Umthetho wombango ungenye yamagatsha amabili ayinhloko esimiso somthetho, ahlukile kumthetho wobugebengu, futhi ulawula izingxabano eziningi eziphakamayo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Nakuba umthetho wobugebengu ukhuluma ngokuziphatha okulimaza umbuso noma uhlelo lomphakathi − njengokuba, ukuhlasela, noma ukubulala — umthetho wezezimali unikeza uhlelo oluhleliwe lokuxazulula ukungavumelani phakathi kwabantu ngabanye, amabhizinisi, noma ezinye izinhlangano. Injongo yawo akukona ukujezisa abenzi bobubi kodwa ukunikeza amakhambi, ukubuyisela amalungelo, nokuxazulula izingxabano ngendlela elungile nehlelekile. Ukuqonda injongo yomthetho womphakathi kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofunda umlando, umthetho, noma ukusebenza komphakathi wanamuhla, ngenxa yokuthi umthetho wezentengo yomphakathi uhlela yonke into ezinkonzweni nasempahleni ukuze ubudlelwaneni kanye nokulimala komkhaya.

Imvelaphi Engokomlando Nokuziphendukela Komthetho Wangaphakathi

Izimpande zomthetho wesizwe zihlehlela emuva ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka. Imithetho yasendulo, njengekhodi likaHammurabi (i-circa 1754 BC), kakade yayinezinhlelo zomphakathi zokuxabana kwempahla, izivumelwano, nezindaba zomkhaya. Nokho, ithonya elikhulu kakhulu ezimisweni zomthetho wanamuhla yimithetho yamaRoma, ikakhulukazi i- i-Corpuris Juliris [ ehlanganiswe ngaphansi koMbusi uJustinian ngekhulu lesithupha AD. Lendikimba yomthetho yahlela izimiso zomthetho ezihlelwe ezigabani njengabantu, izinto, nezenzo zokwenza izinto ezisathintana emithethweni yangaphakathi namuhla.

Ngemva kokuwa koMbuso waseNtshonalanga Roma, amasiko omthetho womphakathi alondolozwa futhi avuselelwa kamuva yiSonto lamaKatolika (isonto) futhi kamuva avuselelwa emayunivesithi aseYurophu enkathi ephakathi. uNapolonion Spect [ ka-1804 (Umthetho waseFrance) waba ingqopha - mlando, ahlanganisa izimiso zomthetho wangaphakathi futhi asakazekela kulo lonke elaseYurophu, elaseLatin America, kanye nezingxenye ze-Asia ne-Afrika. Ngokungafani, isimiso somthetho esivamile esakheka eNgilandi sasithembele kakhulu ezimisweni zokwahlulela nasecaleni, kodwa ekugcineni zombili izimiso zafeza injongo eyisisekelo: ukuxazulula izimpikiswano zomphakathi.

Namuhla, izimiso zomthetho wesizwe (ezibizwa nangokuthi izimiso ezihlangene) zisebenza emazweni anjengeFrance, iJalimane, iJapane, neMexico, kuyilapho izimiso zomthetho ezivamile (njenge-United States, i-United Kingdom, neCanada) zihlanganisa imithetho nomthetho wezezimali. Naphezu kwalokhu kungafani kwemibono, imigomo eyisisekelo yomthetho wesizwe, ukuvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye, ukumisa izibopho, nokunikeza izinqubo zokuxazulula impikiswano.

Injongo Yomthetho Wangaphakathi: Ukuxazulula Izingxabano Ezingaphandle Kwezinkantolo Zezigebengu

Injongo eyinhloko yomthetho wesizwe iwukulungiselela indlela enokuthula, ehlelwe kahle, nebophayo ngokomthetho yokuxazulula izingxabano phakathi kwezigebengu. Ngokungafani nezinkantolo zomthetho, lapho uhulumeni emangalela khona umenzi wobubi futhi efuna isijeziso (njengemali ehlawulisiwe, ukuboshwa, noma ukugcinwa), izinkantolo zomphakathi zisingatha amacala lapho elinye iqembu (ummangalelwa) lisho ukuthi elinye iqembu lihlulekile ukuhlangabezana nesibopho esingokomthetho (ngokwephula isivumelwano, ukubangela umonakalo ngokunganaki, noma ukwephula impahla. Ikhambi lifuna imbuyiselo enkulu ([[[FLT:]] ), ukwenza okuthile okukhethekile (ngokokwenza umbutho othembisa okuthile) noma ukuvala isigaba esithile).

