UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States uyikhondla lokuzimela kwenkululeko yomuntu siqu, uqinisekisa uhlu lwamalungelo avikela izakhamuzi ekuphathweni futhi aqinisekise inkululeko yomuntu siqu. Nokho lamalungelo awawaqedi ukuzibulala; adinga ulwazi olusebenzayo, ukuqapha, futhi ngezinye izikhathi athatha isinyathelo esiqinile ukuze uqhubeke nokuphila kwakho kwansuku zonke. Ukusukela ekuxhumaneni nomthetho kuze kuqondiswe amapulatifomu, kusukela emsebenzini kuya ehhovisi likadokotela, ukuqonda ukuthi ungawaqinisa futhi uvikele kanjani amalungelo akho omthetho akuyona khono ebalulekile ekuphileni. Lesiqondiso esinenzuzo sinikeza amasu asebenzayo (ukusebenza ngokulandelana nokuhlakanipha okusemthethweni) okusebenza. Ukusuka ekukusizeni ulondoloze inkululeko yakho ngezikhathi ezibaluleke kakhulu.

Ukuqonda Amalungelo Akho Omthetho - sisekelo

Ngaphambi kokuba uvikele amalungelo akho, kumelwe wazi ukuthi ayini nokuthi izinkantolo ziye zawachaza kanjani. IBhili yamaLungelo lihlanganisa iziphetho zokuqala eziyishumi, kodwa ezinye izivikelo eziningi zihlanganiswe kuwo wonke uMthetho-sisekelo. Nakhu ukuhlola ngokuseduze amanye amalungiselelo avame ukuncengwa kakhulu:

  • Isichibiyeli sokuqala: sivikela inkululeko yokukhuluma, yenkolo, yokunyathelisa, yokuhlangana, nelungelo lokunxusa uhulumeni. Nakuba sibanzi, sinemingcele(ukudluliselwa ebudloveni, ukuhlanjalazwa, nokuhlanjalazwa kwesimilo) ayivikelwa. Izenzakalo zephawu ezifana Brandenburg v. Ohio [1969]
  • ISichibiyelo esihlangene: Ilungelo lokugcina nokuphatha izingalo, elichazwa iNkantolo Ephakeme ku- Digational of Columbia v. Heller[ [2008] [ilungelo, ifanelwe umthetho olinganiselwe.
  • [[FLT: 0] Isichibiyeli sonyaka: sivikela ekuphenyeni okungacabangeki nokuquleka. Ukugcinwa komthetho ngokuvamile kudinga isiqinisekiso esisekelwe endongeni okungenzeka. Okuhlukile kuhlanganisa imvume, umbono ocacile, izimo ezicatshangelwe kahle, nokuhlolwa kwesenzakalo ukuze uboshwe. Ukwazi lokhu kukwenza unqume ukuthi unamalungelo angakanani.
  • Isichibiyeli se-FTth: siqinisekisa inqubo efanele, sivikela ekuzichayeni, futhi sivimbela ingozi ephindwe kabili. Isixwayiso esidumile seMiranda . imanda v. Arizona (186] [66]] 88] ukukwazisa ngelungelo lakho lokuthula nokuba nommeli phakathi nemibuzo yemvume.
  • Isichibiyeli se-sixth: iqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elisheshayo nelinomphakathi, ijaji elingakhethi, ukutshelwa ngamacala, ukubhekana nofakazi, nokuba neseluleko esingokomthetho. Gideon v. Wainright (63) yamisa ilungelo kummeli omisiwe wenkantolo onecala eliyicala.
  • [[FLT: 0] Isichibiyeli se-eghth Exchange: ifaka ibheyili ephakeme nenhlawulo, nesijeziso sonya nesobugqila. Izimpikiswano zanamuhla zigxile ezimweni zasejele, ekuvalelweni wedwa, nesigwebo sokufa.
  • [[NTL:0] Isichibiyeli se-Fotleth: sinikeza izifundazwe iSivikelo samaLungelo isivikelo esiningi nge-Century Procesme ne-Exctal Protection Clausle. Siye sasetshenziselwa ukuvikela amalungelo ahlobene nomshado, ukuvimbela inzalo, kanye nokwelashwa okulinganayo kungakhathaliseki uhlanga noma ubufana.

