Ukuqonda Amalungelo Akho Omthetho - sisekelo

UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States umisa uhlelo lwenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye nemingcele egunyeni likahulumeni. Ukuqaphela ukwephulwa kwamalungelo akho omthetho-sisekelo kuqala ngokuqonda ngokucacile lokho lawomalungelo akuvikelayo. ISiphendulo seshumi nane sikha isisekelo salezisivikelo, inkulumo, inkolo, ukusesha nokuthatheka, inqubo efanele, isivikelo esilinganayo, nokuqulwa kwecala okuvumelekile. Lamalungelo asebenza hhayi kuphela ezindabeni zikahulumeni kodwa nasemazingeni ombuso nasendaweni ngokungena. Ngezansi awona umgoqo wamalungelo avame ukubizwa futhi aqaphele ukuthi anjani lapho ephikiswa.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala: Inkululeko Yokukhuluma, Umhlangano Nenkolo

ISichibiyelo sokuqala sivikela ilungelo lakho lokuveza imibono ngaphandle kwesizathu esingokomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, uma iphoyisa likuyala ukuba uyeke ukuthwebula amafilimu endaweni kahulumeni ngenxa nje yokuthi uyawaqopha, kungavimbela inkulumo evinjelwe emphakathini, noma lilahle imvume yokuveza impikiswano ngokuthula ngaphandle kwesizathu esingokomthetho. Inkantolo isebenzisa ukuhlolwa okuphakathi kwesithakazelo sikahulumeni nesomphakathi.

ISichibiyelo Sesine: Ukucwaninga Nokukhohlisa Okungenangqondo

ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela ukuphenya okungenangqondo nokuqubuka okubangelwa uhulumeni. Ukusesha noma ukuquleka akunangqondo ngaphandle kwemvume esekelwa yisizathu noma imvume eqashelwayo (njengemvume, umbono ocacile, izimo, noma ukuvala i-frisk okusekelwe ekusondweni okunengqondo. Ukujezisa ngokuvamile kwenzeka lapho umthetho ungena ekhaya lakho ngaphandle kwemvume noma ukuphazanyiswa okusemthethweni, uqhuba i-reade ngaphandle kokusola okukhethekile, noma usebenzisa amandla amakhulu phakathi nokuboshwa. Uma isikhulu sicela ukusesha imoto yakho noma ucingo ngaphandle kwemvume yokuvuma. Uma ucingo unelungelo lokusho ukuthi cha. Isibonakaliso esiyinhloko sokwephula umthetho singesona iziphathimandla zithatha imvume noma isilinganiso esingokomthetho sokuzibophakela ngaphandle kwesizathu. Isibonelo, ukuhlola okuvamile kwezidakamizwa zonke izisebenzi ngaphandle kokusola isigwebo ngaphandle kokusola isigwebo.

Isichibiyelo Sesihlanu: Inqubo Efanele Nokuziphikisa

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sinikeza ukuthi akukho muntu ozophoqelelwa ukuba abe ngufakazi omelene nawo, noma aphulwe ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho. Ukwephulwa kwenzeka uma umthetho ukucindezela ukuba ubeke umthetho ekwenzeni izinkulumo zokumangalela ngaphandle kokukutshela ngokufanele amalungelo akho eMiranda . ilungelo lokuthula futhi abe nommeli okhona phakathi nokuphenywa ngecala. Uma uvalelwe futhi uphenywa, noma yini othi ingasetshenziswa kuwe kuphela uma wazi ukuthi uwaphuca futhi uwe ngesihle amalungelo. Ngokungazelele, ukuphakamisa ilungelo lokuthula akunanele; kumelwe usho ngokucacile ukuthi usebenza. Esinye isivikelo sesihlanu simelene nokuncitshiswa kabili kwecala elifanayo. Ukwaphulwa futhi lapho uphathwele imali ngaphandle kwemvume kahulumeni futhi uzwa.

