Isisekelo Esingokomlando Sesivikelo Somthetho - sisekelo

Umthetho-sisekelo wase-United States, owagunyazwa ngo-17888 nowaphumelela ngo-1789, wazalwa ngenxa yamaphutha eZihlomelo zobuKhomanisi kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kokubusa kwemibuso yamakoloni ngaphansi koMbuso waseBrithani. Abakhi be-frames, kuhlanganise noJames Madison, u-Alexander Hamilton, noGeorge Washington, babekhathazeke kakhulu ngokuvimbela ukubekwa kwamandla ngaphansi kobushiqela eYurophu. Baklama isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela, ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, futhi babala amalungelo akha isisekelo senkululeko yaseMelika njengeqembu. Ukuqonda lomongongongongongongo womlando kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni ukuthi kungani ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo oMthetho-sisekelo njengalokhu. Ibhukwana alinikezi amalungelo kubantu ngabanye; kunalokho, liqaphela amalungelo emvelo aphezulu kanye nemingcele kahulumeni ukuba amelane. Lesi sisekelo sefilosofi sithonya kakhulu i-Rocense, njengoba kuvikela ilungiselelo ngasinye senkululeko.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu: Isivikelo Ngokumelene Nokucindezelwa Uhulumeni

Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala wawunezindawo zokuvikela (umz., ukuvinjelwa kwemithetho yezentengiselwano yangemva kwe-cono kanye nezindleko zomthathi we-Anti-Federalist ku-Agatep I, i-Ctep 2991, i-Anti-Fedalist yafuna imvume ecacile yamalungelo njengemfanelo yokuhlungwa. Umphumela waba yizinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi, ezaziwa njengeMithetho yamaLungelo, ezagunyazwa ngoDecember 15, 1791. Le mithelela imingcele eqondile yamandla kahulumeni futhi, ngeSinyuko seSinyulo se 14 seSinyuko sika-Clatini u-Claus, siye safakwa ngokukhethayo ukuba sisebenze kuhulumeni ngokufanayo. I-Bill of Rights ayilona uhlu oluphelele olubizwa ngokuthi i-Centernetic progreptionstionstion.) kodwa inikeza isivikelo esinelisayo senkululeko sokwahlulela somuntu ngabanye.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala: I - Cornerstone Yokuhlanganyela Ngokwentando Yeningi

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivimbela uHulumeni ekwenzeni noma yimuphi umthetho “ukumiswa kwenkolo, noma ukunqabela ukuyisebenzisa ngenkululeko; noma ukuvimbela inkululeko yokukhuluma, noma yezindaba; noma ilungelo labantu lokuhlangana ngokuthula, nokunxusa uHulumeni ukuba ulungise izikhalo. [[12] Lento eyodwa ibheka ukuhlelwa kwenkululeko ehlukene: inkolo (kokubili u-Clauscen kanye ne-Free Specience Claus), inkulumo, i-mqoka, i-operand, i-ms. Izinkantolo ziye zachaza lezisivikelo ngobuningi, nakuba kungesona impela. Isibonelo, iNkanto ephakeme iye yasho ukuthi izigaba ezithile zenkulumo (54] ezihlobene nezenzo zokwephula umthetho (Branden.), futhi zifaka i-mbulo (Mymoul) eziwuhlubile (e), futhi zifaka isivikelo) ezinswe kakhulu izigaba zezombangazwe.[4] [ezinkulu zesifundazwe izikhulu zesifunda sesifundazwe, izifunda esiwusekela kakhulu sezezezezezezezezezezezwe, izifunda, izifunda,[19

ISichibiyelo Sesibili: Umuntu Ngamunye unelungelo Lokugcina Nokuthwala Izikhali

ISiphendulo Sesibili sithi: “Isinqumo esinemithetho elawula kahle i-Militia, njengoba sidingekile ekulondekeni kukaZwe elikhululekile, ilungelo labantu lokugcina nokuphatha Izikhali, ngeke sishaywe.” Emlandweni waseMelika, incazelo yayo yaphikiswa. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme esiwuphawu lwezikhawu i-Digate of Columbia v. [[FLT] [[FLT] V, [FLD]] [2001] [ilungelo lokuphatha izicushudo] [[FT] [2003] [iikhulu] lisholo ukuthi isivikelo ilungelo lomuntu lokuphatha izibhamu, njengaleyo ehlala ekhaya, encipheni yenkululeko yenkululeko engokomthetho, engekho kwezempini engokomthetho, futhi eyaziwa kakhulu iqoqosweni leminyango.[Foffonston ezindaweni ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho zezenyukayomthetho.[enye ingeyeNkakhulu] Izifunda zezindawo ezingokomthetho.[194]

