Isiqalo: Isizathu Sokuba Inkululeko Engokwenkolo Ibaluleke Nsuku Zonke

Inkululeko yenkolo ivame ukuxoxwa ngezindaba ezingokomthetho noma ezingosini ezingokomthetho, kodwa ithonya layo elikhulu kakhulu liyenzeka ezimweni ezivamile zokuphila kwansuku zonke. Kusukela ezigqokweni esizigqokayo kuya ekudleni, kusukela ezinsukwini esithatha ngazo umsebenzi kuya endleleni esibingelela ngayo ozakwabo, izinkolelo zenkolo zihlela izinqumo ezingenakubalwa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuphila emphakathini ohlukene kusho ukuthi lamazwi okholo aphikisana ngokungenakugwenywa, futhi ngezinye izikhathi angqubuzana ngamalungelo nemikhuba yabanye. Ukuqonda indlela inkululeko engokwenkolo esebenza ngayo akudingekile ekuvikeleni izinkolelo zakho kuphela kodwa futhi nasekukhuthazeleni inhlonipho phakathi kwemiphakathi, imisebenzi, nezikole.

Inkululeko engokwenkolo ayiyona isheke elingenalutho lokuphoqelela izinkolelo kwabanye, futhi ayiyona nje indaba yangasese. Liyilungelo elinamandla elidinga ukulinganisela unembeza womuntu ngamunye nokuhleleka komphakathi, ukulondeka, namalungelo abanye. Lesi sihloko sihlola izisekelo ezingokomthetho zenkululeko engokwenkolo, indlela ezisebenza ngayo ezimweni zansuku zonke, izinselele ezivamile, nezindlela ezisebenzayo zokuqondisa izinhlobonhlobo zenkolo ngenhlonipho nangokuqonda.

Izisekelo Ezingokomthetho Zenkululeko Engokwenkolo

Ilungelo lenkululeko yenkolo lihlanganiswe emthethweni wezizwe zonke nasemithethweni yemithetho-sisekelo yezizwe eziningi. ISiphakamiso 18 seSimemezelo esingavumelaniyo samaLungelo Obuntu sithi “wonke umuntu unelungelo lenkululeko yokucabanga, unembeza nenkolo; lelilungelo lihlanganisa inkululeko yokushintsha inkolo yakhe noma izinkolelo zakhe, nenkululeko, kungaba yedwa noma emphakathini nabanye noma ngasese, ukuze abonakalise inkolo yakhe noma inkolelo yakhe ekufundiseni, ukukhulekela, nokugcina.” Lesici sibeka izinga lokulinganisela kwembulunga yonke, kodwa isivikelo nokulinganiselwa okukhethekile kuyahluka kakhulu ezweni.

E-United States, iSichibiyelo Sokuqala senqabela uhulumeni ukuba amise inkolo noma avimbele ukusebenzisa inkolo mahhala. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yachaza ukuthi nakuba izinkolelo ezingokwenkolo zivikeleke ngokuphelele, izenzo ezingokwenkolo zingalawulwa uma zingqubuzana nezithakazelo zikahulumeni eziphoqelelayo. Ukuhlolwa okufanayo kukhona kwezinye imibuso ebusa ngentando yeningi. Ngokwesibonelo, iEuropean Convention on Human Rights ivumela imingcele engokwenkolo uma “zidingeka emphakathini wentando yeningi” ukuze zivikeleke emphakathini, impilo, noma amalungelo abanye abantu.

Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi inkululeko engokwenkolo ayilinganiselwe. Asikho isimiso somthetho esivikela imikhuba ebangela umonakalo ongathi sína − njengomhlatshelo womuntu ongokwesiko noma ukuguqulwa ngenkani. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ilungelo lokubonakalisa inkolo lingabekwa imingcele eqondile emongweni ofana namajele, inkonzo yezempi, noma izimo eziphuthumayo zezempilo zomphakathi. Isihluthulelo siwukuthi noma isiphi imingcele kumelwe ithethelelwe, ilinganiswe, futhi ingangenisi. Ukwazi uhlelo olungokomthetho ezweni lakini kukusiza ukuba uqinise amalungelo akho kuyilapho uhlonipha imingcele ebekwe umthetho.

Imikhuba Engokwenkolo Ekuphileni Kwansuku Zonke

Abantu babonisa ukholo lwabo ngemikhuba eminingi ehlukahlukene ethinta indlela abasebenzelana ngayo nezwe.