Ngalé kwezinguquko, amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo ayaqhubeka eguquka. Ilungelo lokufihla imfihlo .Naphezu kwalokho alichazwanga ngokucacile, liye lathathwa ezimweni eziningi futhi lasetshenziswa ezimweni ezifana Roe v. Wade [[FLT] [1977]] [Oberge v. Hodges[ [2015]. Ukuhlala waziwe ngezinqumo zamanje zenkantolo ephakeme kuyagxeka, njengoba izincazelo zingashintshwa. Imithombo ethembekile ihlanganisa [[FLT:] [FLT] [FLT] [FL:5]] kanye ne [FFLT]

Amacebiso Awusizo Okuvikela Amalungelo Akho

Ukuvikela amalungelo akho omthetho-sisekelo akuwona umzamo owedwa, kodwa kudinga imikhuba eqhubekayo. Nakhu amasu anwetshiwe ezimweni zansuku zonke:

  • Yazi Amalungelo Akho kumxholo: Awekho aphelele; ayahlukahluka kuye ngesimo. Ngokwesibonelo, ilungelo lakho lokunquma lokuqala lokukhuluma linamandla emphakathini ovamile (amapartk, amabala) kodwa lilinganiselwe kakhulu emsebenzini kahulumeni noma empahla yangasese. Funda izincazelo ezivela eziqondisweni ezithembekile zomthetho.
  • Hlala ufundelwe izinguquko ezingokomthetho: izishaya-mthetho nezinkantolo zidlulisela njalo imithetho nezinqumo ezithinta amalungelo akho. Zibophelele emaphepheni angokomthetho noma landela izinhlangano ezifana ne Extonic Foundation Foundation (EFFF)[FL:3] kumalungelo olwezinombolo, noma [[FLT:]] ACLU ukufusha imvume yokuguqula inkululeko yomphakathi.
  • Uxwebhu Yonke: Uma ukholelwa ukuthi amalungelo akho aphuliwe, qopha imininingwane ngokushesha: usuku, isikhathi, indawo, amagama nezinombolo zamabheji zezikhulu, ofakazi, kanye kanye nalokho okushiwo. Thatha izithombe noma amavidiyo uma kuphephile futhi kungokomthetho. Lobu bufakazi bubalulekile uma unquma ukubhala isikhalo noma ukuphishekela isenzo esingokomthetho.
  • Funa Iseluleko Sasemthethweni Kuqala: Ungalindi kuze kube yilapho isimo sikhula. Abameli abaningi banikeza iziphetho zokuqala. Bayazi ukwaziswa kokuxhumana kwezinhlangano zosizo olungokomthetho, amahhovisi omphakathi, nabameli bamalungelo omphakathi endaweni yakini.
  • Ukuhlanganisa neNtlanganiso yakho: Ukuhlanganyela emihlanganweni yendawo kahulumeni, eziqenjini zesikole, kanye nama-communications. Ukuqoqa amaphoyisa ngokuvamile kuphumelela kakhulu kunesenzo ngasinye. Cabangela ukuhlangana noma ukusekela izinhlangano eziqondisa futhi zivikele amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo.

Ukuvikela Amalungelo Akho Phakathi Nezenzo Zokungenela Umthetho

Ukuhlangana namaphoyisa kuphakathi kwezimo ezingcono kakhulu zokwephulwa kwamalungelo. Isimiso esisodwa esibaluleke kakhulu ukuhlala uzolile futhi ugcizelela amalungelo akho ngokucacile ngaphandle kokuphikisana. Ngezansi kuneziqondiso ezandisiwe:

  • [[I-FLT:0] Hlala uzolile futhi uphethe: Ungagijimi, ungamelani, noma uphazamise. Ngisho noma ukholelwa ukuthi isikhulu senza ngendlela engafanele, ukuphikisana ngasikhathi sinye kungaholela ekumangalelweni okwengeziwe. Gcina izandla zakho zibonakala ngaso sonke isikhathi.
  • Thula lungelo lakho: Akufunekanga ukuba uphendule imibuzo ngaphandle kokunikeza ukuhlukanisa (ezizweni ngemithetho yokumisa ne-ifince). Tshelisani ngokucacile: "Ngisebenzisa ilungelo lami lokuthula. Ngifuna ukukhuluma nommeli" Ungadukiswa //Izwi lodwa alikwazi ukusetshenziswa enkantolo, kodwa amazwi amanga angasetshenziswa.
  • Ukuvumela ukusesha: Ngaphandle kokuba isikhulu sinophawu noma isizathu okungenzeka, unelungelo lokwenqaba ukuseshwa komuntu wakho, imoto, noma ikhaya. Ukwenqaba kwakho ngokuqinile: "Angivumi ukuphenya" ngokomzimba, kodwa ukwenqaba ngamazwi kuvikela amalungelo akho kamuva.
  • Ukucela ukuchazwa: Cela igama lomphathi, inombolo yebheji, ne-arhente. Lolwazi lubalulekile ekufakeni isikhalo uma kudingeka.
  • Iqophe i- Interaction (Lapho kusemthethweni): Ezifundazweni eziningi, unelungelo lokuqopha amaphoyisa ezindaweni zomphakathi uma nje ungagxambukeli imisebenzi yawo. Sebenzisa ividiyo yakho, futhi umemezele ukuthi uqopha. Bheka imithetho yezwe lakho idinga imvume yokulalela.
  • Ufaka iqhaza Ilungelo Lakho eMcelweni: Uma uboshiwe, kumelwe ufundwe amalungelo akho eMiranda ngaphambi kokuphenywa kwemvume. Uma ucela ummeli, konke ukubuza kumelwe kuphele kuze kube yilapho ummeli wakho ekhona. Ungaliphuceli lelilungelo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi amaphoyisa akhuthaza kangakanani ukukhuluma nawe.