ISichibiyelo Sesine: Ukuzifihla Nokuvikelwa Ekucwaningeni Okungenangqondo

ISichibiyelo sesine sonogada ngokumelene “nokuphenya okungenangqondo nokuquleka” futhi ifuna ukuba izintambo zisekelwe ngokunokwenzeka yisizathu futhi ikakhulukazi zichaze indawo okumelwe kuphenywe kuyo futhi abantu noma izinto ezizothathwa. Ngaphakathi, ukubuyiselwa kuvikela ukulindela ukuthi umphakathi ukulungele ukuqaphela ukuthi unengqondo. INkantolo Ephakeme isebenzise lesivikelo kumongo wanamuhla: ngokwesibonelo, [[FLT:] Katz v. United States[FLT:][FLT] [197] [197] [197], iNkantolo ikholelwa ukuthi ingxoxo yomuntu eqhutshelwayo egunjini yocingo ivikelekile, ngisho nangaphandle kwecala elingokomzimba. [kuvikelwe umbaza ukuvikelwa okungekhona okungekhona okusemthethweni]. [Ulimiwe kunikezwa umbiko ongekho emthethweni omthetho ongokomthetho.[5] [Umpempelense]

Isichibiyelo Sesihlanu: Inqubo Efanele, Ukuziphikisa, Nokuzivumelanisa Okufanelekile

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu siqukethe izivikelo eziningi ezihlukene: ukumangalelwa kwabahluleli abakhulu abaphethe inhloko- dolobha noma ubugebengu obudume kakhulu (ngaphandle kwamacala ezempi); ukuvikelwa ezingozini eziphindwe kabili ngenxa yecala elifanayo; ilungelo elimelene nokuphoqelelwa ukuba ungazihluphi; isiqinisekiso senqubo efanelekile ngaphambi kokuncishwa kokuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla; nemfuneko yokuthi impahla yangasese itshelwe ukuba ingathathwa ngaphandle kokukhokhiswa impoqo. I-'projective'''''''''''''''''''''''''''' iyaziwa kahle ngelungelo [[FOLT] futhi ikwaziwa kakhulu] i-Mirranda v v.[FLT] [12] [6], okuthiwagunyaza ukuvinjelwa kwendlela ekhethekile ye-Dolomestry'e, lapho i-Fodvolutionss.[2004], imvume yokusetshenziswa kwesilinganiso sezentengiselwayo engokomthetho engokomthetho engokomthetho engokomthetho, imvume, nakuba imvume, imvume, imvume

Isichibiyelo Sesithupha: Amalungelo Afanele Amacala Abamangalelwa

ISichibiyelo seSithandathu siqinisekisa ummangalelwa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elingokomthetho elisheshayo neliwumphakathi ngejaji elingakhethi lombuso nesifunda lapho ubugebengu benzeka khona; ilungelo lokutshelwa ngemvelo nembangela yalokhu kumangalelwa; ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi; ilungelo lokuphoqelelwa ekutholeni ofakazi abahle; nelungelo lokuthola abamangalelwa abavumelekile; nelungelo lokuthola usizo lwezeluleko ezingokomthetho ezinkantolo zokuvikela. Ilungelo lokunikeza iseluleko landiswa ngokuphawulekayo [[FLT: 0] Gedeon v. Wainright[[[FLT:] [193], okudingeka ukuba kunikeze abamangali abanecala ezimweni ezingalungile. [kuvinje] ngaphandle kokuvikelwa kwecala. [kuvinjelwe], kuvinjelwe isigwebo esiqinile]

Izinqumo Ezingaphezu Kwesiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu

Umthetho-sisekelo uye walungiswa izikhathi ezingamashumi amabili nayisikhombisa, futhi eziningi kamuva zilungisa amalungelo omuntu ngamanye. Ukuqonda lezi zinguquko kubalulekile ekuchazeni ngokuphelele izivikelo zomthetho-sisekelo.

