Ingabe Umthetho - sisekelo Uyinqaba?

Umthetho-sisekelo uyincwadi eyisisekelo engokomthetho eyisisekelo sombuso ozimele, echaza isakhiwo, amandla, nokulinganiselwa kukahulumeni kuyilapho ihlanganisa amalungelo ayisisekelo ezakhamuzi. Isebenza njengomthetho ophakeme, lapho yonke eminye imithetho nezenzo zilinganiswa khona. Kubafundi, othisha, nezakhamuzi ezibophayo, ukuqonda ukuthi umthetho-sisekelo uyini, futhi kungani kubalulekile ukulawula amalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo enziwa ngentando yeningi. Ngaphezu kwesivumelwano esiphilayo phakathi kwabantu nohulumeni, ipulani elinganisa igunya nenkululeko. Lesi sihloko sihlola injongo, izigaba zomhlaba, izinselele, izinselele, nokubaluleka kokufundisa, ukunikeza ukucubukiswa okubanzi kwemithetho yentando yentando yeningi.

Injongo Yomthetho - sisekelo

Injongo eyinhloko yanoma yimuphi umthetho-sisekelo ukwenza uhlelo lokubusa oluzinzile nolulungile. Lokhu kukwenza ngokwenza imisebenzi eminingi ebaluleke kakhulu ehlanganisa isisekelo somphakathi womthetho.

Ukumisa Izakhiwo Zikahulumeni

Umthetho-sisekelo uhlela ukuhlelwa kukahulumeni, uchaze izindima, amandla, nokuhlangana kwamagatsha ahlukene − ngokujwayelekile, ukubekwa kwemithetho, ukulawulwa, nokwahlulela. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kuvimbela noma iyiphi into eyodwa ukuba ibe yigunya elikhulu kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, uMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States umisa isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela lapho uMkhandlu wenza imithetho, uMongameli uwaphoqelela, futhi uwachaza. Isakhiwo esicacile siqinisekisa ukulandisa nokubikezela ukuthi izinqumo zenziwa kanjani futhi zisebenza kanjani.

Ukuchaza Nokuvikela Amalungelo

Enye yemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yomthetho-sisekelo iwukubala amalungelo nenkululeko eqinisekiswe kunoma ubani ophakathi kwegunya lakhe. Lamalungelo `njengenkululeko yokukhuluma, inkolo, ingqungquthela, nelungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elilungile(ukuveza isihlangu ngokumelene nohulumeni ophakele. Isivumelwano esiwenziwe kahle samalungelo siqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho neningi alinakukwazi ukunyathela inkululeko eyisisekelo yeqembu elincane labantu. BIINQU yamalungelo [[ e-US, ngokwesibonelo, i-Constitution, iye yaba isibonelo ezizweni eziningi.

Ukunakekela Nokugcina Ukuthula

Ngokumisa imithetho emisiwe okunzima ukuyishintsha ngokuzenzakalelayo, umthetho-sisekelo unikeza ukuhleleka. Ohulumeni bangaza futhi bahambe, kodwa isimiso somthetho-sisekelo sisalokhu sikhona, sidala indawo ebekelwe izakhamuzi namabhizinisi ngokufanayo. Lokhu kuhlala njalo kubaluleke kakhulu phakathi noshintsho lwezombangazwe noma izinhlekelele. Ezikhathini zesiyaluyalu, umthetho-sisekelo usebenza njengehange, ukhumbuza bonke abadlali ngezimiso eziyisisekelo ezihlanganisa isizwe ndawonye.

Ukunikeza Ushintsho Olunokuthula

Awukho umbhalo ophelele kuze kube phakade. Umthetho-sisekelo omuhle uhlanganisa inqubo yokulungisa okungokomthetho evumela ukuziphendukela kwemvelo ukusabela ezidingweni zomphakathi, ukushintsha kwezobuchwepheshe, noma izindinganiso ezishintshayo. Lendlela ivimbela isidingo sokuguqukela ebudloveni lapho uhlelo olukhona luphelelwa isikhathi. Ngokwesibonelo, uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. ushintshiwe izikhathi ezingu-7, ubonakalisa izinguquko kusukela ekuqedweni kokuqeda ubugqila ukuze kunwetshwe amalungelo okuvota. Inqubo yokulungisa ngokwayo iyisifundo kudemokhrasi: idinga ukuvumelana okukhulu, iqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko zikhona ngamabomu futhi zamukelwa kabanzi.