Ukuvikela Amalungelo Akho Nge - Internet

Ukuphila kwemishini kuletha izinselele eziyingqayizivele zomthetho-sisekelo, ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sesine sokuvikela ekuphenyeni okungacabangeli. Nansi indlela yokuvikela amalungelo akho amanani:

  • Sebenzisa amaphasiwedi aqinile kanye ne-Factor Isiqiniseko (2FA):[ umngenisi-bizo obuthakathaka wenza kube lula kubacuphi---athorn(noma abadlali bakahulumeni abangena-lungiso(ukungena kuma-akhawunti) akho. Amamanenja omngenisi-bizo kanye nezinhlelo zokuqinisekisa zenezela izingqimba zokuphepha.
  • [[NTL: 0] Izilungiselelo ze-Review ne-Trevenmfistry:[ Amapulatifomu ezokuxhumana, izinjini zokusesha, nezinhlelo ziqoqa ukwaziswa okuningi kakhulu. Njalo hlola izinhlelo zakho zobumfihlo, vimbela ukulandelelana kwendawo uma kudinganga, futhi linganisela ukwaziswa okuhlanganyela kulokho okudingekayo kuphela.
  • Ngaphansi kwe-Datalog Trial and Surveillance: Isichibiyeli sesine asivikeli ngaso sonke isikhathi ukwaziswa okuhlanganyelwe nezigaba zesithathu ("imfundiso yesithathu-ngxenye"). United States v. Carplant[ [2018] inquma ukufinyelela okungabekezelelekiyo kokwaziswa kwendawo yocingo, kodwa i-email, ukuphenya umlando, ne-metammethane yezokuxhumana kuseyona echane. Sebenzisa isiphetho-indezimende ze-Symetal ye-opera ye-opera ye-opera ye-opera ye-mjijelo, ne-iP yemisebenzi yakho ethintayokuthinta i-IP yemisebenzi ethintayo.
  • kwenze usebenzise amawebhusayithi aphephile: Kuphela usebenzisa amawebhusayithi ane-HTTPS (bheka uphawu lwe-paddey lophawu). Gwema ukuchofoza ama-mini esolekayo noma ukulayisha amafayela angaziwa. Umlando wakho ungacushwa ku-toppoena ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso kwezinye izimo.
  • Yazi Amalungelo Akho Ngokumelene Nezinombolo: Ukugcinwa komthetho ngokuvamile kudinga isiqinisekiso sokuhlola izingcingo zakho. Uma abameleli bomngcele becela ukusesha ucingo lwakho, ungalahla (nakuba bangakuvimbela). Ekhaya, ungavuli ucingo lwakho ngaphandle kwemvume. Hlola [[FLT:]] I-Digital Rights Guide [ yeseluleko semininingwane.

Ukuvikela Amalungelo Akho Emsebenzini

Amalungelo oMthetho-sisekelo emsebenzini womuntu siqu alinganiselwe ngoba uMthetho-sisekelo uvimbela isenzo sikahulumeni, hhayi abaqashi abazimele. Nokho, ezinye isivikelo ziyasebenza:

