Ukubaluleka Kokudluliswa Kwemibhalo Yezwi Yesigungu

Izincwadi ze-Congress zokuzwa namarekhodi ahlobene zinikeza ifasitela elingenakuqhathaniswa ekuqambeni imithetho yaseMelika. Zilondoloza amazwi aqondile abenzi bomthetho, ofakazi, nochwepheshe njengoba bephikisana, behlola, behlola, futhi bebeka indlela yokulungisa indlela. Kubafundi, othisha, izintatheli, nakuzo ezibopha izakhamuzi, le mibhalo iguqula izinqubo zemithetho ezingekho ngqikelele zibe isisekelo esiqinile, izindaba zezwe langempela. Kodwa ukuhambisa imibiko ebanzi yamakomiti, ukuzwa, nokuqopha imicimbi yasesiteji kungabangela ukuba kungathuki.

Lo mqondisi okhulisiwe unikeza uhlelo oluphelele lokuthola, ukuchaza, nokuhlaziya amarekhodi ezindawo eziphethe. Ngokufunda lemithombo, uthola ukwaziswa okucacile kwemithombo eyinhloko ekhanyisa indlela imithetho ehlongozwa ngayo, ephikiswana ngayo, edluliswa ngayo, noma enqotshwe ngayo, futhi indlela uKhongolo - dolobha ophatha ngayo igatsha eliphethe.

Ukuqonda Izingqwembe Zebandla: Umsebenzi Ovamile

Amarekhodi e - Congress awayona incwadi eyodwa ehlobisayo, ahlanganisa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zemibhalo, ngayinye ifeza injongo ehlukile. Ukuqaphela lokhu kungafani kubalulekile ukuze kwenziwe ucwaningo oluphumelelayo.

Uhlobo Lwezinhlamvu Zesandla

  • Ukuzwa ama-Transscripts: IVibatin noma eduze nemibhalo yekomiti nezincwadi ezigciniwe. Ihlanganisa ubufakazi bomlomo, izinkulumo ezibhaliwe ezinikezwa ofakazi, kanye nezingxoxo phakathi kwamalungu oMkhandlu nofakazi. Iziqephu zivame ukunyatheliswa emasontweni noma ezinyangeni ngemva kokuthethwa kwecala.
  • Imibiko ye-Committee:[ Imibhalo esemthethweni ekhankanyiwe ekhankanyiwe ngaphandle kwekomiti. Ichaza injongo yemali, ukuzwa nokubhapathiza, futhi ihlanganisa imibono emincane noma eyengeziwe. Imibiko yamakomiti ibucayi ekuqondeni injongo yomthetho.
  • ICongregational Record (CR): Indaba engokomthetho yansuku zonke yezimpikiswano nemicimbi eMzini nasesitezini seSiteshi. Ihlanganisa izinkulumo, amavoti, nokuhlanganisa izinketho. ICR ayisona isici sokuzwa; ihlanganisa isenzo esisesitezini kuphela.
  • Amabhukwana endlu neSigele: Isigaba esikhulu esihlanganisa imiyalezo kamongameli, imibiko evela kubaphathi abaphethe, kanye nezinye izixhumana kuKhongolo. Lokhu ngokuvamile kunikeza ukwaziswa okuphathelene nesizinda noma isimiso sokulunga.
  • Uhlelo lwe-Set: Iqoqo eliyinombolo lezincwadi nemibiko eyakhishwa yiSishaya-mthetho kusukela ngo-1817. Ihlanganisa imibiko yamakomiti, imibiko yomnyango omkhulu, nezinye izincwadi. I-Sal Set ibaluleke kakhulu ekucwaningeni okungokomlando.

Umehluko Phakathi Kwezindlebe Nezimpikiswano Zezimbotshana

Iphuzu elivamile lokudideka umehluko phakathi kwe-computer yekomiti elalelayo nengxoxo yasesitezi kuyi-Conal Record. Ukuzwa kuphenya futhi kuthola iqiniso; kwenzeka emakomitini futhi kuhilela ofakazi. Izimpikiswano ze-floreor zilapho amalungu asekela khona noma amelene nemvume yokuvota. Zombili zibalulekile, kodwa zifeza izinjongo ezihlukene. Ukucwaninga kwezimiso, ukuzwa izingxoxo kunikeza ingxoxo engaphansi kwe-statian, kuyilapho i-CR iveza indlela yokugcina yezombangazwe.

