Ukuqonda indlela isikweleti esishintsha ngayo sisuse emqondweni olula sibe umthetho ophoqelelwe. Uhambo lwemithetho luyinkimbinkimbi, luhilela izigaba eziningi zokubukeza, impikiswano, ukulungisa, nokugunyaza amagatsha ahlukene kahulumeni. Nakuba igatsha lemithetho lidala futhi lidlulise izikweleti, igatsha eliphethe lifeza indima ebalulekile ezigabeni zokugcina zale nqubo, linquma ukuthi umthetho ohlongozwayo uba umthetho wezwe yini.

Isisekelo: Liyini Ibhuloho?

Imali iyisiphakamiso somthetho omusha noma ukushintshela kumthetho okhona. Ngaphambi kokuba kumiswe noma yimuphi umthetho, kumelwe ube khona njengesicelo esingokomthetho esilandela ukuhlelwa okukhethekile komthetho nezimfuneko ezingokomthetho. Imithetho iqala njengemibono, kodwa lemibono kumelwe iguqulwe ibe ulimi olungokomthetho oluqondile ngaphambi kokuba idlule esimisweni sikahulumeni.

Noma yiliphi ilungu leKhongolo - elivela eNdlu yeSishayamthetho noma eNdlu yabameleli - onomqondo womthetho ungakhipha isikweleti. Lemibono ivela kumalungu oMkhandlu ngokwawo noma ezakhamuzini zansuku zonke nasemaqenjini okuphatha izigebengu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, noma ubani angasikisela umqondo wesigebengu somuntu ngamunye, iqembu labathengi, inhlangano kahulumeni, inhlangano kahulumeni, noma umbusi. Lesisekelo sentando yeningi siqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho ungavela emithonjeni ehlukahlukene, ubonise izidingo nezinkathazo zababambi bezigebengu abahlukahlukene emphakathini.

Inqubo yokudweba ngokwayo idinga ubuchwepheshe obukhethekile. Ukudweba idinga ukuqeqeshwa okukhethekile okungokomthetho, futhi ngokuvamile kwenziwa izisebenzi ze-Legisative Bill Distrating Commission yaseNew York. Ngezinga likahulumeni, amahhovisi afanayo asiza amalungu eKhomishane ekuguquleni imiqondo yezimiso ezihlelwe kahle ezihlongozweni zemithetho ehleliwe. Isimo sobuchwepheshe sokuhlela imithetho yezezimali siqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ehlongozwayo icacile, iyagcinwa, futhi iyavumelana nemithetho esemthethweni ekhona.

Ukusungulwa Nokuthunyelwa

Uma isikweleti sesibhaliwe, kumelwe sifakwe ngokomthetho eMzini wabameleli noma eNhlanganweni. Ilungu eliyinhloko leSishaya-mthetho elisekela lo mthetho libizwa ngokuthi "isibambiso". Amanye amalungu asekela lesi sivumelwano abizwa ngokuthi "i-co-sponsors". Indima yomxhasi ibalulekile, njengoba lomuntu ethatha umthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko wokwalusa umthetho ngenqubo eyinkimbinkimbi yephalamende.

Uma ummeleli eyisixhasi, isambathiso sisungulwa eNdlu. Uma iSenator ingumxhasi, isambathiso siyasungulwa eSigeqeni. Uma isikweleti sesiqaliwe, kumelwe siqaliswe, futhi lapho siqala, sithola inani. Lesi simiso sokubala sisiza ekuhleleni umthetho wendlela phakathi nohambo lwaso. Izikweleti zendlu zamukela i-"H.R" ebizwayo, kuyilapho izikweletu zegeleti zibekwa ngenombolo ye-"S".

Isikhathi sokungena singaba nendawo efanelekile. Amalungu angafaka amafaktire emali ngenyanga ngaphambi kokuba isimiso siqale. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi "i-prefiling" Izindleko ze-prefiled ziqala ngokomthetho usuku lokuqala lwesimiso. Lokhu kwenza ukuba abashaya imithetho baqale ukuma emgqeni wemithetho futhi baphawule izinto eziza kuqala eziza kuqala esimisweni esizayo.

Isimiso SeKomiti: Lapho Kulolongwa Amabhola

Ngemva kwesethulo, amafakthethe angena engxenyeni ebucayi kakhulu yenqubo yomthetho: ukubukeza kwekomiti. Ngokushesha lapho isikweleti seqalwe, kubhekiselwa ekomitini. Abaholi e House noma eNdlwini yeSigele bayonquma ukuthi yiyiphi ikomiti ezobhekisela kuyo. Lokhu ngokuvamile kuhlobene nendaba yemali.

Kokubili iNdlu neSigele zinamakomiti ahlukahlukene akhiwa amaqembu amalungu oMkhandlu anesithakazelo esikhethekile ezindabeni ezihlukahlukene njengezindaba zempilo noma zezizwe. Lamakomiti amile athuthukisa ubuchwepheshe ezindaweni zawo ezinesihloko, ewenza amiswe kahle ukuba ahlole ubuhle nemiphumela engenzeka yomthetho ohlongozwayo.