Umthandazo Nokukhulekela

Kubaningi, umthandazo wansuku zonke ungokwemvelo njengokudla noma ukulala. AmaSulumane athandaza kahlanu ngosuku, ngokuvamile ngezikhathi ezimiselwe ezingase zingqubuzane nomsebenzi noma nezimiso zesikole. AmaJuda obuOrthodox athandaza kathathu nsuku zonke, nemithandazo yasekuseni edinga izingubo ezithile ezinjenge-refit ne-tefillin. AmaKristu angathandaza ngaphambi kokudla noma ngezikhathi ezithile. Abanye, njengamaHindu noma amaBuddha, bangaba nokuzindla noma imikhuba engokwesiko phakathi nosuku. Ukuhlanganisa lemizuzu yokuzinikela [1] Ukuhlanganisa indawo ethule noma ukwephuka okungaguquguquki kwezikhathi ezithile kungasenza isenzo esilula senhlonipho.

KumaKristu, iSonto liwusuku olungokwesiko lokuphumula nokukhulekela. AmaJuda agcina iSabatha kusukela ngoLwesihlanu ukushona kwelanga kuya ekushoneni kwelanga ngoMgqibelo. AmaSulumane ahlangana emithandazweni yangoLwesihlanu ntambama. Emazweni amaningi, imithetho ifuna abaqashi ukuba bavumelane nokugujwa kwenkolo ngaphandle kokuba kubangele ubunzima obungadingekile. Ukwazi lezizibopho kungavimbela ukuba abantu bathathe isikhathi ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuziphindiselela.

Imingcele Yokudla

Ukudla kuxhunyaniswe kakhulu enkolweni. Imithetho yokudla okungadliwa amaSulumane inqabela inyama yengulube notshwala futhi ifuna ukuba izilwane zibulawe ngendlela ekhethekile. Kashrut, imithetho yokudla yamaJuda, ngokufanayo iyayinqabela inyama yengulube nembaza futhi iyayinqabela ukuxuba inyama nobisi. AmaHindu ngokuvamile ayakugwema ukudla inyama yenyama, futhi adla imifino. AmaSabatha avame ukulandela ukudla okudla okudla okudla okunomfino. Lemithetho ithinta amadlelo asesikoleni, izikhungo zokudlela, imibuthano yezenhlalo, kanye nokuhamba. Izinhlangano ezinikeza izinketho ezihlukahlukene zokudla noma ukudla okunekamela ngokucacile isho inhlonipho ngezidingo ezingokwenkolo. Abantu ngabanye, ukuxoxa ngokucacile nangokuqonda amaphutha ayenzekayo inzuzo.

Imithetho Yokugqoka Nezithakazelo Ezingokwenkolo

Izingubo zenkolo zingenye yezinkulumo ezibonakala kakhulu zokholo. Abesifazane abangamaSulumane bangafaka i-hijab, i-niqab, noma i-burqa. AmaSikh agqoka izigqoko futhi ahlale engagundi izinwele. Amadoda angamaJuda angagqoka ikhippah ne-tzitzit; abanye besifazane abangamaKristu bagqoka izimbobo zekhanda. Izimpawu eziningi zenkolo . [1] Imidwebo, inyanga engaphezulu, i-Om-are ayizinsika njengetshebe. Izimpi ngemithetho yezingubo zokugqoka zivele emsebenzini, izikole, nezindawo zomphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, isitolo singase sicelwe ukususa isiphambatho senkampani, noma isikole ukuze kuvinjelwe ezinye izigqoko zekhanda.

Imithetho elwa nokungavumelani nemithetho ifuna abaqashi nezikole ukuba zikwazi ukwamukela izingubo zenkolo ngaphandle kokuba zibangele ingozi yokuphepha noma izindleko ezinkulu. Nokho, izimpikiswano ziyaqhubeka ngokuvinjelwa ebusweni emphakathini (njenge-niqab noma burqa) futhi zibeke imithetho emelene nezimpawu zenkolo ezinhlanganweni zomphakathi, njengoba kubonakala eFrance nase Quebec. Ukuqonda amalungelo akho kanye nokukhubazeka kwemithetho yokugqoka kukusiza ukuba uzisekele wena noma wenzele abanye izindawo zokulala ezifanele.

Amaholide Nemikhosi

Amaholide enkolo awekho nje ukuphumula; ayizikhathi ezingcwele zomphakathi, ukubuka, nokugubha. AmaKristu agubha uKhisimusi nama-Ista. AmaJuda agubha uRosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur, nePhasika. AmaSulumane ane-Eid al-Al-Adha. AmaHindu agubha iDiyali ne Holi. AmaBuddha agubha iVesak. Abaqashwa abaningi nabafundi badinga isikhathi sokuzilibazisa lemikhosi. Emiphakathini ehlukene, ikhalenda yenkolo egcwele intela yobukhulu bonke ikhalenda ishiya amaqembu amancane ahlukene. Ezinye izinkampani manje zinikela amaholide antantayo noma “ihlelo lobuhlobo bokholo. inqubo evumela izisebenzi ukuba zishintshe amaholide azo.