Ukuthola Izingqwembe Zezishaya - mthetho: Izindlela Zokuxhumana Ezibalulekile

Manje amawebhusayithi azimele anikeza amarekhodi anamuhla emihlangano ngesihle nangokubanzi. Imibhalo yakudala engokomlando ingase idinge ezinye izinyathelo, kodwa amaqoqo emishini ayaqhubeka anwebeka.

Izigwegwe Zikahulumeni Oyinhloko

  • .Gov: Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni ye-U.S. ulwazi lwezomthetho lwe-project. Lulondolozwe yi-Library of Congress, lunikeza ukufinyelela okugcwele kombhalo ezikweletini, imithetho, ukuzwa iziqephu (kusukela ku-109696, phambili), imibiko yekomiti, kanye neRodegionment . Ukuhlola okuqhubekayo kuvumela ukuhlaziywa ngekomiti, usuku, inombolo, nohlobo lwebhulo.
  • GovInfo: Inkonzo yeHhovisi Lokungenisa Lombuso (GPO). Inikeza iqoqo elibanzi lezincwadi ezingokomthetho kuzo zonke amagatsha amathathu kahulumeni. Iqoqo lengqungquthela, ungathungatha i-Conronotional Record[ [kusukela ngo 1994], ukuzwa ama-CD (izinsuku ezihlukene), imibiko yekomiti, ne-STemplies (elinganiselwe kakhulu). Indawo isekela ukulayisha okukhulu nokuhlola okuningi.
  • Iqoqo leMikhandlu-ngqungquthela--1] i-Congress - Congregational Records: I-Muzi Wamagugu unikeza iqoqo lezibalo ezikhethekile, kuhlanganise ne [ Conforional Record[[] kanye nozanduleli bayo kusukela ngo-1789 kuya ku-89. Ezinye izimelwano zomlando zikhona ngeprojekthi yenkumbulo yaseMelika, nakuba intengo ye-meoctivection ingekho phambi kwenkathi yokuhlanganisa i-mediactive.

Ukusebenzisa Izici Zokufuna Ngokuphumelelayo

Ukuze ugweme ukukhungathekiswa yimiphumela, sebenzisa la masu okufuna:

  • Sebenzisa amagama akhethekile abekwayo nemisho. uhlanganisa amagama amaningi emixhantela, umz., "ukwelula ucingo" noma "ubumfihlo". Hlanganisa namagama okuzwa afana "nobolimony," "ufakazi," noma "ukuzwa ngaphambi"
  • Isisheleli ngenani nosuku. Isikhongozelo ngasinye sigijima iminyaka emibili (umz., 117th Congress: 2021-20222). Ukuhlela kuKhongolo-bumba oluqondile kususa amarekhodi akudala angasebenzi.
  • I-Lit yekomiti. Uma wazi ukuthi yiliphi ikomiti ephethe ukuqulwa kwecala (umzk., iKomiti yeSigele yeMali, iKomiti yeNdlu ye-Diaudiary), sebenzisa leyo hlulo. Amagama amakomiti ayashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngakho ungadinga ukuphenya izinhlobonhlobo eziningi.
  • funa phakathi kwezihloko zokuzwa. Izihloko zokuzwa zivame ukuhlanganisa isihloko negama lekomiti yesibopho. Sebenzisa ingxenye yesihloko ukuthola ukuzwa okuqondile.
  • Sebenzisa ukumiswa kwemiyalo okuthuthukisiwe kokuhlola. Ok Congress.gov, ungahlanganisa amasimu afana .