Ukucabangela Nezindlebe Zekomiti

Uma isambati sisezandleni zekomiti, sihlolwa ngokucophelela futhi amathuba ayo okudlula yiyo yonke i-Congress anqunyiwe. Lenqubo yokuhlola ihlelwe ngokuphelele nangezinto eziningi. Ikomiti ingase ikhethe ngisho nokuthatha izikhalo ukuze iqonde kangcono incazelo yaleli tyala. Ukuqulwa kuvumela imibono yegatsha eliphethe, ochwepheshe, ezinye izikhulu zomphakathi nabasekeli, kanye nabaphikisi bomthetho ukuba babhalwe phansi.

Ukuqulwa kwamacala ekomiti kufeza izinjongo eziningi. Kunikeza umphakathi isikhungo sabaqondisi bemibono yabo, kuvumele amalungu amakomiti ukuba aqoqe ukwaziswa nobufakazi obungochwepheshe, futhi enze nerekhodi lemithetho elingasiza ekuchazeni umthetho esikhathini esizayo. OFakazi lapho bezwa bangase bahlanganise izikhulu zikahulumeni, ochwepheshe bezemfundo, abameleli bezimboni, amaqembu ombuso, nezakhamuzi ezithintekile.

Amakomiti angaphansi kwekomiti ahlelwa ngaphansi kwamakomiti futhi aphinde ahlolwe ngesihloko esithile. Ngokuvamile, amakomiti athumela izikweleti ekomitini engaphansi ukuze atadishe futhi athole ukuqulwa kwecala lawo. Lokhu kubukeza okwengeziwe kuvumela ukuhlolwa ngisho nokuningiliziwe kwemithetho eyinkimbinkimbi.

Inqubo Yokuphawula

Ngemva kokuzwa nokuhlona, amakomiti angahlanganyela enqubweni ebizwa ngokuthi "iphawu," lapho enza khona izinguquko ezisesikweletini. Ikomiti ingavota ukuqeda izindleko phakathi nalesigaba. Inqubo yokunyusa inqubo ishintsha ngokuphawulekayo inqubo yomthetho, amalungu ekomiti afaka imvume, aphikisanayo, futhi avote ekulungiseni izigwebo.

Ikomiti ibika ukutusa kwayo ukuthi isikweleti "sidlulile", "sedlula njengalungisiwe", noma "singadluli". Lokhu kutusa kubaluleke kakhulu, njengoba izindleko zemibiko yekomiti elungile zingathathwa phansi kakhulu kunalezo ezingenakho ukugunyazwa okunjalo.

Nokho, akuzona zonke izikweletu ezisindayo ekubukezweni kwekomiti. Uma ikomiti ingathathi nyathelo esikweletini, isambathiso sithathwa njengo-"fe". Lokhu kuyiqiniso kusho ukuthi amakomiti asebenza njengabagcini bamasango ababalulekile enqubeni yomthetho, negunya lokuvimbela izindleko ukuba zingafiki kungakhathaliseki izifiso zabaxhasi bawo.

Ukucabangela Ubuhle Nempikiswano

I-Brills ekwaziyo ukusebenzisa inqubo yekomiti isuka phansi ukuze ihlolwe ngokugcwele amalungu ayo. Uma i-komiti ikhipha isigwebo, ibekwa ekhalendeni ukuze sivotelwe, siphikiswane noma silungiswe. Inqubo yokucabangela iphansi ihluke kakhulu phakathi kwendlu neSigele, ibonisa indima yazo ezihlukile zomthetho-mthetho kanye namasiko ezinhlangano.

Imithetho nemikhuba yendlu ivumela inani elikhulu ukuba lisebenzise umthetho ngokushesha. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imithetho yeSigele nezinqubo, kuvumela ukuhlobana ngesenzo esisheshayo, njengoba kunikeza abaPhathi-kanye amandla aphawulekayo okusungula. Lokhu kungafani kwemiklamo kubonisa umbono wendlu njengegumbi le-populist neSigele njengelungu elithatha indle.

Phakathi nokucatshangelwa kwephansi, amalungu angase anikeze ukulungisa, angene ezimpikiswaneni, futhi ekugcineni avote umthetho. Zonke izimpikiswano zendikimba zisho ukuthi "Izigwebo zeKonke". Inganikelwa futhi ivotelwe. Lenqubo ivumela ukuthuthukiswa kwemali futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi ikamelo eligcwele linethuba lokuhlela umthetho.

Ukudlula Esigungwini Sokuqala

Uma isikweleti sidlula ngeningi (218 kuya ku-435), ingeya eNdlu yeSigebengu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi imvume yaqala eNdlu; uma iqala eNdlu yeSigele, okuphambene nalokhu kungaba yiqiniso. Ukufakwa kwemali egumbini elilodwa kumelela ingqophamlando ebalulekile, kodwa kukude kakhulu ekupheleni kohambo lwemithetho.