  • Isichibiyeli sokuqala: Izisebenzi zomphakathi zinezivikelo zenkululeko yokukhuluma kunezisebenzi ezizimele, kodwa ukukhuluma kumelwe kube ezindabeni zomphakathi futhi kungaphazamiseki emisebenzini. Abaqashi bomuntu siqu ngokuvamile bangalinganisela inkulumo njengesimo somsebenzi, ngaphandle kwezindawo "ekuthandeni" ngenxa yomsebenzi wezombangazwe.
  • IsiHlumulo somphakathi:[ izisebenzi zomphakathi zilindele isikhathi esifanelekile sobuso bomphakathi endaweni yokusebenzela yazo, kodwa abaqashi bangasesha uma benenjongo engokomthetho ehlobene nomsebenzi. Izisebenzi zomuntu siqu azinaso isivikelo esithe xaxe ekufuneni umqashi; funda incwadi yezisebenzi zakho.
  • Amalungelo omphakathi: I-National Labor Relations Act ivikela ilungelo lokuxoxa ngeholo, izimo zokusebenza, nokuhlela ubunye, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi indawo yakho yomsebenzi ihlangene.
  • Ukubhudla:[ imithetho kahulumeni ne-Federal kuvikela izisebenzi ezibika ukuziphatha okungekho emthethweni noma okungahloniphekile. Uma ubona ukwephulwa, bhala futhi ucabangela ukuxhumana nommeli wemisebenzi ngaphambi kokuba ubike.

Ukuvikela Amalungelo Akho Empilweni

Izindawo zokwelapha zihilela ukwaziswa komuntu siqu okuzwelayo nezinqumo. Izindlela eziyinhloko zokuvikela zihlanganisa:

  • HIPAAmfihlo Umthetho: I-Heal Inshuwarensimental Communication ne-accountacy Act ivikela ukufihlaka komlando wakho wezokwelapha. Unelungelo lokufinyelela amarekhodi akho, iziluleko zokucela, nokuthola izikhala zomthetho. Ukwephulwa kweHhovisi lamaLungelo e-Politiki.
  • I-Invocience engenisiwe: Unelungelo lokutshelwa ngokugcwele nganoma iyiphi inqubo yezokwelapha, kuhlanganise nezingozi, izinzuzo, nezinye izindlela zokwelapha, nokunqaba ukwelashwa. Lokhu kusuka elungeni lomthetho-sisekelo kuya ebuqothweni bomzimba kanye naseMthethweni weSichibiyelo se-14 uClausce.
  • Iziqondiso ezingaphezulu: Yenza intando ephilayo namandla ahlala njalo ommeli ekunakekeleni impilo. Lamaphepha aqinisekisa ukuthi izifiso zakho ziyalandelwa uma ungakwazi ukuzenzela lutho.
  • Ukukhipha izisu kunqunywa umthetho wezempilo: Ngaphansi komthetho wamanje ([[FLT:]] Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization[), amalungelo okukhipha isisu anqunywa umthetho wezwe. Yazi imithetho kazwelonke kanye nokukhetha ukuhamba uma kudingekile. Ilungelo lokuvimbela inzalo lihlala livikelekile ngaphansi [[FLT:]Grislold v.Connectic[[FF:5]

Ukuvikela Amalungelo Akho Emfundoni

Abafundi abawachithi amalungelo abo omthetho - sisekelo esangweni lesikole, kodwa bangaphansi kokulinganiselwa okusekelwe esimweni semfundo:

  • Isichibiyeli sokuqala: Abafundi banelungelo lokuveza imizwa yabo uma nje ingawuphazamise kakhulu umsebenzi wesikole ( Tinker v. Des Moines, 1969). Nokho, izikole zingalinganisela inkulumo engcolile, ikhuthaza umsebenzi ongekho emthethweni, noma ziyi-skoleni elikhishwe kakhulu ([[[FLT:]4] Hazelwood v. Kulmmeier, 1988]
  • [[FLT: 0] Isichibiyeli sonyaka: Izikhulu zesikole zingase zifune abafundi ngaphandle komthetho uma zinokungabaza okunengqondo ukuthi umthetho noma isikole sephulwe ( New Jersey v. T.L., 1985]). Uphenyo lwezibuyekezo ludinga izinga eliphakeme lokusola ([[[FLTLT:]] [[FLT]]] [[FLT]]
  • FERPA:[ I-Family Educational and Ancys Act inikeza abazali (nabafundi abangaphezu kuka-18) ilungelo lokungena nokulawula amarekhodi emfundo. Izikole kumelwe zithole imvume ngaphambi kokukhipha ukwaziswa okuningi.
  • [ Inqubo elindelekile: izikole zomphakathi kumele zinikeze isaziso nokuzwa phambi kokuba zinikeze izijeziso ezingathi sína njengokususa noma ukuxoshwa. Ngaso sonke isikhathi cela ukuqulwa kwecala okungokomthetho futhi ulethe ubufakazi noma ofakazi.