Ukufinyelela ezindlebeni zangaphambi kuka-19995

Ngaphambi kuka - 1995, amarekhodi amaningi ezindlebe awazange abhalwe nge - computer. Ukuze uthole amarekhodi amadala, kungase kudingeke ukuba uwasebenzise:

  • iProQuest Congressal (i-memone yokubhala engaphansi, ngokuvamile etholakala emitatsheni yezincwadi yaseyunivesithi) – inikeza ukuzwa okubanzi okuhlelwe ngemitapo kusukela ngo-1824 kuqhubeke.
  • Hein Online - enye inkonzo yesikhokhelo eneqoqo lamabhukwana e-Congress e-U.S. elihlanganisa ukuqulwa kwezindlebe kanye nokunyatheliswa kwamakomiti.
  • Iqoqo lemitapo yezincwadi - imitapo eminingi inamakhophi angokoqobo noma ama-microfiche ezindlebe zakudala. Sebenzisa i-GPO] Catalog[ ukuthola imitapo eseduze nawe.

Ukuhumusha ama-screens ezindlebeni: Isiqondiso Esilandelanayo

Amarekhodi okuzwa angaminyana, aqukethe amakhulu amakhasi. Sebenzisa lendlela ehleliwe ukuze ukhiphe ukwaziswa okuyisihluthulelo kahle.

Ngaphambi Kokufunda: Thola Umongo

  • Qaphela igama lekomiti, inani lomhlangano nosuku. Lokhu kuhlanganisa umongo wezombangazwe nowomlando.
  • Funda [[QLT:0] isihloko sokuzwa [ ne isitatimende senjongo . Isihlalo sivame ukuqala ngenkulumo echaza ukuthi kungani ukuzwa kubizwa.
  • Hlola uhlu lofakazi[. Ngubani owafakaza? Izikhulu zikahulumeni, ochwepheshe bezemfundo, abameleli bezimboni, noma abasekeli? Ukuzihlanganisa kwabo kugxeka kakhulu ekuhloleni ubandlululo.
  • Hlola izitatimende ezibhaliwe. Ofakazi abaningi bafaka ubufakazi obubhaliwe obuningiliziwe kunamazwi abo ashiwo ngomlomo.

Lapho Ufunda: Gxila Ekwakheni Izakhiwo

  • Izinkulumo ezivulayo:[ amalungu amaKomiti nesihlalo kuvame ukusebenzisa lokhu ukuze kuchazwe imibono yabo. Lokhu kuphawula ukuhlukana kwezombangazwe noma ukuvumelana.
  • ubufakazi boFakazi:[ izinkulumo zomlomo zilandelwa yimibuzo evela emalungwini. Gxila ezishoyo, imininingwane, nezimpikiswano. Bheka izimpendulo eziqondile kanye nezimpendulo ezigwegwezayo.
  • [[I-FLT:0] Ukubuzana nempendulo (Q&A) ukushintshisana:[ Lokhu kwembula ukucindezeleka okukhulu. Amalungu angacela ofakazi noma abuze imibuzo ecacisayo. I-paneding ibonisa ukuthi ukungezwani kwezimiso kuyini.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izingxoxo ezifingqiwe noma indawo ebanzi: Uma ofakazi abaningi bevela ndawonye, phawula ukuthi baxhumana kanjani. Ngezinye izikhathi ukungabonina phakathi kofakazi kuyafundisa kakhulu kunamazwi abo alungisiwe.

Ukukhipha Ubufakazi Bokucwaninga

  • Sebenzisa [[UMTL: 0] amazwana noma izifushaniso ezinikezelwe esihlokweni somdwebo. Amanye amakomiti ahlanganisa ukufingqa okufushane kwamaphuzu ayinhloko endlebe.
  • Izitatimende ezithathelwe isiphambano ne imibiko [ ekhishwe ngemva kokuqulwa kwecala. Imibiko ivame ukucaphuna ubufakazi futhi ichaze indlela obuthonya ngayo amalungiselelo omthetho.
  • Amanani aqondile ekhasi[ noma imigqa uma ucaphuna. Imiyalezo ezwayo ifakwa eqoshweni; sebenzisa ifomethi (Sente Listen 117-123, kk. 45-48).
  • Hlola izinto ezifakiwe ezisemithini yokuhlobisa: amashadi, izinhlamvu, noma izisebenzi ezinezela erekhodini lomlomo.