Isichibiyelo Sesithupha: Ilungelo Lokuqulwa Kwecala Okungagwegwesi

ISiphazamiso seSithandathu siqinisekisa ukuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi okusheshayo nokunomphakathi, ukuba yijaji abangakhethi, ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi, nelungelo lokusiza ngeseluleko. Ukuphula umthetho kuhlanganisa ukulibala okukhulu ekuletheni icala, ijaji elingakhethwanga kumphathi wesigaba somphakathi, noma ukuvunywa kobufakazi bezindlebe okukuphikayo ithuba lokudlula emphemeni wecala. Uma ungenamali yommeli, umbuso kumelwe unikeze lowo. Ukuphika lelolungelo, njengokucindezelwa ukuba umelele ngaphandle kokwazi ukumelana nomphakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, icala elivalwayo ngaphandle kwesizathu esigunyaza ukuqulwa komthetho.

Isichibiyelo Seshumi Nane: Isivikelo Esilinganayo Nenqubo Efanele

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane senqabela ukunqabela noma yimuphi umuntu isivikelo esilinganayo semithetho noma ukuncisha ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwenqubo efanele. Ukuphulwa kwesivikelo okulinganayo kwenzeka lapho uhulumeni ephatha abantu ngokungefani ngenxa yobuhlanga, ubulili, inkolo, noma ezinye izigaba ezisolwayo ngaphandle kokuzithethelela ngokwanele. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho ophoqelela ukuhlasela abantu besizwe esithile sokuhamba ngezimoto uwephula inqubo elinganayo yokuzivikela kuka Clausleas. Inqubo eqhubekayo iyenzeka lapho uhulumeni ethatha okuthile okunjengomsebenzi wakho, izinzuzo, noma amalungelo akho obuzali, ngaphandle kokukunikeza isaziso nethuba lokuzwa. Isikole esixosha umfundi ngaphandle kokulalela inqubo efanelekile.

Ukuphula Imithetho Okuvamile Nendlela Yokukufaka Ezindaweni Eziningi

Ukuphulwa komthetho-mthetho kuvame ukuvela ezimweni ezishubile, ezihamba ngokushesha. Ukwazi ukuthi yini ongayifuna kungakusiza ukuba uvikele amalungelo akho futhi uqoqe ubufakazi. Ngezansi kunezimo ezivamile kanye nezimpawu ezicazululwe zokwephulwa.

Ukuboshwa Ngokungemthetho Noma Ukuzibopha

Ukuboshwa kudinga isizathu esinokwenzeka sokuboshwa, ukukholelwa okunengqondo ukuthi wenze ubugebengu. Ukuvalelwa, njengokumiswa kwezimoto, kumelwe kusekelwe ekusolweni okunengqondo kobubi obungalungile. Uma isikhulu sikubopha ngaphandle kwanoma yimaphi amaqiniso asikisela ukuthi wenze okuthile okungalungile, ngokwesibonelo, ngenxa nje yokuthi usendaweni ephakeme ngaphandle kokubekwa icala. Ungabuza ukuthi, “Ngikhululekile yini ukuhamba?” Uma isikhulu sithi cha noma singenza sengathi awukhululekile, ukuphunyuka kuye kwenzeka. Uma kungekho sizathu sokuboshwa, noma yibuphi ubufakazi obutholakalayo kamuva bungacishwa. Yingagadwa izikhulu ezingafuni ukuchaza ukuthi kungani uphethwe noma uphethwe ngesandla ngaphandle kwesizathu esinengqondo.

Ukusetshenziswa Kakhulu Kwamandla Ngomthetho

Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kumelwe kube nokulinganisela okunengqondo ngaphansi kwezimo. Izici zihlanganisa ukuqina kobugebengu, ukuthi umsoli usongela ngokushesha, nokuthi umsoli umelene nomthetho noma uyabaleka. Ukwephula umthetho kwenzeka lapho amandla encishiswa ngokusobala, njengokusebenzisa i-taiser kumuntu ongathathi nhlobo, noma ukudubula othile ongahloniphi futhi ongasongeli. Uma ulimala futhi ubika amaphoyisa kungavumelani nalokho okwenzekile, izimpawu zokulimala ngezithombe nokufuna ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha. ISiphendulo sesine sivikela ekuqubukelweni okungenangqondo, futhi amandla aweqinisiwe abhekwa njengokuthatheka komuntu.