Ukulondoloza Ukuhleleka Komphakathi Nokuqina Kwezomnotho

Ngokunikeza enye indlela enokwethenjelwa kunokuzisiza noma ukuziphindiselela, umthetho wesizwe ulondoloza ukuhleleka kwezenhlalo. Ngaphandle komthetho wesizwe, abantu bangaphendukela ekuphoqeleleni noma ekukhwabaniseni ukuze baxazulule ukungaboni ngaso linye, kubangele isiphithiphithi nokungaguquguquki. Amabhizinisi athembele kumthetho womphakathi ukuze aqinisekise izivumelwano, axazulule izingxabano, futhi avikele impahla yomuntu ohlakaniphile. Abantu bathembele kuyo ukuze balungise izindleko zokwelapha ngemva kwengozi, banciphe umshado, noma bancintisane nentando. Ngale ndlela, umthetho usebenza njengomgogodla womphakathi ozinzileyo, obeke isisekelo lapho amalungelo nemisebenzi kuchazwa ngokucacile futhi kugcinwa khona.

Ukulungisa Nokulungisa Amaphutha

Enye injongo eyinhloko ukwenza umsizi aphinde aphele, ngokwezinga okungenzeka ngalo. Uma umshayeli ebangela ingozi yemoto ngokunganaki, isisulu singamangalela izindleko zokwelapha, iholo elilahlekile, nobuhlungu nokuhlupheka. Uma umninindlu enqaba ukubuyisela indawo yokuphepha ngaphandle kwesizathu, umnini-ndlu angathatha icala enkantolo encane. Umthetho kahulumeni awuhlosile ukujezisa (amanxeba emali angaklelwa emacalani angavamile okuvimbela ukuziphatha okubi), kunalokho, ugxila ukubuyisela nokubuyisela futhi ulungisekeze ukwenzeke. Lokhu ngokuvamile kufingcwa isisho sesiLatini [FLT:] [FLT] [FLT] [FLT] [FOLT] [2] [FT] [FT] [FFT] [3] [flumg.[3]

Ukwehluka Okuyinhloko Phakathi Komthetho Wangaphakathi Nomthetho Wesigebengu

Ukuze iqonde ngokugcwele injongo yomthetho wezakhamuzi, isiza ekuwuqhathaniseni ngokuqondile nomthetho wobugebengu. itafula elingezansi lifingqa ukuhlukana okukhulu:

  • Iziphakamiso ezihilelekile: Emthethoni womphakathi, impikiswano iphakathi kwamaqembu azimele (i-plantiff vs. mmangalelwa). Emthethoni wobugebengu, uhulumeni (umshushisi) uletha amacala kumuntu (ummangalelwa).
  • Icala lomphakathi lidinga [ ukunaka ubufakazi (ongaphezu kuka-50% ummangalelwa unecala). Icala lecala lidinga ubufakazi [[[FLT:] ukudlulisa ukungabaza okunengqondo [ (indinga ephakeme kakhulu).
  • Imali efunyenweyo: amakhambi omphakathi ahlanganisa ukulimala, iziyalo, noma ukwenza okuthile. Izijeziso zobugebengu zihlanganisa ukukhokhwa, ukuboshwa, ukugcinwa ejele, noma inkonzo yomphakathi.
  • [[NTP:0] Purpose:[ umthetho wangaphakathi uxazulula izingxabano futhi uvala izisulu. Umthetho wobugebengu ujezisa ububi futhi unqanda ubugebengu ukuze uvikele umphakathi.
  • [ Iziphazamiso: Amacala okuphulwa kwesivumelwano (i-civil) v. umshushisi wecala.

Lokhu kungafani kuqokomisa ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni awukona ukusola abantu ngokuziphatha noma ukujezisa uhulumeni; uphathelene nokuxazulula ukungaboni ngaso linye kwabantu ngokufanelekile nangokuhlelekile. Kwezinye izimo, isenzakalo esisodwa singabangela kokubili ukumangalelwa komphakathi nokumangalelwa kwecala lobugebengu, ngokwesibonelo, umshayeli odakiwe obangela ingozi ebulalayo angase abhekane kokubili nelungelo elingalungile lokubulala lomkhaya wesisulu kanye nesimangalo sobugebengu sokubulala abantu abadukile.