Izingxenye Eziyinhloko Zomthetho - sisekelo

Nakuba imithetho - sisekelo ihlukahluka kakhulu emazweni, eminingi inezingxenye ezifanayo eziwusizo.

Isandulela

Isethulo sisho sesiqalo esiveza injongo, izimiso eziqondisayo, nezifiso zalencwadi. Ayibopha ngokomthetho kodwa inikeza isisekelo sefilosofi. Ngokwesibonelo, uMthetho-sisekelo waseNdiya uqala nge "Thina, Abantu baseNdiya, njengoba sizimisele ngokuqinile ukwakha i-Indiya ibe yi-Socialist Socialist Sexual Democratic Republic..." Lesiqalo siveza izindinganiso eziyisisekelo zobulungisa, inkululeko, ukulingana, nobunye.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo

Iphepha lamalungelo liyingxenye enikezelwe edwebeni amalungelo ayisisekelo nenkululeko umthetho-sisekelo oyiqinisekisayo. Lamalungelo agunyazwa izinkantolo. Isivumelwano se-Indiya[ sihlanganisa iqoqo elibanzi lamalungelo ayisisekelo, njengamalungelo alinganayo, inkululeko yokukhuluma, namakhambi omthetho-mthetho-sisekelo. Ngokuphambene, eminye imithetho-mthetho-sisekelo, njengomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo we-United Kingdom ongabhalwanga, uncike ezimisweni nasemthethweni ovamile ukuze uvikele amalungelo.

Ukwakhiwa Kukahulumeni Nokuhlukana Kwamandla

Lesi sici sinemininingwane yemithetho, isikhulu, neyahlulelo, ichaza ukwakheka, amandla, nokulinganiselwa kwabo. Ichaza futhi ubuhlobo phakathi kohulumeni abaphakathi nezifunda (izimiso ze-interal v.unity). Ngokwesibonelo, iGerman Basic Law (Grundesetz) imisa isimiso sombuso esinezivikelo eziqinile zeLänder (izifunda) kuyilapho igxilisa amandla aphawulekayo kuhulumeni wezwe.

Inqubo Yesichibiyelo

Umthetho-sisekelo ngamunye kumelwe ucacise indlela ongashintshwa ngayo. Ngokwezinga elithile, izinguquko zidinga ukuvota okukhulu kakhulu esiGungwini somthetho-mthetho, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ukuhlawuliswa yizwe noma i-parenteum. Inqubo yokulungisa kunzima ngamabomu ukuvimbela izinguquko ezivamile noma eziwubuwula. Nokho, akumelwe ibe eqinile kangangokuba umthetho-sisekelo ungabi namsebenzi. UMthetho-sisekelo udinga amavoti amabili-mithathu kuzo zombili izindlu zomkhandlu nokwehliswa yizinziwa ama-spesenti amathathu alezi zifunda, inqubo eye yaqinisekisa ukuguqulwa kwezinguquko ezingu-722 kuphela eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-2.

UClaus odumile

Umthetho-sisekelo wemithetho eminingi uqukethe isigqebhezana esiphezulu kakhulu esithi umthetho-sisekelo uphakeme kunayo yonke ezweni. Noma yimuphi umthetho noma isenzo sikahulumeni esiphikisana nawo siyize. Lesi simiso sibalulekile ekubukezweni kokwahlulela, lapho izinkantolo zingashaya khona umthetho ongavumelani nemithetho.

Ukulinganisela Kwamalungelo Nemithwalo Yemfanelo

Umthetho - sisekelo unikeza amalungelo, kodwa ulindele nezakhamuzi ukuba zifeze imisebenzi eqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu uyawahlonipha lawo malungelo.