Izikole zingabhekana nezinselele lapho ukuhlolwa noma izenzakalo ezinkulu ziqala emaholidini angokwenkolo. Ukuqaphela nokuvumelana nezimo kwabaphathi kungavimbela abafundi ukuba bajeziselwe ukuqhuba ukholo lwabo.

Inkululeko Engokwenkolo Emsebenzini

Inkundla yomsebenzi iyindawo eyinhloko lapho inkululeko engokwenkolo ihlangabezana khona namaqiniso asebenzayo. Abaqashwa banelungelo lokukhululeka ekucwaseni okungokwenkolo, ukuhlukunyezwa, nokuphindisela. Nokho futhi banelungelo lokuhlala ngokulinganisela kwemikhuba yabo engokwenkolo, uma nje ingabangelanga “ubunzima obungabekezeleleki” kumqashi. Lomqondo, owenziwa e-U.S. ngaphansi kwesihloko se-VII of the Civil Rights Act nakwamanye amazwe angaphansi kwemithetho efanayo, udinga ukulinganisela.

Indawo Yokuhlala Enengqondo

Izindawo zokuhlala zingaba nezindlela eziningi: ukuhlela okuguquguqukayo komthandazo noma ukugcinwa kweSabatha, ukuvumela uhlelo olulungisiwe lokugqoka, ukunikeza indawo eyimfihlo yomthandazo, noma ukuthethelela isisebenzi emisebenzini engqubuzana nezinkolelo zaso (umz., ukunikeza utshwala uma buphula izimiso zenkolo). Inqubo ihambisana: isisebenzi kumelwe sazise umqashi wesidingo, futhi umqashi kumelwe acabangele izindlela ezinengqondo. .S.Active Oplorin Commission[[ inikeza isiqondiso esiningi ngalokhu okunengqondo nokunzima.

Abaqashi abakha impucuko ehlanganisa inkolo kuphela ngokubhala izinqubo ezicacile, abaphathi abaqeqeshayo, nangokunikeza izinzuzo ezivumelana nezimo . Ukuzichaza ngokuqondile indawo yokuhlala ecelwayo nokubonisa ukuzimisela ukuyekethisa kungaholela ekuxazululeni okwanelisayo.

Izingxabano Nezixazululo Ezivamile

Izingxabano zivame ukuvela lapho kuhlelwa uhlelo (isib., kufunwa umsebenzi ngeSabatha noma ngamaholide enkolo), imithetho yokugqoka (isizk., ukuvala ikhanda noma izindebe), kanye nokukhuluma okungokwenkolo emsebenzini (umz., ukuhlanganyela ukholo nezisebenzi ezisebenza nazo, ukucaphuna okungokwenkolo, noma ukuthandaza ezindaweni ezivamile). Isihluthulelo siwukuhlukanisa phakathi kwenkulumo yomuntu siqu nempoqo. Abaqashi banelungelo lokuveza ukholo lwabo kodwa hhayi ukuhlupha abanye noma ukudala indawo enobutha.

Amakhampani asebenzisa izimiso ezihlukahlukene ezihlanganisa uhlanga lwenkolo, ubulili nezinye izici ezivikelweyo, angazimisa futhi izindawo ezingathathi hlangothi zokuthandaza noma ukuzindla okutholakala kuzo zonke izisebenzi, kungakhathaliseki ukholo. Uma kuphakama izingxabano, ukufuna ukuxhumana noma ukuxoxa nochwepheshe bezenkolo, ngokuvamile kungazixazulula ngaphandle kokuziphikisa.

Inkululeko Engokwenkolo Ezikoleni Zabantu

Izikole zomphakathi ziveza izinselele eziyingqayizivele ngoba zikhonza izingane zazo zonke izinkolo (futhi azikho) futhi zisebenza phakathi kwemingcele eqinile engokomthetho. E-U.S., iSichibiyelo sokuqala siyayenqabela imikhuba yezesikole egunyaziwe (njengomthandazo ogunyaziwe wothisha noma wokuguqula abantu), kodwa futhi zivikela amazwi ayimfihlo asesemthethweni wabafundi. Lokhu ngokuvamile kuyaqondwa.