Izichibiyelo Zeshumi Nantathu, Zeshumi Nane Neshumi Nanhlanu: IziNguqulo Zokulungisa

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane (1865) sachaza ubuzwe besizwe futhi savinjelwa ekubekeni imingcele yamalungelo ezakhamuzi, iSichibiyelo sokulungisa ngokuyisisekelo savuselelwa komthetho-mthetho waseMelika. ISichibiyelo se-13th (1868) saqeda ubugqizimani obuyi-14) ngaphandle kwesijeziso sobugebengu. ISiphendu seshumi elinesihlanu sesizwe sachaza ilungelo futhi sanqabela ukuncishwa kwelungelo lesizwe lokuvota ibala, ibala, noma isimo sangaphambili sobugqila. ISiphendumiso sezwe sinciphise umuntu noma isiphiwe noma isiphi nasiphi isiphi esiphila ukuphila, inkululeko, noma isiphi isiphiwe isilinganiso esiyinhloko sokusetshenziswa kwemithetho ezindaweni ezithile (enza i-enzibwe) futhi sivikela amalungelo ahlobene nenkululeko ayisisekelo eMthethweni yomshado. [[3][3] [3] [3] i-F1] ngaphansi kwe-Esworduced , i-osedusssworle, i-oseduced , i-ose, i-

Isichibiyelo Seshumi Nayi - 19: Impoqo Yabesifazane

ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesithoba seSiphendulo se-1920 sivimbela ohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni ukuba baphike ilungelo lokuvota ngesisekelo sobulili. Lokhu kwaba ukuphela komzabalazo wamashumi eminyaka wokulingana kwabesifazane ngokwezombangazwe. Inguquko ayizange iqinisekise ukuba bonke abesifazane bebala bakwazi ukuvota, kodwa yabeka isisekelo esibucayi somthetho wamalungelo omphakathi olandelayo.

ISichibiyelo Sesithathu: Ukunciphisa Inkathi Yomsindo

Ngo- 1971, phakathi nenkathi yeMpi yaseVietnam, iSichibiyelo samashumi amabili nanhlanu sehlisa iminyaka yokuvota isukela ku-21 kuya ku-18 kuyo yonke imibuso, isifundazwe, nezindawo zokuvota. Isu elinengqondo lalithi labo abadala ngokwanele ukuba babuthwe ukuze bangenele inkonzo yezempi kufanele babe nezwi ekukhetheni abaholi babo. Lokhu kulungisa kwandisa isimiso sokuvota futhi kwagcizelela isimiso sokuthi ukuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe kuyilungelo eliyinhloko lomthetho - sisekelo.

Indima Yokuchaza Ukwahlulela

Isivikelo soMthetho-sisekelo singahlala singekho ngaphandle kwenqubo yokugcinwa. Ijaji, ikakhulukazi iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States, lisebenza njengomsunguli wokugcina wencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo ngamandla okwahlulela, asungulwe ku ukuvikelwa kwe-Marbury v. Madison [1803]. Uma kuthethwa izindaba ezihilela amalungelo omthetho-mthethweni, izinkantolo zichaza umbhalo, injongo, ukuqhuba komlando, nezidingo ze-social. Lenqubo yokuchaza iguqukele emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, iholela ekuzivikeleni okuzivumelani nezimo ezintsha ngaphandle komthetho.

Ukukhohlisa Kwezinkanyezi Nokuziphendukela Komthetho - sisekelo

Izinkantolo zilandela inqubo ngaphansi kwemfundiso yokubheka, kodwa zibuye zigumbuqele imithetho ephelelwe isikhathi lapho kunezizathu eziphoqelelayo. Ngokwesibonelo, Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo ibusa i-“ehlukene kodwa ilingana” imfundiso ye Prebecy v. Ferguson [1866] [1866]. Ngokufanayo, LY] LYN v.C[FLT:] [2003] [inani] kumthetho [FLT] [FLT] [FLT].BB] v [196] [1986]) enkabeni leyo eshintsha imigaqo.

Imfundiso Yokuvumelana: Ukusebenzisa Amalungelo E - United States

Ekuqaleni, iBhili yamalungeni lanciphisa uhulumeni kahulumeni kuphela. Ngemva kweSichibiyelo seshumi nane, iNkantolo Ephakeme yaqala ngokukhetha amalungiselelo akhethekile ngokumelene nezifundazwe nge-Century Procession Claus. Kusukela namuhla, cishe zonke izivikelo zeBhili lamaLungelo ziye zahlanganiswa, ngaphandle nje kwezimbalwa (isimo, iSichibiyelo sesithathu esimelene namasosha angenawo amacala, imfuneko enkulu yamajaji yeSichibiyelo seNkamputha Yesihlanu). Lemfundiso iqinisekisa ukuthi ohulumeni, abaseduze nezakhamuzi, abanawo amalungelo ayisisekelo.