Phakathi nayo yonke inqubo kufakwa ushintsho futhi kwenziwa izinguquko ebhodini nasesitezini seSigele nendlu. Ngakho ngevoti yokugcina icala kungenzeka ukuthi liye labukezwa kaningana futhi labheka okuhlukile kwemali exhaswe. Lenqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ibonisa indlela ebambisanayo nelula yokwenza umthetho esimisweni sobuntando bentando yeningi.

Isigungu Sesibili: Ukubukeza I - bidameral

Ngemva kokudlula indlu eyodwa, izindleko zidlula ezinyathelweni ezifanayo kwenye indlu. Lemfuneko ye-baobal isici esiyisisekelo sesimiso sokushaya umthetho saseMelika, esiklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukubukezwa nokuvinjelwa kokusheshisa nokumiswa kwemithetho. Ukumiswa komthetho ngaso sonke isikhathi kudinga ukuba womabili amakamu avumelane ngokuhlukana nemali efanayo ngaphambi kokuba ayinike uMongameli.

Igumbi lesibili lizihlola ngokwalo, liziphendulela ngokwalo uma kudingeka, futhi lihlanganyela ezimpikiswaneni zalo siqu ezisesitezi esiphansi nenqubo yokulungisa. Lenqubo efanayo isebenza njengendlela yokuhlola amaphutha noma abaphathi abangase bavele ekamelweni lokuqala futhi liqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho uthola ukusekelwa okukhulu ezimisweni ezihlukahlukene.

Ukuxazulula Ukungezwani: IKomiti Yomhlangano

Uma enye indlu yenza izinguquko ezisemalini, indlu yokuqala kumelwe ibavumele. Uma ushintsho luluncane, lokhu kuvuma kungaba okuqondile. Nokho, uma kunomehluko omkhulu phakathi kwemiba yendlu neSigele, inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu yokubuyisana idingekile.

Uma indlu neSigele zingavumelani ngezinguquko zesivumelwano, omunye wabo angacela ikomiti yengqungquthela. Ekomitini yengqungquthela, amalungu endlu ngayinye ayahlangana futhi azame ukufinyelela isivumelwano. Uma izinguqulo zendlu neSigele ziqukethe ukungafani okukhulu futhi noma okuningi, ikomiti yengqungquthela imiswa ngokomthetho ukuze kulungise ukungafani phakathi kwezinguqulo ezimbili ngombhalo owodwa.

Amakomiti engqungquthela angamakomiti esikhashana ahlangene akhiwa amalungu avela kuwo womabili amakamu, ikakhulukazi kuhlanganise namalungu aphezulu amakomiti azimele. Uma evumelana ngokuthi yini, ikomiti yengqungquthela izoyenza umbiko. Lombiko wengqungquthela umelela ukuhlehla phakathi kwezikhundla ezimbili.

Zombili izindlu kumelwe zivote ukuze zivume umbiko wekomiti yengqungquthela ukuze kudluliswe iMithetho. Okubalulekile, imibiko yengqungquthela ayiyona imvume yokulungisa; amalungu kumelwe avote ukuze avume noma alahle ukuvumelana okuphelele. Uma abafaki behluleka ukufinyelela isivumelwano, umthetho uyafa, uqokomisa ukubaluleka kokuxoxa ngempumelelo kule ngxenye.

Ukunikezwa Igatsha Eliphethe

Uma womabili amagumbi esegunyazile izimvume ezifanayo zemali, idlulela egatsheni eliphethe i-presidenti. Ngemva kokuba umthetho udlulise kokubili iNdlu neSigele, iLegislature ithumela kuMbusi (esilinganisweni sombuso) noma uMongameli (esilinganisweni sikahulumeni). Ngemva kokuba kokubili iNdlu neSigeqe sendlu semvume ivunyelwe ukuba kubhalwe incwadi yemali ngendlela efanayo, imvume ithunyelwe kuMongameli.

Lendaba ebhekiswe kumphathi imelela indawo yokuhlola ebaluleke kakhulu engokomthetho.ISiphakamiso I, iSigaba 7, uClaus 2 sinikeza ukuthi uma isikweleti sidlula kokubili izindlu zoMkhandlu kumelwe sinikezwe uMongameli ukuze sivume noma sidluliselwe. Lemfuneko iqinisekisa ukuthi igatsha eliphethe linethuba lokubukeza nokusabela ezinqubweni zomthetho.

Izinketho ZobuPresidenti: Isibonakaliso, IVito, Noma Ungasithathi Isinyathelo

Uma ethola ifakthi, uMongameli unezinketho eziningana, ngayinye inemiphumela ehlukene engokomthetho. Ukuqonda lezi zinketho kubalulekile ekuqondeni indima yomphathi enqubeni yokushaya umthetho.