Amalungelo Abafundi

Abafundi bangathandaza, bafunde imibhalo yenkolo, bagqoke izingubo zenkolo, futhi baxoxe ngokholo lwabo nabanye abafundi, uma nje bengaphazamisa inqubo yemfundo noma bahlukumeze abanye. Bangahlela amaqedlgi angokwenkolo uma ezinye izinkampane ezingezona ezemfundo yangemva kwesikole zivunyelwe, ngaphansi koMthetho we-Uncility Acces. Izikole futhi kumelwe zihlalise izidingo zenkolo, ngaphandle kokuba ukwenza kanjalo kuphoqelele umthwalo onzima.

Nokho, izikole azinakuphoqelela abafundi ukuba bahlanganyele emisebenzini yenkolo noma ukubajezise ngokuyeka. ACLU inikeza imithombo ewusizo emalungelo omfundi angokwenkolo. Abazali kufanele baqaphele ukuthi nakuba izikole zingafundisa ngenkolo ngokungenaphutha (umz., izinkolo zezwe ezisesigabeni somlando), ngeke bakhuthaze noma balahle noma balahle noma yiluphi ukholo.

Izifundo Nezingqungquthela

Izindaba zivame ukuphakama ngokuphathelene nokuziphendukela kwemvelo, imfundo yobulili, nezincwadi ezikhethwayo. Abanye abazali benkolo balahla izinto ezithile noma izifundo. Izikole ngokuvamile kumelwe zihloniphe amalungelo abazali ukuze zikhethe izingane zazo emisebenzini ethile engqubuzana nezinkolelo zazo ezingokwenkolo, kodwa azikwazi ukuvumela abazali ukuba bafunde izifundo zabo. Ukulinganisela lezi zithakazelo kudinga izinqubo ezicacile nokukhulumisana okukhululekile.

Umgomo uwukwenza abafundi bazo zonke izizinda bazizwe belondekile futhi behlonishwa, lapho bengafunda khona ngezinkolelo ezihlukahlukene ngaphandle kokucindezelwa ukuba bazithathe, nalapho bengaluveza khona ngokukhululekile ukholo lwabo ngemingcele efanele.

Izinselele Nokucabangela

Inkululeko engokwenkolo ayiwona umgomo ongenampikiswano. Ihlala ibhekene namanye amalungelo nezithakazelo − ukulingana, i-LGBTQ, impilo yomphakathi, ukulondeka kwesizwe, nezithakazelo zezentengiselwano. Ukubhebhethekisa lokhu kucindezeleka kudinga umehluko futhi ukuzimisela ukuthola amakhambi ahlonipha wonke amaqembu.

Ukulinganisela Inkululeko Engokwenkolo Namanye Amalungelo

Enye yezindawo eziphikisana kakhulu yimpi phakathi kwenkululeko engokwenkolo nenzondo ngemithetho evimbela ukuhlukana kwabantu. Icala elihilela abathwebuli bezithombe zomshado, ababhaki, noma izinhlangano zokutholwa eziyenqaba inkonzo esekelwe ezinkolelweni ezingokwenkolo liye lafika eNkantolo Ephakeme. Izinkantolo zivame ukukala “isithakazelo esiphezulu” sokuvikela amaqembu angaphansi kwesigaba sokulwa“ nomthwalo wesilwi” ekuzilolongeni kwezenkolo.

Esinye isenzo sokulinganisela sihilela ukumelana kwezenkolo nokugoma, ukumpontshelwa igazi, noma ezinye izindlela zokwelapha. Phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVID-19, kwenziwa izicelo eziningi zokungadingi ngokwenkolo. Izikhulu zezempilo zomphakathi zidinga imijovo yokugoma ukuze zingene esikoleni noma zisebenze, kodwa ezinye zivumela ukukhulula okungokwenkolo. Lokhu kukhulula akulinganiselwe; akunakusetshenziswa uma zidala ingozi enkulu kwabanye. Isikhungo sokucwaninga somphakathi [[[FLT: 1]]

Ubandlululo Nobugebengu Obuyinzondo

Inkululeko engokwenkolo ayinanjongo uma abantu bebhekene nenkolo yabo. Ubugebengu bokuzonda izinkolo ezincane − kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuhlaselwa ukuhlaselwa kwenkolo okumelene nokuhlasela kwenkolo, ukucekelwa phansi kobuSulumane, noma ubugebengu bobandlululo lobuKristu — buhlala buyinkinga enkulu emhlabeni wonke. Ohulumeni banomthwalo wemfanelo wokuvikela zonke izakhamuzi ebudloveni nasesabiseni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imithetho yenzondo kumelwe ihlolwe ngokucophelela ukuze kuvinjelwe ukusho okungokomthetho okungokwenkolo.

Ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kwenkulumo ecasulayo nenzondo ebangelwa ubugebengu kubalulekile ekukhulumeni ngokukhululekile nasekuphepheni ngokukhipha izinkulumo ezihlukene ezingokwenkolo, ngokufaka imibiko yezenzakalo, ngokusekela ukuxubana kwezinkolo nokuzifundisa ngokwawo namanye amasiko.

Imibono Yomhlaba Wonke

Inkululeko engokwenkolo ibonakala ihluke kakhulu emhlabeni wonke. Kwamanye amazwe, kunenkolo kahulumeni futhi ukuguqula kuyadumazeka noma kuyajeziswa. Kwamanye, abangakholelwa ebukhoneni bukaNkulunkulu babhekene nokucwaswa noma izijeziso ezingokomthetho zokuhlambalaza. UMnyango woMbuso wase-U.S. ukhipha imibiko yaminyaka yonke ngenkululeko engokwenkolo emhlabeni wonke. Izihambi neziphethu, ukwazi ngemithetho yendawo ebucayi. Okuvikelelwayo kwelinye izwe kungaba ubugebengu kwelinye. Ngisho nakunyaka waseNtshonalanga yedemocracy, izinga lokwehlukana phakathi kwesonto nombuso (umz., iFrance’s lacité syceté expanest Germany’s internation).

Amacebiso Awusizo Okuhlonipha Ukuhlukahluka Kwenkolo

  • Zifundise ngokwakho [ ngezinkolo ezinkulu nemikhuba yazo eyisisekelo. Akudingeki ube uchwepheshe, kodwa ulwazi oluyisisekelo luvimbela ukoniwa ngokungahlosile.
  • [ Buza ngenhlonipho[ uma ungaqiniseki ngezidingo zothile.] “Unayo imingcele yokudla okufanele ngiyazi ngayo?” noma “Ungathanda ukuphuma uthandaze?” ubonise ukucabangela.
  • Gwema imiqondo[ esekelwe ekubukekeni. Akuwona wonke umuntu obukeka njengomSikh ongumSikh; akuwona wonke amaSulumane agcina imikhuba efanayo. Abantu mabachaze ukuthi bangobani.
  • [ sebenzisa izikhathi zomthandazo [ ekuhleleni umhlangano. Gwema uLwesihlanu ntambama kubangane bobuSulumane, kuMgqibelo ekuseni kumaJuda, ekuseni ngeSonto kumaKristu, njll, noma ukujikeleza kwesikhathi.
  • Yahlukanisa izinhlobonhlobo[ ngokufunda ngamaholide. Thumela i-“Happy Diwali” noma“Eid Mubarak” uma wazi osebenza naye ukuqaphela, kodwa ungamcindezeli ukuba achaze.
  • Advocate yezimiso ezihlanganisayo[ emsebenzini noma esikoleni, njengeholide elintantayo, amagumbi okuthandaza anezinkolo eziningi, noma izinketho zokudla ezihlukahlukene.
  • khuluma [ ngokumelene namahlaya enkolo, ukuhlambalaza, noma ukucwasa. Ukuthula kungachazwa njengesivumelwano.
  • Yazi amalungelo akho [ nezivikelo ezingokomthetho ezikhona. Uma ubhekene nobandlululo, bhala futhi ufune isiqondiso emithonjeni yabantu noma enhlanganweni yenkululeko engokwenkolo.

Isiphetho

Inkululeko yenkolo iyilungelo eliphilayo elidlulela ngalé kwemigoqo yesonto nezindawo zokukhokha inkantolo. Ithinta ukudla ngakunye, usuku ngalunye lomsebenzi, zonke izifundo zesikole, nanoma yisiphi isifunda somphakathi. Ukuhlonipha ukuhlukahlukahlukana kwenkolo akusho ukuvumelana nazo zonke izinkolelo; kusho ukwakha indawo ngabanye ukuze baphile ngokuvumelana nonembeza wabo kuyilapho behlonipha imingcele engokomthetho yomthetho nenhlala kahle yomphakathi. Ngokuqonda isivikelo esingokomthetho, ukwazisa imikhuba yansuku zonke yezinkolo ezihlukene, nokusingatha izingxabano ngozwela nangesizathu, singakha izinhlangano lapho inkululeko engokwenkolo ingeyona nje indlela engokomthetho kodwa ikhona ezuzisa wonke umuntu.