Izinselele Zanamuhla Elungelweni Lomthetho - sisekelo

Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo unikeza ukwakheka okuqinile, ubuchwepheshe obusha nezinguquko zezenhlalo zivivinya imingcele yawo. Izimpikiswano ezinjengeziqu zenkululeko ye-apply Organization [FLT:] [2002] [202]) phezu kwemithetho yemithetho yezenyuziyamu, ukukhipha izibhamu, nokuvota kuyaqhubeka kubangela ukudilizwa nokuphikisana komphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme [FLT]] [[FLT]] [0] Inhlangano yabesifazane yempilo [[FLT:] [FLT] [202] [202])] ilawula [[FLT] v. Icala eliyikhona liyi-protomu elawulayo.

Amalungelo Ezindaba Zomuntu Siqu Enkathini Yokusetshenziswa Kwamanani

ISichibiyelo sesine sokuvikela izinto zomuntu siqu sibhekene nezinselele ezintsha zobuchwepheshe bokuhlola, ukuqoqwa kokwaziswa kwezinhlangano, kanye nokuthola kukahulumeni ukwaziswa okuphathelene nemishini. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme Riley v. California [2014] (ikholelwa ukuthi amaphoyisa ngokuvamile adinga isiqinisekiso sokuhlola okuqukethwe ucingo olucashiwe ukuba luboshwe, ukuvuma ukuthi amakhalekhukhwini anemininingwane eminingi yokwaziswa komuntu siqu. Ukuqhubeka kwezimpikiswano ngokufinyezwa kwe-fix, ukuqashelwa kobuso, nokuhlola kwezembulo yezokuxhumana kuyoqhubeka kuveza incazelo yezindaba zomuntu siqu ekhulwini lama-21 leminyaka.

Izincwadi Eziwusizo Zemfundo Yesibalo

Ukufundisa abafundi ngezikhungo zomthetho-mthetho kudlulela ngalé kokuzigcina ngomqondo. Imfundo ephumelelayo yesizwe kufanele ikhuthaze ukucabanga ngokugxeka indlela la malungiselelo asebenza ngayo ezimweni ezingokoqobo zezwe. Ngokwesibonelo, abafundi bangahlaziya izimo ezicatshangelwayo ezihilela ukukhuluma ngokukhululekile ezikoleni, ukuphenya kwamaphoyisa, noma ukukhetha kokhetho lwejaji. Ukuqonda umbhalo woMthetho-sisekelo ovela kuyiNational Archives[[FLT] 1] nokutadisha [[FLT:]] ikhomba izenzakalo zeNkathi yeNkathi ePhakathi e-Oyez[[FLT]] enikeza imithombo efinyelelekayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlola [[FLT]

Ukuhlanganyela Abafundi Nemithombo Eyisisekelo

Ukufunda uMthetho-sisekelo kanye namaphaphasi e-Federalist kungasiza abafundi ukuba baqonde izinhloso zabakhiphi bezincwadi. Ukuxhumana kwezincwadi zomlando nemibono yenkantolo yanamuhla kubonisa indlela ukuchaza umthetho - sisekelo okushintsha ngayo. Ngokwesibonelo, kuqhathanisa indlela uJames Madison aqala ngayo ukubhalwa kweBill of Rights nenguqulo yokugcina egunyaziwe kwembula ukuhleba nokuphikisana ngezinga lokuvikelwa.

Isiphetho

I-United States Constitution ivikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye ngesimiso esiklanywe ngokucophelela sikahulumeni olinganiselwe, ibala inkululeko, kanye nokugcinwa komthetho ozimele. Kusukela kuyi-Bill of Rights kuya kwiSichibiyelo somthetho nangaphandle, lamalungiselelo aye avikela izizukulwane zaseMelika ebushiqelani nakucindezelwa. Nokho, uMthetho-sisekelo awuwona umbhalo oziqedayo; isivikelo sawo sixhomeke ezakhamuzini eziqaphileni eziqaphile, abafundisi ababophekile, nelungu lejaji elizimisele ukusekela umthetho. Ngokuqonda amalungiselelo abalulekile anjengewokuqala, wesihlanu, ne-Sihlanu, neziNguqulo zeSihlanu, kanye ne-Sigambo se-Sivikelo somthetho, abafundi nabafundisi ngokufanayo bangawazisa kangcono ifa elihlala njalo lemithetho yomthetho kanye nendima yabo ekulondolozeni kwayo. Ukuthuthukisa imfundo nokuvikela nokuvikela komthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho wezwelo olubalulekile kuhlala njalo.