Indlela Yokufaka Isikhalo Esonakalisiwe Uma Amalungelo Akho Ephulwa

Uma ukholelwa ukuthi ilungelo lomthetho - sisekelo liye laphulwa, unezindlela eziningana zokulungisa:

  • I-internal Civingnt:[ Ifakela isikhalo esingokomthetho nenhlangano ehilelekile (umzk., izindaba zamaphoyisa zangaphakathi, isifunda sesikole, isibhedlela). Gcina amakhophi azo zonke izincwadi.
  • [[QURT: 0] Izinhlangano zamalungelo abantu: Xhumana ne-ACLU, iNaACP Ecrial Defense and Educational Fund, noma amaqembu osizo asendaweni. Angase anikeze ummeleli oqondile noma i-header kubameli be-bono.
  • [ Uhulumeni owenziwe nge-Foderal:[[FT:1] ufaka isikhalo kuMnyango Wezobulungisa Wase-U.S. u-Civil Rights Wahlulelwa ngokwendlela yokuziphatha okubi noma yokucwaswa. Ukuphula umthetho ngezindaba zomuntu siqu, thintana ne-Federal Trade Commission noma i-Office yamaLungelo e-volution.
  • Isimo se-Acommentation:[ Izifunda eziningi zinezindawo ezigunyaza amalungelo abantu noma amahhovisi avamile ommeli ahlola ukwephulwa kwamalungelo omphakathi.
  • [[NT.0] Imithetho esemthethweni: Phansi kuka-42 U.S.C. ■ 1983, ungamangalela uhulumeni nezikhulu zendawo ngenxa yokwephulwa komthetho-mthetho. Buza nommeli wamalungelo omphakathi ukuze uhlole ukufaneleka kwecala lakho.

Ukusekela Amalungelo Akho

Isenzo somuntu ngamunye sinamandla, kodwa ukubusa ngentando yeningi kubangela ushintsho oluhlala njalo. Nazi izindlela zokuba umsekeli ophumelelayo:

  • Ukungena nokusekela Amaqembu ombuso: Izinhlangano ezinjenge-ACLU, EFF, nezimiso zenkululeko yomphakathi eziqondene nombuso zinxusa umthetho, ama-icurus afingqiwe, futhi zinikeza imithombo yemfundo.
  • Abanye:[ amashabhu abamemi emphakathini wakini, bahlanganyele ukwaziswa okunokwethenjelwa kwezezokuxhumana, futhi baxoxe ngezindaba zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo nabangane nomkhaya. Ulwazi luwuhlobo lokuqala lokuvikela.
  • Hlanganisa Abameli Bakho Ababeluleki: Bhala, shayela ucingo, noma i-imeyili abamisi-mthetho bakho ngokufakelwa kwezindleko ezithinta inkululeko yomphakathi(umz., ukuqapha, ukuguqula amalungelo okuvota, noma izivikelo zomuntu siqu. Izindaba zomuntu siqu zivame ukuba nethonya elikhulu.
  • Izinhlangano zamalungelo amaningi zithembele kwizisebenzi zokuzithandela ezifuna ukubhalisa ucingo, ukucwaninga okungokomthetho, noma ukudlulisa umphakathi. Ngisho namahora ambalwa ngenyanga angandisa ithonya lakho.
  • Izethulo:[ Izikhulu ezibeka imingcele ephambili yesivikelo somthetho-sisekelo. Amarekhodi okucwaninga ngenkululeko yomphakathi ngaphambi kokuphonsa ibhola lakho.

Isiphetho

Ukuvikela amalungelo akho omthetho-sisekelo akuwona uhlu lwesikhathi esisodwa kodwa isibopho esiqhubekayo sokuqaphela nokuthatha isinyathelo. Kusukela ekwazini ulimi oluqondile lweBhill of Rights ukuqonda indlela izinkantolo eziwachaza ngayo lawo mazwi namuhla, kusukela ekumiseni amaphoyisa ngomoya ophansi ukuya ekuvimbeleni imishini yakho, isinyathelo ngasinye siqinisa uhlelo lwenkululeko loMthetho-sisekelo owawuklanyelwe ukusekela. Ngokuhlala unolwazi, ukulahla, ukufuna iseluleko somthetho lapho kudingeka, nokuhlanganyela emphakathini omkhulu wenkululeko yakho kuphela kodwa futhi unezela emphakathini lapho leyo nkululeko ihlala iqinile khona. Ulwazi luyinani lenkululeko.