Ukusayina Umqulu EMthethweni

Isinqumo esiqondile singesokuthi uMongameli avume umthetho. Uma uMongameli evumela umthetho, uyasayinwa abe ngumthetho. Uma uMongameli esayina isaziso secala, kuba umthetho. Lesi signesha simelela ukuvunyelwa kukaMongameli umthetho futhi siqede inqubo yokwenza umthetho.

Imikhosi yokusayina kukamongameli ivame ukuqhutshelwa umthetho obalulekile, inikeza uMongameli ithuba lokugubha obala lokho okufeziwe, abasekeli, futhi achaze ukubaluleka komthetho kubantu baseMelika. Lemikhosi ingase ihlanganise abaxhasi bemali, abasekeli, nabazuzayo, bebonakalisa ukubambisana kwenqubo yemithetho.

Ukuvumela Iphepha Libe Umthetho Ngaphandle Kwesitifiketi

UMongameli akudingeki asayine isitifiketi sokuyithatha njengemthetho. Uma uMongameli engathathi nyathelo izinsuku eziyishumi lapho uMkhandlu useqenjini, umthetho uvele ube umthetho. Umthetho-sisekelo unikeza uMongameli izinsuku eziyishumi (izinsuku zangamaSonto adlule) ukuba enze ngokuvumelana nomthetho noma umthetho ube umthetho ngokuzenzekelayo.

Leli lungiselelo livimbela uMongameli ekubulaleni umthetho ngokungabi nandaba uma kuhlala iziKhongolo. UMongameli angakhetha lendlela uma engawusekeli ngokugcwele noma engaphikisani nesivumelwano, awuvumele ukuba ube umthetho ngaphandle kokugunyazwa okungamelelwa isigqebhezana.

I - Veto Evamile

ISiphakamiso I, ingxenye engu-7 yoMthetho-sisekelo inikeza uMongameli igunya lomthetho weveto odluliswa uMkhandlu. Leligunya lingelinye lamathuluzi abaluleke kakhulu uMongameli angawasebenzisa ukuvimbela ukudluliswa komthetho. Uma uMongameli emelana nalesi sivumelwano, angagunyaza isikweleti.

Iveto evamile iyi-veto efanelekayo. UMongameli ubuyisela umthetho ongasayinwanga ekwakheni indlu yoKhongolo phakathi nenkathi yezinsuku eziyishumi ngokuvamile unezimo ezimnqabelayo noma u-"veto message" uMkhandlu ungasidlulisa isinqumo sikaMongameli uma uhlanganisa amavoti amabili-3.

Umlayezo weveto uyimfuneko ebalulekile yomthetho-sisekelo efeza izinjongo eziningi. Inikeza uMkhandlu umbono kaMongameli wokwenqaba umthetho, yenza umlando wasobala wempi yesikhulu, futhi ingathonya imizamo yokushaya umthetho elandelanayo yokusingatha izinkathazo zikaMongameli.

Ngisho nosongo lweveto lungaletha izinguquko kumthetho oqukethwe esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba isigwebo sidluliselwe kuMongameli. Lokhu kulindele kunikeza uMongameli ithonya elikhulu enqubweni yomthetho, njengoba uKhongolo lungase lulungise izikweletu ukuze lugweme imvume yokuthi abanazo izivoti zokuzilawula.

I - pocket Veto

Uhlobo olukhethekile lwe-veto lukhona lapho izinxusi ze-Congress ngaphambi kokuba uMongameli enza umsebenzi wesivumelwano. Uma kungekho sinyathelo esithathwayo izinsuku eziyishumi futhi isinqumo sesinqunyiwe, kukhona "i-pocket trato". Uma umongameli engasayisayisayina encwadini futhi ihlala ingekho ephawulweni lapho uMkhandlu ungasekho esimisweni, isaziso sizosuswa ngokungakhokhwa. Lesisenzo sibizwa ngokuthi iphakethe, futhi asinakubekwanga yiSishaya - Congressmend.

Iveto ephaketheni iyiveto engenakunakwa. Iveto iba ngcono uma uMongameli ehluleka ukusayina isitifiketi ngemva kokuba uMkhandlu uthuthelwe inselele futhi engakwazi ukudlula i-veto. Loluhlobo lweveto lunamandla kakhulu ngoba lugoma uMkhandlu ithuba lokuphendula ngenqubo yokuzilawula.

Iveto ekhukhwani ibiyindaba yempikiswano engokomthetho-sisekelo. Igunya leveto elingena ephaketheni lithathwe eSiphakameni soMthetho-sisekelo I, ingxenye 7, "Ingqungquthela ngesivumelwano sayo ivimbela ukubuya kwayo, uma kuwukuthi, ngeke ibe umthetho"" Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uMkhandlu noMongameli baye baphikisana ngokusetshenziswa kwe-veto ephaketheni, bephikisana ngegama elithi "i-adjournment." Inqubo yanamuhla ivame ukulinganisela ithuthwa ephaketheni ukuba i-vetoess ekufuleni kwemisheni ye-couragenionments.