Izisu Zokucwaninga Okuthuthukile Zothisha Nabafundi

Amarekhodi e-Congress ayimithombo ecebile yezabelo zasekilasini, amaphepha okubhala, kanye nokuhlaziywa kwezimiso. Lamacebo akusiza ukuba udlulele ngalé kokufunda i-pane.

Ukwakha Inkathi Ezolandelana Nezikhathi

Landela inxenye yomthetho kusukela esingenisweni kuya emthethweni (noma ukunqotshwa). Izwa ukuthethwa kwecala eliphethwe yilencwadi, bese ufunda umbiko wekomiti, bese uhlola impikiswano yesitezi kuyi- Conrenotional Record[. Lokhu kulandelana kwembula indlela izimpikiswano eziphendukela ngayo nendlela ukuhlehla kwezombangazwe okuxoxiswa ngayo.

Ukuqhathanisa Ubufakazi BoFakazi Ngokuhamba Kwesikhathi

Uma ucwaninga ngenqubo ephindaphindwayo (isib., imininingwane, ukuguqulwa kwesimo sezulu, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu), qhathanisa ukuzwa kwemikhandlu ehlukene. Qaphela indlela isikhulu somkhandlu owodwa noma uchwepheshe aguqula ngayo ubufakazi lapho isimo sezombangazwe sishintsha. Lendlela yokuhlola iveza okuza kuqala nobufakazi obusha.

Ukusebenzisa ImiBhalo Yezindlebe Ekulungiseleleni Impikiswano

I-Mock Congress neModel UN abahlanganyela kuyo bangasebenzisa ama-rekhodi ukuze balungiselele izimpikiswano ezingokoqobo. Qonda amaphuzu anamandla abekwe nhlangothi zonke phakathi nokuzwa kwangempela, bese uwavumelanisa nokulingisa kwakho. Lokhu kusekela izimpikiswano zakho enkulumweni engokoqobo yemithetho.

Ukufundisa Ngemithombo Eyisisekelo

Othisha banganikeza abafundi izingcaphuno eziqondile zokuzwa. Cela abafundi ukuba babone lokho okushiwo ngokuyinhloko, ubufakazi obusekelayo, nanoma yiziphi izindlela ezingadingi mpendulo ezisetshenziswa ofakazi noma amalungu. Qhathanisa nephimbo lamazwi okuvula avela ezinhlangothini ezihlukahlukene ukuze ufanekise ukufushaniswa kweqembu.

Izihibe Ezivamile Nendlela Yokuzigwema

  • [ Izinhlamvu zocingo zinembile ngokugcwele: Ngenkathi abadwebi bemidwebo beveza amarekhodi aqinile, amaphutha amancane noma amaphutha angekho. Uma ingcaphuno ibonakala iphelele kakhulu noma isongwe kakhulu, qhathanisa nokuqopha kwevidiyo uma ikhona (izinqolobane eziningi).
  • Iphikiswa inqubo yokunyusa: Imiyalezo ezwayo ibonisa amazwi omlomo, kodwa umlomo ngokwawo ungabukezwa ezingxenyeni zekomiti zokunyusa. Imibiko yamakomiti inikeza umlando wokunyusa, kodwa ama-computer okuphawula awekho.
  • Ukubheka imibono yeqembu elincane: Imibiko yamakomiti kuyadingeka ukuba ihlanganise imibono embalwa noma ephikisayo. Ngokuvamile itholakala ekupheleni kombiko futhi ingabaluleka njengempikiswano enkulu.
  • Incike emthonjeni owodwa kuphela: kuphela emaphepheni okuzwa futhi ungaphuthelwa i-mosfect yomthetho ebanzi. Hlanganisa nemibiko, IRecord ye-Forgational[, futhi ihlaziywe kuwesu oluhloniphekile oluthatha ama-athor noma izikhangiso zezindaba.