Izinhlobo Ezinkulu Zecala Lomthetho Wangaphakathi

Imithetho yombango ihlanganisa imisebenzi eminingi yabantu.

Umthetho Ongenamthetho

Izivumelwano zingokomthetho. Uma omunye ehluleka ukwenza njengesithembiso (ukuncitshiswa kwesivumelwano), omunye angamangalela ukulimala. Izibonelo zihlanganisa umthelisi ohluleka ukuletha izimpahla, umakhi oshiya iprojekthi engapheli, noma umephu owephula umthetho wesivumelwano. Umthetho wesivumelwano uyisisekelo sezentengiselwano nentengiselwano yansuku zonke.

Umthetho Ongenamthetho

Amatort angamaphutha omphakathi abangela ukulimala noma ukulahlekelwa, okunye ngaphandle kokuphulwa kwesivumelwano. Ahlanganisa ignocence (umz., izingozi zemoto, ukungasebenzi kahle kwemisebenzi yezokwelapha), izinqanda-mbilini [ [umk., ukuhlasela, ukuhlawulisa, ukuphambuka), , [[FLT] imposiso] eyingozi (umk.g., imikhiqizo engalungile). Umthetho uhlongoze ukukhokhisa izisulu nokuziphatha okulimazayo.

Umthetho Wempahla

Izimpikiswano zempahla zihilela ukuba nendawo, ukusetshenziswa, nemingcele yezindawo noma impahla yomuntu siqu. Izindaba ezivamile zihlanganisa izingxabano ezilawula indawo yokuhlala, izingxabano zomngcele phakathi komakhelwane, ukuncishiswa kwempahla, kanye nokufunwa kwempahla embi. Umthetho wempahla uqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo okuba nempahla ahlonishwa futhi agcinwa.

Umthetho Womkhaya

Umthetho womkhaya ulawula ubuhlobo phakathi komshado, abazali, nabantwana, izimpikiswano zihlanganisa isehlukaniso, ukuwinwa kwabantwana nokusekelwa, ubukhonyane, ukutholwa, nobudlova basekhaya. Lezizindaba ziwumthetho ovikela kakhulu, futhi umthetho wesizwe unikeza inqubo ehleliwe yokuzixazulula ngesizotha nangokungakhethi.

Umthetho Womsebenzi

Izingxabano phakathi kwabaqashi nezisebenzi ngokuvamile zingaphansi komthetho kahulumeni, kuhlanganise nokulahlekelwa iholo nehora, ukucwaswa emsebenzini, nokuphulwa kwezivumelwano zemisebenzi.

Umthetho Webhizinisi Nomthetho Wezomthetho

Izinhlangano zamabhizinisi zivame ukusebenzisa umthetho wezwe ukuze zixazulule izingxabano mayelana namalungelo ezimali, izivumelwano zobudlelwane, ukuhlanganiswa kwempahla, ukuphambaniswa kwempahla nezimfihlo zezohwebo. Izinkantolo zombango zinikeza indawo lapho izinkampani zingawaphoqelela khona amalungelo azo ezentengiselwano ngaphandle kokuphazamisa imisebenzi yezentengiselwano.

Amalungelo Omphakathi Omthetho - sisekelo

Nakuba ngokuvamile izivumelwano zomthetho - sisekelo zihilela uhulumeni, umthetho kahulumeni uvumela abantu ngabanye ukuba bamangale ngokuphulwa kwamalungelo omphakathi njengokungathi baphule amalungelo ezakhamuzi, ukucwaswa kwezindlu, noma ukwephulwa kwemithetho ethile.

Inqubo Yokumangalela Emphakathini: Kusuka Ekukhononeni Kuya Ekwahluleleni

Izingxabano zombango zingaxazululwa ngokuxoxisana, ukuqulisana noma ukuqulwa kwecala. Uma kudingeka, inqubo ilandela lezi zinyathelo:

Ukuhola

I-paltiff i-falkt ichaza ngenkantolo efanelekile, isho amaqiniso nesisekelo esingokomthetho secala. Ummangalelwa kumele aphendule impendulo[, avume noma aphike izikhalo, futhi angafaka futhi i-'FLT'reamtaim[' athele ummangali [[FLT]] . Uma ummangalelwa ehluleka ukuphendula, kungangena isahlulelo sephutha.