IVeto Ilawula Inqubo

UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza inqubo yokumisa umthetho phezu kokuphikisa komongameli. Uma uMongameli ekhipha isimemezelo, uMkhandlu ungazama ukuqeda i-veto. Uma kokubili iSigele neNdlu kudlulisa isigebengu ngenani eliphindwe kathathu, iveto kaMongameli igqitshwe, futhi umthetho uba umthetho.

Uma itholile imali yemali elahlwayo, uMkhandlu uyakwazi ukuqala inqubo yeveto enqanyuliwe, edinga ukuvota okuvumayo kuzo zombili izingodo ukuze umthetho ube umthetho. Lemfuneko enkulu iqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho ngokusekela okukhulu, i-bipartan inganqoba ukuphikiswa komongameli kuphela.

Inqubo yokuziqhatha iqala egumbini lapho kwaqala khona imvume. Uma uMongameli ekhipha isikweleti esaqala eSigele, isambathi sizobuyiselwa kuqala eNdlu yeSigele lapho inqubo yokulawula ingaqala khona. Uma igumbi lokuqala livota ngokuphumelelayo ukuba lithathe ama-3, khona - ke isibambiso sidlulela egumbini lesibili, okumelwe sifinyelele futhi ukuvota okubili okungaphumelela.

Umlando We - Veto Uyawuthambisa

Ukukhomba i-Vto kuyinto engavamile emlandweni wemithetho yaseMelika. Abameli baye bahlanganisa izikweletu ezingu-2 576 kusukela ngo-1789; zalezi, iSishaya-mthetho sino 111 (4.3%). Lelinani eliphansi lokuzilawula libonisa amandla aphawulekayo iveto ewanika uMongameli nobunzima bokuhlanganisa isilinganiso esikhulu esidingekayo sokusinqoba.

Akukho ndawo engaphansi kwesibopho somthetho-mthetho, somthetho-mthetho, noma somthetho-mthetho wesivumelwano sokuhlela ukuvota okungaphezulu. Akuyona into engavamile ukuba uMkhandlu ungenzi mzamo wokudlulisa umthetho uma abaholi benhlangano bengakholelwa ukuthi banamavoti anele. Lokhu okusebenzayo kusho ukuthi amavetoe amaningi amelana nokungaphikiswa, kanye noMkhandlu wamukela isahlulelo sikaMongameli noma ukukhetha ukuhlaziya umthetho wokukhuluma ngezici zikamongameli.

Ithonya Likamongameli Ngokushaya Indiva

Nakuba uMthetho - sisekelo unikeza amandla okwenza umthetho eSishaya - mthetho, uMongameli unethonya elikhulu enqubweni yomthetho ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene ezingaphezu kwamandla angokomthetho.

Izimfuneko Zemithetho Nohlelo Lokusebenzisa Imali

Nakuba injini yemibono yemithetho nezenzo iyiSishaya-mthetho ngokwaso, uMongameli ubuye atusa uhlelo lwemali lwaminyaka yonke lwezinhlangano zikahulumeni futhi uvame ukusikisela umthetho. Lezi zihlongozo zomongameli, nakuba zingahlanganisi iziKhomishane, ngokuvamile zimisa izimpikiswano zezimiso zemithetho nezimiso.

Ikheli laminyaka yonke leSizwe se - Union linikeza uMongameli indawo evelele yokuhlela izinto eziza kuqala ezingokomthetho nokusekela umphakathi ezinyatheloni ezithile. Omongameli bangase bahlongoze izikweleti ezithile, ezibe seziqala amalungu asekelayo eSishaya - mthetho.

Usongo Nezinkulumo Zomthetho Wokuqondisa

Mhlawumbe okubaluleke kakhulu, amandla omthetho weveto angathinta okuqukethwe yimali edluliswa yi-Congress. Njengoba kungavamile ukuba umthetho umiswe phezu kweveto kamongameli, uMkhandlu kumelwe uthathe isikhundla sikamongameli ezimisweni ezihlongozwayo.

Usongo lungabonakala futhi luyithuluzi eliphumelelayo kuMongameli, ngezinye izikhathi luphoqelela uKhongolo ukuba lulungise umthetho ngaphambi kokunika uMongameli. I-Office of Management and Baccomplication ihlanganisa ukugunyaza kwezehlo ze-Administrations (SAPs), ezidlulisela ngokusemthethweni isimo sikaMongameli ngokulandela umthetho omisiwe futhi ezingase zihlanganise ukusongela.