Amathuluzi Ezinombolo Nezici Ezazitholakala

Izitolo zanamuhla ezisebenzisa imishini zihlanganisa amathuluzi akwenza kube lula ukucwaninga:

  • Umbhalo-oye-ku-speech kanye nolayishwa izinketho: GovInfo noKhongolo.gov ikuvumela ukulayisha i-PDF noma i-XML ye-transcripts. Ezinye izinkonzo zinikeza amafayela okulayishwa (akuwona ama-screads) kusukela eminyakeni yamuva.
  • Sesha phakathi kwebhukwana elilodwa: Uma uvula i-PDF yokulalela, sebenzisa u Ctrl+F ku-Mac) ukufuna amagama, amagama, noma izinkulumo kuleyo dokhumende.
  • Ukufinyelela: kwemisebenzi yokucwaninga yamuva, uKhongolo-mkhandlu.gov noGovInfo banikeza i-AP Is (izinhlelo zohlelo) i-metameter nokuthatha umbhalo ogcwele. Lokhu kusiza kakhulu ekuvuleni umbhalo noma ekwakheni iziseko zemibhoshongo yesiko.
  • Ukuyaluza ama-aspectlet namathikithi: Amathuluzi anjenge-Zotero noma i-End Note angathatha ukwaziswa kokudlulisa ezingosini zikahulumeni ngokuqondile.

Umlando: Ukuziphendukela Kwendlela Yobumbano Olubonisa Ngayo Izindawo

Ukuqonda umlando wemibhalo egciniwe yezinhlangano zomphakathi kusiza abacwaningi ukuba baqonde lokho okutholakalayo ezikhathini ezihlukahlukene.

  • 1789-1873: I-Antars of Congress [[789-1824]), [[FLT]] [[FLT]] i-'umbhali wempikiswano[[ [187] [(18]] [(18]] [185]] [185] [18] [18]] [(186] i-Cregiontalial Globe [187] [183] isebenza njengomhlandye [i-31:] i-ARodalthi ye-Rekhodioda [[FLT:] [[FLT]]
  • 1873-nameters:[ [Irekhodi lomthetho] laba umagazini osemthethweni. Imiqulu yakuqala ayiningiliziwe kuneyanamuhla; amalungu angabukeza futhi adlulisele izinkulumo, ngezinye izikhathi afake izinkulumo ezingazenziwanga.
  • [1970s\-parties: Ukutholakala kwemidwebo yokuzwa kwanda kakhulu ngemva koMthetho ka-1970. Ukufihlwa kwethelevishini kuvela ku-C-SPAN (sekuqaleni kuka-1979) kwandisa ukuqashelwa komphakathi, futhi ukusunduzeka kokudluliswa kakhulu kwemiboniso.
  • 1990s-spresenters:[ Imizamo yokuhlanganisa ye-GPO ne-Mullibrary of Congress yenza amarekhodi afinyelelwe ngokukhululekile kuyi-inthanethi. Nokho, akuwona wonke amarekhodi onyaka ka-1990 ahlolwa; amanye akhona njengamakhophi anyathelisiwe noma ama-microfiche.

Ukuze ucwaninge ngekhulu lama - 20 nangaphambi kwalokho, kungase kudingeke uthembele emitatsheni yezincwadi yesikhokhelo noma emitatsheni yokucwaninga emikhulu.

Ukusetshenziswa Okuwusizo Komsebenzi Wokucwaninga

Ukukusiza ukuba uqale, nakhu ukuthatha isinyathelo esilandelanayo somsebenzi wokucwaninga ovamile usebenzisa amarekhodi omphakathi:

