlanganyela kwezezakhamuzi, ukuhlanganisa, ukubhanana, nokufundisa.

Enye yentuthuko enikeza ithemba kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva ukuqaphela okukhulayo kokuhlangana kwemifantu. Ukuqaphela ukuthi abantu baphatha izici eziningi (uhlanga, ubulili, isigaba, ukuthambekela kobulili, ukukhubazeka okungokobulili, okungahlanganisa ukucwasana noma ilungelo. Amalungiselelo alinganayo oMthetho-sisekelo avuleke ngokwanele ukuba abhekane nalokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa isimiso somthetho siqala nje ukusungula amathuluzi okuzisingatha ngokuphumelelayo. Izinkantolo nabenzi bomthetho kumelwe baqinisekise ukuthi ukulingana kuyasebenza ngezindlela ezivumayo nezingako eziyingqayizivele zalabo ababhekene nezindlela eziningi zokubekwa phansi.

Imfundo ihlala ibalulekile. Ukuqonda umlando wamalungiselelo alinganayo oMthetho-sisekelo − kuhlanganisa izimpi ezinzima zeSichibiyelo sokwakha kabusha, umzabalazo wabesifazane, umzabalazo wamalungelo omphakathi, kanye nokulwela amalungelo e-LGBTQ + qha qha qha, izakhamuzi ziyayiqaphela intuthuko efeziwe kanye nebanga okusazohamba. Izikole nezinhlangano zomphakathi kumelwe zifundise hhayi nje umbhalo woMthetho-sisekelo, kodwa incazelo yawo ephilayo nendima yabantu abavamile ekulolongeniseni leyo ncazelo.

Ekugcineni, i-United States kumelwe ihlole ngokuhluzekile izindawo lapho izithembiso zayo zomthetho-sisekelo zingafezekanga khona. Ngokwesibonelo, iSichibiyelo Samalungelo Omthetho-sisekelo Se-Uncimel (ERA), esiqinisekisa ngokucacile ukuthi amalungelo alinganayo ngaphansi komthetho kungakhathaliseki ubulili, sadluliswa yiSishaya-Mkhandlu ngo-19727 kodwa sehluleka ukufinyelela ukuqiniswa kwezinombolo ezidingekayo ngezikhathi zakuqala. Eminyakeni yamuva, amanye amazwe aye agunyazamela i-ERA ukuba iqine ngokucacile, futhi izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho ziqhubeke ngokuthi isiphelo manje singanezelwa yini eMpaleni. Ngisho noma i-ERA, isiqinisekiso esikhona somthetho we-ERA, singaba yi-zqhnhlobo eziningi zekhethelo lobulili, kodwa ukumiswa okucacile kunikeza isisekelo esicacile.[FT][FUM]

Njengoba i-United States iba nezimo ezihlukahlukene kakhulu futhi ukushintsha kwembulunga yonke, izimiso zoMthetho-sisekelo ezilinganayo ziyobhekana novivinyo olusha. Ukushintsha kwezemfundo, ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, kanye nokungafihli ulwazi kuphakamisa imibuzo yokuthi izinhlelo ezikhona zivikela kahle yini ekukhethekeni kwemithetho-algorithm nezinye izinhlobo zesimanje zobandlululo. Amandla oMthetho-sisekelo asemandleni awo okuchazwa ngokusha esisizukulwaneni ngasinye kuyilapho ahlala ezingeni laso eliyisisekelo lenkululeko, ubulungisa, kanye nokulingana kwabo bonke. Ikusasa lokulingana eMelika liyoxhomeka ekuzimiseleni kwezakhamuzi zalo ukuba zigcine lezozindinganiso zibonelelwa kuhulumeni. [[FLT:]]

UMthetho-sisekelo awuyona incwadi eqinile kodwa umthetho-sisekelo onamandla oveza izimiso ezikwazi ukukhula nokuzivumelanisa. Isaziso, i-Acumetic Procement ne-'dict Clauss', iziHluzi ze-constructions, kanye nezinguquko ezilandelanayo kanye nomthetho wakha isakhiwo esihlangeneyo esiklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukulingana kwazo zonke izakhamuzi. Uhambo lokulingana okuphelele alupheli, kodwa isisekelo somthetho-mthetho-sisekelo siqinile. Isizukulwane ngasinye sibizwa ukuba sakhele kuleso sisekelo, ukuchaza izithembiso zoMthetho ngokucabangela izinselele ezintsha, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izibusiso zenkululeko ziboshelwe izizukulwane.