2. Ukuthola

Bobabili abahilelekile bashintshana ngokwaziswa nobufakazi bokwakha izigwegwe zabo. Amathuluzi okuthola ahlanganisa ukuveza ama-revolution (imibuzo ebhaliwe), izikhala [ (ubufakazi obubodwa obungaphansi kokufungisa), iziqu zamaphepha [, [[FLT]] iziqu zamathuba okuvuma [. Lengxenye ingaba lukhuni futhi ibiza, kodwa iqinisekisa ukuthi zombili izinhlangothi zinethuba elifanele lokuveza amaqiniso abalulekile.

3. Ukuhamba Kwangaphambili

Noma yimuphi umuntu angacela inkantolo ukuba inqume izindaba ezithile ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala. isisusa sokwahlulela ngokufushanisiwe [[[FT:1] siphikisa ngokuthi amaqiniso aphikwa futhi umkhakha oshukumisayo unelungelo lokwahlulela njengendaba yomthetho, ukugwema ukuqulwa kwecala. Okunye ukuthatha isinyathelo kungabekela inselele ukugcinwna noma ukufuna ukungabutholi ubufakazi obuthile.

4. Ukuqulwa Kwecala

Uma icala lingaxazululwa, liqhubekela enkantolo (hhayi phambi komahluleli ( ukuqulwa kwecala lebentshi ) noma ijaji. Zombili izinhlangothi zinikeza ubufakazi nezimpikiswano. Ekuqulweni kwejaji, ijaji linquma amaqiniso futhi likhiphe isinqumo; umahluleli ukhipha isahlulelo esisekelwe kulesosinqumo. Ecaleni lebhentshi, umahluleli unquma kokubili amaqiniso nomthetho.

5. Ukwahlulela Nezindlela Zokwelapha

Kungase kudingeke nokuba lowo muntu alahlekelwe akhokhe izindleko zenkantolo futhi kwezinye izimo, izindleko ezingokomthetho uma zigunyazwe umthetho noma isivumelwano.

Ukukhanga

Nganoma yiliphi iqembu lingadlulisa isahlulelo enkantolo ephakeme, liphikisa ngokuthi inkantolo yecala yenze iphutha elingokomthetho. Izikhalo azizona izaba zokudluliswa kwecala; zigxila ekutheni umthetho usetshenziswe kahle yini. Izikhalo eziningi zinqunywa iqembu labahluleli elibukeza izincazelo ezibhalwe kafushane nezingalathiwe ngomlomo.

Enye Impikiswano

Ngoba ukunikeza isikhathi esilinganayo nokubizayo, umthetho wesizwe ukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwe i-Alterntive Dispute Resolution (ADR) izindlela. I-ADR ivumela izingxabano ukuba zixazulule izimpikiswano ngaphandle kwenkantolo, ngokuvamile ngesivinini esikhulu, ngezindleko eziphansi, nangokuvumelana nezimo. Izinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko yi:

Isiphazamiso

Iqembu lesithathu elingathathi hlangothi, umlamuleli, lisiza ukukhulumisana phakathi kwamaqembu aphikisanayo futhi liwasiza ukuba ahlole ukukhetha kwesivumelwano esamukelekayo. Ukubuyisana akusona isivumelwano esibophayo; umlamuleli akaphoqeleli sinqumo. Sisetshenziswa kabanzi emthethweni womkhaya, ezingxabanweni zebhizinisi, nezingxabano zomphakathi. Izinkantolo eziningi zidinga amaqembu ukuba azame ukunqanda ukuqulwa ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala.

Ukudluliselwa Kwezindawo

Kumthetho wokungathathi hlangothi, ilungu lesithathu (ummeli) lizwa ubufakazi nezimpikiswano ezivela kuzo zombili izinhlangothi futhi likhipha isinqumo esibophayo noma esingabophi. Ukubopha ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa ezivumelwaneni zezentengiselwano, izimpikiswano zemisebenzi, nezivumelwano zabathengi. Imithetho ayiyona imithetho engokomthetho kunezenkantolo, futhi isinqumo singaphoqelelwa njengesahlulelo senkantolo.