AMASAPS ngokuvamile ayisibonakaliso sokuqala esingokomthetho senhloso yoMphathi-Mnyango. Lezi zimemezelo eziqukethe izinsongo ziqukethe ulimi olubonisa injongo kaMongameli yokufuna ukuthatha, uMongameli elulekwa ukuba ahambe ngezinhlangano, noma uMongameli alulekwa ukuba aphumele kubaphathi abakhulu. Lezi zimemezelo zivumela uMkhandlu ukuba uqaphele ukuphikisa kukamongameli kanye nomthetho okwazi ukuguqula umthetho wokugwema i-veto.

Isenzo: Kusukela Emthetho Kuya Esinyatheloni

Uma nje isikweleti sesiba umthetho − kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuvela ngesignesha kamongameli, ngaphandle kwe-veto, noma ukumiswa okuzenzekelayo (ukuthi kufanele kuthathwe futhi kuphoqelelwe. Le nqubo yokusetshenziswa kwemithetho imelela ukushintshwa kwenhloso yokushaya umthetho.

Indima Yezimo Zokuhlola

Izinhlangano zezezimali eziphethe egatsheni lezikhulu zinomthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko wokumisa imithetho emisha. Lezi zikhungo zihumusha ulimi olungokomthetho lube yizimiso zikakhonkolo, izinhlelo, nenqubo yokuqinisekisa ukuthi isebenza. Inqubo yokusetshenziswa kwemithetho ihlanganisa:

  • Ukuthuthukisa imithetho enemininingwane echaza indlela umthetho oyosetshenziswa ngayo
  • Ukuhlela izinqubo zokuphatha ukuze kuthotshelwe ukugcinwa nokugcinwa kwemithetho
  • Ukumisa imithombo yemali nezisebenzi ukuze kufeze iziyalo zomthetho
  • Ukumisa ukugada nokubika ukuze kusetshenziswe imikhondo
  • Ukunikeza isiqondiso ezinhlanganweni eziqondiswayo nasemphakathini

Inqubo yokushaya imithetho ngokwayo ingaba nkulu, ngokuvamile ihilela ukuqashelwa nokwaziswa komphakathi kanye nokukhulumela okuvumela abaphethe ukuba banikeze ukwaziswa ezimisweni ezihlongozwayo. Lenqubo yokuphatha iqinisekisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwenqubo kuveza kokubili izinhloso zobungane nokucabangela okuwusizo.

Izinsuku Eziphumelelayo Nezikhathi Ezishintshayo

Akuyona yonke imithetho ethatha ukusebenza ngokushesha lapho kumiswa. Izingqungquthela zingasho izinsuku eziphumelelayo noma izikhathi zokuguqula ukuze kuvunyelwe ukumiswa ngokuhleleka. Ngokwesibonelo, imithetho eminingi emisha iqala ukusebenza ku-Ag. 1 ilandela isimiso sokushaya umthetho ngaphandle kokuba isibekisi sisho olunye usuku. Izikweleti eziyimali ezinendawo ehlobana nonyaka wokuzalwa, ongaba yimpumelelo ngoJuly 1, lolo suku olufanayo unyaka wokuqala.

Lezi zinsuku ezizephuzayo zifeza izinjongo eziningana: zinikeza izinhlangano isikhathi sokusebenzisa imithetho, zivumele abantu abathintekile ukuba balungiselele ukuvumelana nemithetho, futhi zenza kube lula ukushintshela ezimfunekweni ezintsha ezingokomthetho kusukela kudala kuya kwezisha.

Ukuphoqelelwa Nokuphikiswa

Uma seyimisiwe, imithetho kumelwe iphoqelelwe ukuze kufezwe izinjongo zayo ezihlosiwe. Izimiso zokuphoqelela ziyahluka kuye ngokuthi umthetho unjani kodwa zingahlanganisa:

  • Izijeziso zombango ezingahambisani
  • Isigebengu sijezisa ukwephula umthetho
  • Izenzo zokuphoqelela ukuphatha
  • Amakhambi okwahlulela amaqembu athintekile
  • Izinhlelo eziyinhloko zokukhuthaza ukulalela

Izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezinakekela umthetho kumelwe zilinganisele indlela eziwusebenzisa ngayo ngokunemba nangokulinganisela umthetho, ngokuvamile zithuthukisa izinto eziza kuqala, zigxile ekuphukeni noma ezindaweni umphakathi ozikhathalela kakhulu.

Ukucatshangelwa Okukhethekile Enqubweni Yokushaya Imithetho

Ukulinganiselwa Komthetho - sisekelo Ezimisweni Ezithile

Indlu kuphela engamisa umthetho wentela nenzuzo. ISigele kuphela esingamisa umthetho ohlangene nomthetho ohlangene nomongameli kanye nezivumelwano. Lezi zimfuneko zomthetho-sisekelo zibonisa ukwabiwa ngokucophelela kwamaFramers amagunya phakathi kwalamakamelo amabili.