Ukucindezelwa Kwezinto Zomphakathi Ngokukhuluma Ngokukhululeka

Izikhulu zikahulumeni azinakuvimbela noma zivimbele inkulumo esekelwe ekutheni ibhalweni kwayo emphakathini ovamile njengezindawo zomgwaqo, amapaki, nezigcawu zomphakathi. Unelungelo lokunikeza iziphakamiso, izimpawu, futhi ukhulume nezixuku ngaphandle kwemvume yokuhlangana okuncane. Imfuneko enikeza izikhulu imvume engalawuleki. Ngokufana nekhono lokunqabela imvume ngenxa nje yokuthi ziyasizonda isigijimi esivamile. Uma iphoyisa litshela ukuba uyeke ukukhuluma ngoba izilaleli ezithile zingacasuka, futhi zikhungathekiswe ukucwaswa yimibhiso yomphakathi ukuze zivimbele isigijimi ngokuzwa kuphela kuwukwephula umthetho. Uhulumeni ungabeka isikhathi esinengqondo, indawo, nemithetho ehlelekile, kodwa labo abafuna ukuvale ngokucuthayo.

Ukucwaninga Ngezinto Zasekhaya Noma Zobuchwepheshe Ezinganqamuki

Amaphoyisa ngokuvamile adinga imvume yokungena ekhaya lakho noma ukusesha umakhalekhukhwini wakho. Izimo ezingathi ukuphishekelwa noma ukucekelwa phansi kobufakazi okuseduze − zingathethelela ukungena okungena ngokungena okungenayo, kodwa izinkantolo zivume lezi zindlela ngokungena ngokungenayo. Uma amaphoyisa engena ekhaya lakho ngaphandle kwemvume futhi ungagunyazi, futhi akukho sidingo esiphuthumayo, lokho kuwukwephulwa okungalindelekile. Ngokufanayo, iNkantolo Ephakeme ebambeke [RLEV. California (2014] (Unyaka othi amaphoyisa athole imvume yokuhlola isenzakalo socingo sokubopha. Uma isikhulu sifuna ukubuka ngocingo lwakho ngaphandle kocingo futhi wenqaba, ukwenqaba kokungaboshelwa.

Ukubandlulula Ngaphansi Kokuzivikela KukaClaus

Uma umdlali kahulumeni ephatha ngokuhlukile ngenxa yesici esivikelwe njengohlanga, ubuzwe, noma inkolo, futhi usola ukuthi ukuphathwa ngendlela ehlukile kwakuhlosiwe ngamabomu, ungathola isivikelo esifanayo. Izibonelo zihlanganisa iphoyisa elidonsa abashayeli bohlanga oluthile kuphela, isikole somphakathi esiyala abafundi bohlanga olulodwa ngokhahlo olufanayo, noma ihhovisi likahulumeni eliphika izinkonzo zezikhulu zabangangeni ngaphandle kokulunga.

Ongakwenza Uma Ubheka Ukuphulwa Ngokweqile

Izinyathelo ezilandelayo ziklanyelwe ukulondoloza ubufakazi, ukuma kwakho okungokomthetho, futhi zihlele ikhambi.

Hlala Uzolile Futhi Uwabeke Phandle Amalungelo

Ungalwi ngokomzimba ngisho noma ukholelwa ukuthi uphulwa. Ukumelana kungaholela ekumangalelweni okwengeziwe futhi kululaze. Kunalokho, ngena ngokuzolile ukuthi awuvumi noma yikuphi ukuphesha nokuthi ufisa ukuthula. Yisho, “Angivumi ukuphenya. Ngicela ilungelo lami lokuthula. Ngifuna ummeli.” Phinda lokhu uma kudingekile. Ungaphikisi noma uthethile. Umgomo wakho uwukwakha umbhalo ocacile wokuthi uqinisa amalungelo akho ngaphandle kokuhlola. Bhala phansi igama lesikhulu, inombolo yamabhajiji, futhi ugade inombolo yemoto ngokushesha uma ukwenza kanjalo.

Khulula Konke Ngokushesha

Ngokushesha uma ingexa liphela, bhala phansi ukulandisa okuningiliziwe kwenzekile. Hlanganisa usuku, isikhathi, indawo, amagama abo bonke abantu abahilelekile, kanye namagama aqondile akhulunywayo. Qaphela ofakazi nokwaziswa kwabo kokuxhumana. Uma unomakhalekhukhwini, ividiyo noma umsindo uma uphephile futhi usemthethweni (kwizifunda eziningi, ungaqopha amaphoyisa emphakathini). Gcina noma yibuphi ubufakazi obungokoqobo obunjengezingubo ezikhuthukile, izithombe ezilimazayo, noma impahla ewohlotshiwe. Gcina ikhophi yezincwadi nephepha.