Amalungelo Ayisisekelo

Lezi zihlanganisa inkululeko yomphakathi njengenkululeko yokukhuluma, yokunyathelisa, yenkolo, neyokuhlangana; amalungelo ezombangazwe afana nelungelo lokuvota nokufuna isikhundla; namalungelo ezenhlalo anjengokuthola imfundo nokunakekela impilo. Kuhulumeni wentando yeningi wanamuhla, amalungelo awaphelele; angalinganiselwa ngenxa yezizathu eziphoqelelayo ezinjengokulondeka kwesizwe, ukuhleleka komphakathi, noma amalungelo abanye.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Elinganayo

Umthwalo wemfanelo uhlanganisa ukulalela imithetho, ukukhokha izintela, ukusebenza ehunyeni lezenkantolo, nokuvikela isizwe uma kudingeka. Kodwa futhi imithwalo yemfanelo ihlanganisa nokuhlanganyela ngentshiseko: ukuvota, ukuhlala unolwazi, nokuhlanganyela enkulumweni yomphakathi. I-Germann Law Sith [ Ilungelo elicacile lokubopha imisebenzi, isho ukuthi ukuba nendawo kunezibopho zomphakathi. Ukuqonda lokhu kulinganisela kubalulekile kubafundi abafunda ukuba babe nesizwe.

Ukulinganisela

Izinkantolo zinendima eyinhloko ekuxazululeni izingxabano phakathi kwamalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo. Ngokwesibonelo, ilungelo lokukhuluma alivikeli ukukhuthaza ubudlova benkulumo. Incazelo yokwahlulela iqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo asetshenziswa ngokufanelekile ngaphandle kokululaza ukuphepha komphakathi noma ezinye izindinganiso zomthetho-sisekelo.

Ukuhlola Icala Eliqhathaniswayo Lomthetho - sisekelo

Ukuhlola imithetho - sisekelo ehlukahlukene kwembula indlela izizwe ezihlukahlukene eziye zasingatha ngayo inselele yokulinganisela igunya nenkululeko.

UMthetho - sisekelo Wase - United States (1787)

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. uwumthetho omdala kunayo yonke ekhona emhlabeni. Wakha uhulumeni onamandla ngenkathi ugcina amandla emibuso. ISigqi sawo samalungelo (1791) sivikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ekungeneni kukahulumeni. Isimiso sesheke namasilinganiso nokuhlolwa kokwahlulela esisungulwe Marbury v. Madison [183]) sithonye ezinye izizwe ezingenakubalwa. Nokho, inqubo yaso yokuzilungisa inzima kakhulu, kuholela ekuphikisaneni ngezimiso zomthetho zanamuhla ngokuphathelene nokuvota kanye nomkhankaso wezezimali.

UMthetho - sisekelo WaseNdiya (1950)

Umthetho - sisekelo waseNdiya uwumthetho-sisekelo omude kunayo yonke imbulunga yonke, unezihloko ezingaphezu kuka-450. Uhlanganisa idemokrasi yephalamende nesimiso sombuso kanye nohlu olubanzi lwamalungelo ayisisekelo, kuhlanganise nelungelo lamakhambi omthetho-sisekelo (Aticle 32). Izimiso eziqondisayo zesimiso sikahulumeni ziqondisa uhulumeni ekwahluleleni okungokwenhlalo nangokwezomnotho, ngisho noma zingagunyazwanga ngokuqondile. Umthetho-mthetho-sisekelo waseNdiya uye waguqulwa izikhathi ezingaphezu kwekhulu, ubonakalisa ukuvumelana nezimiso eziyisisekelo.

Umthetho Oyisisekelo WaseJalimane (ngo - 499)

UMthetho oMkhulu wazalwa ngomlotha wobuNazi, ubeka isithunzi somuntu (Article 1) enhliziyweni yawo. Wamisa isimiso esinamandla sikahulumeni, iNkantolo yoMthetho-sisekelo onamandla, kanye "nedemokrasi enamandla" evimbela amaqembu afuna ukululaza uhlelo lwentando yeningi. I-gameter ehlala njalo (Artle 79, Isigaba 3) ivimbela ukuncitshiswa okungathinta isimo sombuso, isithunzi somuntu, noma umthetho, iqinisekisa ukuthi izimiso eziyisisekelo zihlala ziqinile.