Indlu inamandla akhethekile emalini ekhokhelwayo isuka ekuxhumaneni kwayo okuqondile nabantu ngemibandela emifushane nangemincintiswano emincane. Indima yesigele ekuhlobiseni nasezivumelwanoni ibonisa umsebenzi waso ohloselwe njengendikimba efuna ukukhokha izikweletu ezikhethekile ezindabeni zakwamanye amazwe kanye nokuhlelwa kwezikhulu.

Imithetho Ye - omnibus

Imali yemali ye-omnibus iyisikweleti esikhulu esihlanganisa izimpikiswano eziningana ezihlukene ngaphansi kwesihloko esisodwa esivamile njengemfundo. Ngokuvamile ikhokhelo lokubhula, linamakhasi amaningi, futhi ngokuvamile linezinhlamvu eziningana. Izindleko ze-Omnibus ziye zanda kakhulu emikhubeni yanamuhla yemithetho, ikakhulukazi ekuhlolweni kwaminyaka yonke.

Nakuba izindleko ze - omnibus zingasiza ekudluliseni umthetho obanzi futhi zixazulule izinkinga eziningi ngesikhathi esisodwa, ziphakamisa nokukhathazeka ngokubonana nokucabanga.

Ukuyinkimbinkimbi Nokushintshashintsha Kwale nqubo

Inqubo yokuba umthetho okungavamile ukufinyelelwa ngayo futhi kungahlukahluka kakhulu kuye ngezikweletu. Eqinisweni, inqubo ngeke ilandele ukulandelana kwezinga lokushayana ezivame ukuqondwa njengenqubo yokushaya umthetho. Lokhu kuveza ukuvumelana kwezinqubo zomthetho kanye nohlobo lweziphakamiso zemithetho.

Ezinye izikweleti zihamba ngokushesha kule nqubo ngaphandle kwempikiswano, kuyilapho ezinye zingase ziphelelwe amandla ekomiti iminyaka eminingi. Umthetho ophuthumayo ungase udlulise izinqubo ezivamile, kuyilapho izikweleti ezivamile zilandela indlela ejwayelekile. Ukuqonda lokhu kuguquguquka kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuthonya noma umthetho wendlela.

Izinguquko Zesilinganiso Sikahulumeni

Nakuba lesi sihloko siye sagxila ngokuyinhloko enqubweni kahulumeni yokushaya umthetho, izishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni zilandela izinqubo ezifanayo kodwa azifani. Umbuso ngamunye unezimfuneko zawo zomthetho - sisekelo nemithetho ehleliwe elawula indlela izikweletu eziba ngayo imithetho.

Bonke ababusi bezwe kanye nombuso wezwe banamandla afanayo, njengoba kunjalo nangabanye abameli bamameya nabaphathi besifundazwe. Ezizweni eziningi nasemasimini umbusi unemibuso ye-veto engeziwe, kuhlanganise nohlu oluphakathi kohlu, u-anter nokunciphisa. La mandla engeziwe anika abaqondisi besifunda amathuluzi kahulumeni angekho kuMongameli.

Ingxenye engaphezulu ye-veto, ikakhulukazi, ivumela ababusi ukuba benqabe amalungiselelo athile okukhipha izikweletu kuyilapho bevumela ezisele. Lo mbuso wenza ukuba kubukezwe ukuqondisa okuqondiswe kakhulu kokusebenzisa umthetho, nakuba futhi kuphakamisa imibuzo ngokulinganisela okufanele phakathi kwegunya lezemithetho nelesikhulu.

Lokhu kudinga amavoti amabili-sithathu endlu (amavoti angu-90) neSigele (amavoti angu-45) ukudlula i-veto kambusi eMinnesota, ebonisa indlela imikhawulo ekhethekile yamavoti ehluka ngayo ngokombuso osekelwe ebunini bombuso wabo.

Ukubaluleka Kokubonisana Ngokugqamile Nokuhlanganyela Nomphakathi

Ubuchwepheshe banamuhla buye benza ukuba inqubo yokushaya umthetho icace futhi ifinyeleleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili. Uma nje sekusungulwe isikweleti, singatholakala eKhonsele.gov, eyiwebhusayithi kahulumeni esemthethweni enikeza umthetho kahulumeni. Le mishini ye-intanethi ivumela izakhamuzi, izintatheli, namaqembu ezempatho ukuba ahlole umthetho ngesikhathi sangempela, afunde umbhalo wesibhaka-mvume, ukulungiswa kwendlela, futhi alandele intuthuko yesivumelwano se-okhestrate.

Ukuthembisana obala ngenqubo yomthetho kunezici eziningi:

  • Ukuxhumana nabameleli abazobonisa ukusekela noma ukuphikisa izikweletu
  • Ukufakazelwa enkantolo yamakomiti
  • Ukunikeza izimpendulo ezibhaliwe phakathi nezikhathi zokuphendula komphakathi
  • Ukuhlanganyela emikhankasweni yokukhuthaza uhulumeni
  • Ukumema abameleli abahlanganyela nabo eziza kuqala ezingokomthetho

Lokhu kuhlanganyela komphakathi kubalulekile ekubusweni kwentando yeningi, kuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho ubonakalisa intando nezidingo zabantu. Inqubo yokushaya umthetho, nakuba iyinkimbinkimbi, iklanyelwe ukuba iphendule ekuqondiseni komphakathi ngezigaba eziningi.