  1. [ guqula umbuzo wakho wokucwaninga. [ Isibonelo: “Ingqungquthela yazisingatha kanjani izinkathazo ngobandlululo lwe-algorith phakathi nomthetho-mthetho we-117 Congress?”
  2. [ ihlela amakomiti ahlobene. Kulendaba: Indlu Amandla nezentengiselwano, Izentengiselwano, noma Indlu I-Jidiciary (izibopho eziphansi).
  3. Search Congress.gov usebenzisa amagama ayintloko athi “ubandlululo” noma“ukuhlakanipha okuzenzekelayo” kuhlanganiswe ne-“ukuzwa.” Izihluzo ze-projekthi ze-projekthi kanye nohlu lwezinsuku (201-202222).
  4. [[Umthetho:0] Faka i-PDF ozwayo – ngokuvamile umuntu ozwayo angakwanele; uma kungenjalo, yenza uhlu lwezindlebe.
  5. [ Funda uhlu lofakazi nezinkulumo zokuqala kuqala [ -lokhu kukutshela ukufushanisa kwezombangazwe.
  6. Ubufakazi obuyi-Skim bamaphuzu ayinhloko[ - phawula ukuthi obani ofakazi abaphenywa kakhulu. Sebenzisa umsebenzi wokuhlola ngaphakathi kwe-PDF ukusho amagama afana no-“bias” noma“ ubukhali.”
  7. hlela umbiko wekomiti nganoma isiphi isikweleti esiye savela. Bheka ukuthi umbiko uhlanganisa kanjani okutholwe ukuzwa. Bheka imibono emincane.
  8. [[INTLOBO:0] Qonda [[QUL:1] Irekhodi leNkathi] [[FLT] kulokhu kuphikisana kwesesitezi. Qaphela izikhombo ezibuyela emuva ezindlebeni.
  9. [ ububanzi bemiphumela yakho – bhala ukuhlaziya okuhlanganisa ubufakazi bokuzwa nomphumela wokugcina wesinqumo (noma ukuntuleka).

Ukusetshenziswa Okubalulekile Nokucophelela Kwamarekhodi Ezindawo Zobumbano

Njenganoma yimuphi umthombo oyinhloko, sebenzisa imibhalo yezomhlangano ebhalwe ngobuqotho bezazi:

  • Ungakhophi i-cherry-pick icaphuna[ ngaphandle komongo. Qonda umugqa obanzi wemibuzo ngaphambi kokucaphuna inkulumo yobufakazi.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izinkulumo ze-actribute ngokunembile[[UMTL:1] - - isho ukuthi yiliphi ilungu noma ufakazi oshoni, nokuthi lingani ikhasi.
  • Yamukela ukulinganiselwa [ - ama-SCRIC awathathi ulimi lomzimba, umsindo, noma ukudluliswa kwemishwana. Kuyirekhodi lombhalo, hhayi ukumelelwa okuphelele kwezwi.
  • Bheka phakathi kweqiniso nombono - - ofakazi bangaveza ukwaziswa, kodwa amalungu futhi asho izinto ezifuna impendulo.

Isiphetho: Ukunikeza Amandla Okucwaninga NgemiBhalo YamaKhongolo

Ukuhlela amarekhodi namarekhodi okuzwa angokomthetho kuyikhono elithuthukisa izenzakalo ngokuzijwayeza. Ngokuqonda izinhlelo zencwadi, ukuthatha iziteshi ezilungile zemishini, nokusebenzisa amasu okufunda ahlelekile, ungavula i-patry ecebile yezinto ezisekelwe entweni eyinhloko. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi obhala iphepha elibizwa ngokuthi i-pager, uthisha oklama izifundo zezenqubo yomphakathi, noma uchwepheshe wokulandelela, lamaphepha anikeza ubufakazi obuthembekile, obuzimele benqubo yomthetho esebenza.

Qala ngombuzo wokucwaninga ocacile, sebenzisa amathuluzi achazwe lapha, futhi ubheke ukuzwa ngakunye njengengxoxo phakathi kwababheki. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uyothuthukisa ikhono lokuhlaziya ngokushesha ukwethenjwa kofakazi, uqonde izimpikiswano eziyinhloko, futhi uxhumanise ubufakazi ngabanye nezimpikiswano ezibanzi zezimiso. Umzamo owenziwe ekulawuleni le mibhalo uletha izinzuzo ezijulile, ukuqonda okungaqondakali kakhulu ngendlela uKhongolo lusebenza ngayo.