Funa Ukuhlolwa Kwemithi Uma Limele

Uma ulimala emzimbeni, funa ukunakekelwa kwezempilo ngisho noma ukulimala kubonakala kuncane. Irekhodi lezokwelapha elixhumanisa izingozi nesenzakalo bubufakazi obubalulekile. Chaza kumphathi wezokwelapha indlela izingozi ezavela ngayo (umz., “isikhulu sempi sangishaya ngelulwane”). Ungandibali ngokweqile, kodwa khuluma ngendlela eqondile. Uma uzwa izindleko nemibiko. Uma ucindezeleka ngokomzwelo, cabangela ukubonana nochwepheshe wezengqondo kanye, kanye nengozi yokulimala ngokomzwelo kungaba ingxenye yokumangalela amalungelo abantu.

Ukuxhumana Ne - Attorney Enokuhlangenwe Nakho

Izikhulu zikamthetho-Constitution ziyinkimbinkimbi futhi zizwela isikhathi. Khuluma nommeli osebenza ngelungelo lomphakathi noma umthetho womthetho-sisekelo. Abaningi banikeza izingxoxo zamahhala. Ungaxoxi ngendaba nabacwaningi noma abashushisi ngaphandle kommeli wakho. Ummeli wakho angaluleka ukuthi unecala noma uneminyaka engu 42 U.S.C. . . . . . 1983 (ngesikhathi sokuphambana kwezehlo zezentengiselwano) noma ngaphansi [[FL:] [[FLT]] BEV [ [ngezomkhathi] (wabadlali bezenyusimende). Isinqumo sezentengo-mthetho se-1901 sithi sihluka ngokwezwe, ikakhulukazi phakathi kweminyaka emithathu. Ukulinda kwakho isikhathi eside kungalahlekelwa ilungelo lakho lokuyakhela. Ummeli wakho uyokusiza ukuba ukhala nge-hele ne-'ikhuni, isicelo se-sezimpini, noma uphiconsicioce i-mo yenkantolo.

I - “costant ” Ebhalwe I -“ Appective ”

Ngaphezu kwesenzo esingokomthetho, cabangela ukufaka isikhalo esingokomthetho engosini ehilelekile, njengokuhlukanisa kwangaphakathi komnyango wamaphoyisa, uMnyango Wezobulungisa Bomphakathi wase-U.S. noma ummeli wehhovisi likahulumeni jikelele. Amanye amadolobha anezikhungo ezizimele zokubukeza zezakhamuzi. Ukukhononda kufanele kuhlanganise amaphepha akho, ubufakazi, nencazelo ecacile yokuphula umthetho. Nakuba ukukhononda kwangaphakathi kukodwa kungase kungaphumeli esinxephelweni, kungaholela ezimisweni zezinguquko nezenzo zokujezisa. Ukukhononda kudala futhi indlela yephepha engasiza kunoma yikuphi ukumangalelwa okulandelayo.

Londoloza Ilungelo Lakho Lokusondela KuSue

Ngaphambi kokuqulisa icala, kungase kudingeke uvumelane nezimfuneko zesaziso esivela ku-claim ezisebenza ekumangaleni komasipala. Amadolobha amaningi afuna ukuba uvume ukuthi uzakukwenza phakathi nezinyanga zesenzakalo. Ummeli wakho uzakusingatha lokhu. Ungayithathi le ngxoxo ngezehlakalo zezenhlalakahle; noma isiphi isitatimende osenzayo singasetshenziswa ngokumelene nawe. Ngokufanayo, gwema ukuxoxa nganoma ubani ngaphandle kommeli wakho. Gcina bonke ubufakazi bulondekile futhi ubuhlele ngokuvumelana nezenzakalo.

Imithombo Yosizo Olungokomthetho Nemfundo

Kule ngxenye kunezinhlangano ezinegunya nemithombo yezobuchwepheshe enikeza izinto zokufundisa, usizo olungokomthetho, nokusekela amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo.