Ukuzwana

Ukuxoxisana kuyindlela eqondile ye-ADR, lapho amaqembu exhumana khona, qhabanisa khona ngokuqondile noma ngabameli. (ukuze afinyelele indawo yokuhlala) Akukho muntu wesithathu ongathathi hlangothi ohilelekile. Ukuxoxisana okunolwazi kungaxazulula izingxabano ngaphandle kokuqhubeka okungokomthetho, ukonga isikhathi nokulondoloza ubuhlobo.

Ezinye izindlela ze-ADR zihlanganisa ukuhlaziya [ umthetho ocutshungulisiweyo [ (lapho kokubili abameli nabameli babo bevumelana khona ukusebenza ngokubambisana ekwakheni indawo ngaphandle kokuya enkantolo) kanye nokungathathi hlangothi kwasekuqaleni [[ (lapho uchwepheshe enikeza khona ukuhlola okungakhethi kwecala ukuze kukhuthaze ukuhlaziywa). Ukuthandwa okukhulayo kwe-ADR kubonisa ukuthambekela kwembulunga yonke ekusebenziseni kahle, kuncane kakhulu ekuqondeni ukwahlulela komphakathi.

Okwenza Umthetho Wangaphakathi Ubaluleke Emphakathini Wanamuhla

Ukubaluleka komthetho kahulumeni kudlulela ngalé kokumangalelwa kwabantu ngabanye, kuthonya ukuphila kwansuku zonke ngezindlela ezijulile:

Ukukhula Kwezomnotho Nethemba Lebhizinisi

Amabhizinisi adinga isiqinisekiso sokuthi izivumelwano ziyohlonishwa, izakhiwo zolwazi zivikelwe, futhi kuqoqwe izikweleti. Isimiso somthetho wesizwe esiqinile sinciphisa izindleko zokuthengiselana, sikhuthaza ukutshala imali, futhi sikhuthaza ukuthembana. Amazwe anezimo eziqinisekile zokugcinwa komthetho womphakathi adonsa ukutshala imali kwamanye amazwe futhi athole ukukhula okukhuliseke kakhulu kwezomnotho. NgokweWorld Bank, ikhambi eliphumelelayo liyisiboniso sezentengiselwano [[FLT:] esinguphawulo oluhle lwendawo yebhizinisi engcono.

Amalungelo Nabantu Abazithengayo

Umthetho wezembutho unika abantu amandla okumelana nezenzo ezingalungile. Uma inkampani ithengisa umkhiqizo okhubazekile, udokotela ohlinzayo wenza amaphutha, noma umninindlu ehlukumeza abaqashi, amacala omphakathi anikeza indlela yobulungisa. Ukumangalelwa kwekilasi kwenza abantu abaningi abafuna ukwenza okufanayo bahlangane, kwandisa amathuba okuthola ubulungisa kulabo abanemali elinganiselwe.

Ukuqina Kwezenhlalo Nentando Yeningi

Ngokufaka izingxabano ezinqubweni ezingokomthetho, umthetho wezakhamuzi uvimbela izingxabano ukuba zingabi ubudlova noma izinxushunxushu zombango. futhi uqinisa izindinganiso zentando yeningi ezinjengokulingana phambi komthetho, inqubo efanele, nokulandisa. Lapho abantu bekholelwa ukuthi bangaqulwa ngokufanele ezinkantolo zomphakathi, basengozini kakhulu yokuhlala ngezinqumo zomthetho futhi bathembe isimiso.

Ukuba Nemikhaya Nendawo Enhle

Izindaba zomthetho womkhaya zihilela ezinye zezindaba ezicasula kakhulu ngokomzwelo − ukuhlukanisa, ukuwinwa kwabantwana, ubudlova basekhaya. Umthetho wangaphakathi unikeza inqubo ehlelwe kahle ebeka phambili izithakazelo ezingcono kakhulu zezingane futhi ivikela amaqembu asengozini. Ngokufanayo, izingxabano zomakhelwane ezisezihlahleni, umsindo, noma ukuncishiswa kwemizwa zingaxazululwa ngaphandle kokuqeda izibopho zomphakathi, ngoba umthetho unikeza izindinganiso ezingathathi hlangothi kanye namakhambiselo.