IUnited Kingdom (Umthetho - sisekelo Ongabhalwanga)

I-UK ayinalo ibhukwana elilodwa eligunyaziwe. Umthetho-sisekelo wayo wakhiwa ngemithetho, umthetho ovamile, imibuthano, nemisebenzi enegunya. Imibhalo eyisihluthulelo ihlanganisa iMagna Carta (1215), iBill of Rights (1689), ne-Human Rights Act (1689). Isimiso sobukhosi basephalamende sisho ukuthi akukho iphalamende elingabopha umlandeli walo, okuholela ekuvumelaneni ngcono kakhulu kodwa futhi kuncishiswe kakhulu amalungelo uma kuqhathaniswa nemithetho-mthetho-sisekelo ebhaliwe. Isimiso sika-UK sincike kakhulu emasikweni nasemasikweni ezombangazwe.

Izinselele Ngamalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo

Ngisho nomthetho - sisekelo ohlelwe ngokucophelela kakhulu ungabhekana nezinselele ezisongela amalungelo owenzelwe ukuwavikela.

Ukuthola Impumelelo Ephakeme Kahulumeni Namandla Aphuthumayo

Phakathi nezinkinga − izimpi, izifo eziwumqedazwe, ubuphekula − ohulumeni bangandisa amandla abo ngokuncishiswa kwamalungelo abantu. Amalungiselelo aphuthumayo emithethweni eminingi avumela ukususwa kwamalungelo athile, kodwa lokhu kumelwe kube kwesikhashana, kube nokulinganiswa, futhi kuhlolwe ngokulandelana kokwahlulela. Inselele iwukuvimbela ukuncishiswa kwenkululeko okuhlala njalo ngaphansi kokuzisholoza ngokulondeka. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kuka-9/11, i-U.S. kwadluliswa i-Patriot Act, eyandisa amandla okuhlola futhi yaphakamisa izikhalo zomthetho-mthetho.

Ukungalingani Kwezenhlalo Nokucwasa

Imithetho-sisekelo ithembisa ukulingana, kodwa ubandlululo lwezimiso olusekelwe ngokohlanga, ubulili, inkolo, noma ngokwesigaba sesigaba singasehlisa leso sithembiso. Ngisho namagama anamandla amelene nokungavumelani, ukuphoqelelwa kudinga izinkantolo eziqaphile nomphakathi okhuthele. Umthetho-sisekelo waseNdiya uvimbela ukuncintisana, kodwa ukucwaswa kwezinhlanga kusaqhubeka. Izimiso eziqinile, njengokungaqiniseki kwemfundo nasemsebenzini, zingamathuluzi omthetho wokwenza kuxazululwe ukungalungi komlando, kodwa zisaphikisana.

Ukungahleleki Kwezombangazwe Nokuwohloka Komthetho - sisekelo

Ezikhathini zesiyaluyalu sezombangazwe esikhulu, imithetho-sisekelo ingase incishiswe noma ishaywe ngokuphelele. Izimpi zombango, kanye nokuphambuka kwempoqo ngokuvamile kuhilela ukuhlukana komthetho-mthetho olandelwayo. Inselele iwukwakha ukuqina kwesimiso sobudemokrasi, izinhlangano ezizimele, nokuzinikela komphakathi kumthetho-sisekelo. I-Arabia Spring ibonisa indlela isivikelo somthetho sisekelo esingase sibe buthaka ngayo lapho izinhlangano zibuthakathaka.

Ukungaqondi Nokuhlaziya

Kulenkathi yezokusebenza kwemishini, ukwaziswa okunganembile kungaqeda ukuthembela ezimisweni zomthetho-sisekelo − ugesi, izinkantolo, nemithombo yezindaba. Izakhamuzi zingadunyazwa yiwo kanye umsebenzi oklanyelwe ukuvikela zona. Ukufunda umthetho-mthetho kubaluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili ekulweni nezindaba ezilulaza izinhlangano zentando yeningi.