Ama - vicket Nokulinganisela Okusebenzayo

Uhambo lwencwadi yemvume eyisa emthethweni lubonisa isimiso somthetho-sisekelo sokuhlola nokulinganisela. Akukho gatsha elilodwa likahulumeni elingasungula umthetho nganoma iyiphi indlela. UMkhandlu kumelwe udlulise umthetho ngawo womabili amakamu, kodwa uMongameli angawukhipha. UMongameli angamisa umthetho, kodwa akanakuwumisa ngaphandle kokugunyaza kwenhlangano. ISishaya-mthetho singawudlulisa umongameli we-veto, kodwa kuphela nge-parence enkulu.

Lesimiso sokuhlolana siqinisekisa ukuthi ukwenza umthetho kudinga ukubambisana, ukuvumelana, nokuvumelana okukhulu. Nakuba kungenza le nqubo ithathe kancane futhi ikhungathekise, kuvimbela futhi umthetho osusheshayo noma ongacatshangelwanga kahle futhi kuvikela ekugxilisweni amandla kunoma iliphi ihlelo elilodwa.

Igatsha lokwahlulela linikeza ukuhlola okwengeziwe ngamandla alo okuhlaziya ukwahlulela, liqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho emisiwe ivumelana nezimfuneko zomthetho - sisekelo. Izinkantolo zingashaya imithetho ephula amalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo, zenezela omunye ungwengwengwezi lwesivikelo samalungelo abantu ngabanye nezimiso zomthetho - sisekelo.

Isiphetho: Inqubo Yokuzibusa Nentando Yeningi

Indlela esuka ekuthatheni umthetho ukuya komthetho iyinkimbinkimbi ngamabomu, ibonisa ukuzimisela kwabakhi bombuso wentando yeningi owenziwe ngentando yeningi nohulumeni olinganiselwe. Isigaba ngasinye senqubo (ukusukela ekuhlolweni kuqala nge-komiti, impikiswano, imvume ye-bamaral, nesenzo sokuqondisa) esibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi imithetho idingekile, ihlotshiswe kahle, futhi isekelwa ukuvumelana okukhulu.

Indima yegatsha eliphethe kule nqubo, lapho lisondela ekupheleni, ibalulekile. Ukuhlola kukamongameli kunikeza ukuhlola kokugcina ngomthetho, kuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ayibonisi nje intando yenhlangano kodwa futhi iveza isinqumo sokuphatha ngokuphathelene nokusetshenziswa nesimiso. Umbuso weveto, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi usetshenziswa noma usongelwa nje, unikeza uMongameli ithonya elibalulekile ngemiphumela yemithetho.

Ukuqonda lenqubo kubalulekile ekwakheni izakhamuzi ezinolwazi. Kwembula indlela ukubusa ngentando yeningi okusebenza ngayo, kubonisa amaphuzu amaningi izakhamuzi ezingahlanganyela kuwo futhi zithonye. Kubonisa ukubaluleka kokhetho, njengoba izikhulu ezikhethelwe ukukhonza eSikhungweni Sobumbano negatsha eliphethe ziyokwenza izinqumo ezithinta zonke izici zokuphila kwaseMelika.

Kulabo abafuna ukufunda okwengeziwe ngenqubo yomthetho, kunemithombo eminingi. Indlu yezikhulu e-'FLT' ikhohlakele.gov yewebhusayithi inikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi ngomthetho kahulumeni, kuhlanganise nombhalo wesibhakathi, ukushintshwa kwemithetho, nemibiko yamakomiti. Indlu yabameleli [ ne [FLT]] [FLT] SATE[] izitebhusayithi zemfundo ngezimiso zazo zemithetho. Izishayamthetho zezwe zilondoloza imithombo efanayo yomthetho yezezwe.

Inqubo yomthetho, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi ikhungathekisa ebunkimbinkimbini bayo nokwephuza kwayo, imelela isimiso sombuso wentando yeningi esisebenzayo. Ihlanganisa isimiso sokuthi imithetho kufanele ivele ekucabangiseni ngokucophelela, ekuhlanganyeleni okukhulu, nasekuhloleni okubanzi, kunokusuka ethandani kwanoma imuphi umuntu noma indikimba ethile. Ngokuqonda indlela izikweleti eziba ngayo imithetho, izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela kangcono ekubuseni kwazo ngentando yeningi futhi zigcine izikhulu zazo ezikhethiwe zinecala ngemithetho ezizakhayo futhi zisebenzise.