Izinselele Nokugxekwa Komthetho Wangaphakathi

Abagxeki baveza izinselele eziningana ezisemthethweni wanamuhla:

  • I-Litagtion ibiza futhi iyalibazisa: Imali eshibhile, futhi ezinqibeni eziningi izibalo zisho ukuthi amacala angathatha iminyaka ukuxazululwa. Lokhu kuthinta ngokungenakulinganiswa abantu abafika bephansi abangakwazi ukuveza umdwebo ongokomthetho.
  • Ukulandela inqubo yomphakathi:[ inqubo yomphakathi imithetho, izimpawu, nomthetho oyisimanga ungadida abangewona umthetho, okwenza ukuziguqula kube nzima.
  • [[[NT.0] Imithetho ecacile: Amanye amahele athenwayo awanakwethemba ukuthi angathola indawo esheshayo, acindezela abamangalelwa ukuba bahlale kunokuba balwe.
  • [ Ukulingana kwemithombo yengcebo:[ ivame ukudlula abaphikisi, iqasha abameli abangcono nokuthatha i-patriging ukuze iphoqelele izindawo zokuhlala ezingalungile.

Izinguquko ezihlukahlukene zihloselwe ukuxazulula lezi zinkinga, kuhlanganise nokusetshenziswa kakhulu kwe - ADR, ukwenza izinqubo ezincane zokuzisholo zibe lula, izikebhe zemali ezizolimala, amalungiselelo okukhokhelwa, nokuxhasa izinhlangano zosizo olungokomthetho. Naphezu kwalezi zinselele, umthetho kahulumeni ulokhu uyithuluzi elibalulekile lokuxazulula izingxabano nokusekela amalungelo.

Indima Yemfundo Yomthetho Wangaphakathi

Ukuqonda umthetho wezakhamuzi akuyona nje into yabafundi bomthetho kuphela.

  • Qaphela ukuthi amalungelo abo angokomthetho aye oniwa nini futhi wazi ukuthi angalifuna kanjani ikhambi.
  • Yenza izinqumo ezisekelwe olwazini ezicini zomuntu siqu nezebhizinisi, njengokusayina izivumelwano noma ukuthenga indawo.
  • Yazisa ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okungokomlando nokungokwesiko kwezimiso zomthetho.
  • Hlakulela ukucabanga okugxekayo namakhono okuhlaziya ngokuhlola ukucabanga okungokomthetho nezenzakalo ezingokomlando.

Izikole eziningi manje zihlanganisa ukufunda okungokomthetho nezincwadi zomphakathi noma zomlando, zihlanganisa izihloko ezinjengomehluko phakathi komthetho wesizwe nowecala, indlela esebenza ngayo inkantolo, nendima yamajaji. Kubafundi abaphishekela imisebenzi yomthetho, ibhizinisi, isimiso somphakathi, noma umsebenzi wezenhlalakahle, isisekelo esiqinile somthetho wesizwe sibaluleke kakhulu.

Isiphetho

Umthetho wombango ufeza injongo eyisisekelo emphakathini ngokunikeza indlela enokuthula, ehlelwe kahle, negunyazwe ngokomthetho yokuxazulula izingxabano ngaphandle kwezinkantolo zobugebengu. Ikhuthaza ubulungisa, ukungalungi, nokulandisa lapho inikeza abantu namabhizinisi indlela ethembekile yokufuna izikhalo. Kusukela ezimpandeni zawo zasendulo zomthetho wamaRoma ezisebenzayo ezinsukwini zezivumelwano, izintambo zomnyombo, izindaba zomkhaya, nezingxabano zebhizinisi, umthetho womphakathi uhlala uyingxenye yesisekelo yokuhlangana kwabantu okuhlelekile. Njengoba abafundisi nabafundi behlanganyela nezimiso zawo, banikela ekwakheni okwengeziwe, futhi besebenza emphakathini lapho amalungelo amaRoma evikelekile, imisebenzi ephoqwayo, futhi izimpikiswano zingaxazululwanga ngamandla, kodwa ngokubusa umthetho.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola imithombo enegunya njenge Cornell Legal Information ye-panel Institute , iziqondiso zeMelikan American Bar Association ezindaweni zomphakathi[, kanye ne-encyclopedia engokomthetho engokomthetho enkantolo yomphakathi[[.]