Indima Yemfundo Ekuqondeni Okungokomthetho - sisekelo

Ukuqonda amalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo yomuntu akungokwemvelo; kumelwe kufundiswe futhi kuqiniswe kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe.

Izincwadi Nezifundo Zezenhlalo

Izikole kufanele zihlanganise imfundo yomthetho-mthetho ukuba ibe yizifundo zezenhlalo, umlando, nohulumeni kusukela ebudaleni obuncane. Izifundo kufanele zihlanganise inqubo yokuhlela, isihluthulelo sokulungisa, amacala enkantolo aphawula izenzakalo, kanye nokusebenza kwezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Ngokwesibonelo, ukufundisa nge Brown v. Board of Education (1954) isiza abafundi ukuba baqonde ukuthi umthetho-sisekelo uvela kanjani ekusingatheni kungabi nabulungisa.

Ukufunda Okuhlangene Nokubi

Izinkulumo azinele. Izimpikiswano ngezinkinga ezicatshangelwayo zomthetho-sisekelo, ukuqulwa kwemibuzo, nokulingiswa kwezinqubo zomthetho womthetho zihlanganisa abafundi ngenkuthalo. Ukuhlanganyela emikhankasweni yombuso wabafundi noma yomphakathi kuqinisa ukuhlobana phakathi kwamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo nomthwalo wemfanelo womphakathi. Izinhlelo ezinjenge i-Fudial Judicary [ inikeza othisha izinto ezicebile.

Ukuhileleka Komphakathi Nokufunda Inkonzo

Abafundi abakhuthazayo ukuba bahlanganyele emihlanganweni yehholo lendawo, ukuzinikela ngokuzithandela emikhankasweni, noma ekukhonzeni emabhodini akhuthaza intsha − kunikeza okuhlangenwe nakho kobusha kwezwe. Imisebenzi yokufundisa izingxoxo zomphakathi ezidinga (umz., imishini yokuvota, ukuqapha okungokomthetho) isiza abafundi ukuba basebenzise izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ukuze baxazulule izinkinga ezisebenzayo.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukucabanga Okugxekayo

Abafundi kufanele bafundiswe ukucubungula izimpikiswano zomthetho-sisekelo ngombono ohlukahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, izimpikiswano mayelana nokukhuluma ngokukhululekile emayunivesithi, ekulawuleni izibhamu, noma ukuze kungabi namuntu siqu enkathini yobuchwepheshe zidinga ukuqonda okucacile. Ukukhuthaza inkulumo enenhlonipho kulungiselela izakhamuzi ukuba zisebenzise izingxabano ezibangelwa ukubusa ngentando yeningi.

Ukufunda Nokufunda Ngezindaba Ukuphila Konke

Imfundo yomthetho-mthetho ayipheleli nje esikoleni. Abantu abadala kumelwe baqhubeke behlanganyela ezimpikiswaneni zomthetho-mthetho ngemithombo yezindaba ethembekile, izinkulumo zomphakathi, nezinhlangano zomphakathi. Ukufunda i media.(ukubhala) ikhono lokuhlola ukuthembeka kokwaziswa () okubalulekile ekuvikeleni ukuphambanisa okufuna ukululaza izimiso zomthetho-mthetho.

Isiphetho

Umthetho-sisekelo ungaphezu kakhulu komlando oqoshiwe; uhlaka oluphilayo olulolonga ubuhlobo phakathi kukahulumeni nezakhamuzi. Uchaza isimo sombuso, ufaka amalungelo, futhi ubeka imithwalo yemfanelo eyenza ukuba idemokrasi ikwazi ukubusa ngentando yeningi. Kodwa umthetho-sisekelo unamandla kuphela njengabantu abawusekelayo. Ngemfundo eqinile, ngokuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo, nokuvikela izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo, isizukulwane ngasinye kumelwe sivuselele ukuhlanganiswa okuhambisana nenkululeko nokuhleleka. Ukuqonda le cebo akusona isisekelo semfundo ethembekile futhi kuyisivikelo esingcono kakhulu samalungelo abantu nemisebenzi esekela umphakathi okhululekile.