Inkululeko YaseMelika Esemthethweni (ACLU)

I-ACLU isebenzela ukuvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye ngokufaka imvume, ukunxusa, nemfundo yomphakathi. Iwebhusayithi yabo inikeza iziqondiso ngamalungelo athile, njengaye Yazi Amalungelo Akho [ okuzobhekana namaphoyisa, ukubhikisha, nokuqapha. Banikeza nombiko waminyaka yonke omayelana nosongo lwenkululeko yomphakathi.

Isikhungo Somthetho - sisekelo Wezwe

INational Constitution Center ePhiladelphia inikeza imithombo ehambisanayo, umongo ongokomlando, nezincazelo zenguquko ngayinye. Hamba uhambele uMthetho-sisekelo wayo ongasebenzi [ ekungeneni ngokujule ekuchazeni izinkantolo ilungiselelo ngalinye. Liyithuluzi elihle kakhulu lokuzifundisa.

Izinkonzo Zokusiza Ngokomthetho Neze - Pro Bono

Uma ungenayo imali yokuthenga ummeli wangasese, xhumana nehhovisi lakho losizo lomthetho lendawo. Inhlangano yama-Legial Services inekhokhothamo yezinhlelo. Imitholampilo eminingi yezemfundo isingatha amacala amalungelo omphakathi ngaphandle kwenkokhelo. Izinhlangano ezinjenge- National Association of Criminational Laveyers[[ ingasiza ekutholeni iseluleko esinolwazi.

UMnyango Wezobulungisa Wase - United States Wokwehlukanisa Amalungelo Ezakhamuzi

I-DOJ Civil Rights Division iphoqelela imithetho kahulumeni emelene nobandlululo nokuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa. Ungafaka isikhalo kuyi-intanethi ngokuphathelene nokwephulwa kwezimiso. Bheka umnyango . Nakuba bengameleli abantu ngabanye, ukuhlola kwabo kungaholela ekushintsheni okuphawulekayo kwezimiso.

Izinguquko Zamaphoyisa Nezinhlangano Zomphakathi

Ama-rasroot amaqembu endaweni yakini ngokuvamile anamakhadi ashisayo, amakhadi akho olwazi, futhi izingqapheli eziqeqeshelwe ukubhala izenzo zamaphoyisa. Phenya izinhlangano ezinjenge-Southern Poverty Law Center, i-Innocence Project, noma izahluko zendawo ze-National Lawyers Guild. La maqembu angakusekela futhi akuxhumane nabameli.

Imithombo Yezomthetho Yangaphakathi

Kulabo abafuna ukucwaninga umthetho wezezimali, izisekelo zemininingwane ezikhululekile zihlanganisa Isazi se-Google (bheka ngaphansi kwe-“mthetho we-Case” wemibono kahulumeni) kanye no-Kourth Latever[. Sebenzisa amagama okuhlola afana no-“Iziphendulo ze-Fourth zigunyaza" noma“ isivikelo esilinganayo se-profiding".

Isiphetho

Ukuqaphela ukwephulwa kwamalungelo akho omthetho-sisekelo kuqala ngokwazi ukuthi ayini lawomalungelo nendlela asebenza ngayo ekusebenzelaneni kwansuku zonke nohulumeni. Uma kuwukuphenywa okungekho emthethweni, ukuphikwa kwenkululeko yokukhuluma, noma ukuphathwa ngokungelingani ngaphansi komthetho, ikhono lokubona ukuphambana kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokugcina iziphathimandla zinecala. Umthetho-sisekelo awusona isiqinisekiso esiwumbhalo esiphilayo esichaza izinkantolo nsuku zonke. Ngokuzitshela, ngokubhala izenzakalo, ukufuna iseluleko esingokomthetho, nokusebenzisa imithombo ekhona, ungavikela inkululeko yakho siqu futhi uzilondolozele abanye. Umuntu angathatha amalungelo akho ngaphandle kokuba uwavumele ukuba athathe. Ukuthweswa umthwalo kuthathwe phakathi kombuso, futhi ulungele ukumiswa emsebenzini wakho.

"Inkokhelo yenkululeko ukuqapha kwaphakade.” - ngokuvamile kubhekiselwa kuThomas Jefferson[[FL:1]

Uma ukholelwa ukuthi amalungelo akho aphulwe, thintana nommeli onemvume.