Ukuqonda Inqubo Efaneleyo Emfundweni

Inqubo elindelekile isisekelo somthetho-sisekelo waseMelika, eklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu uthola ukuphathwa kahle nokungakhethi kuhulumeni. Emfundweni yomphakathi, lesi simiso sisebenza ngokuqondile ngoba izikole zisebenza njengabadlali bezwe lapho ziyala, zisesha, noma zenza izinqumo ezithinta ukukwazi komfundi ukufunda. ISichibiyelo sesihlanu neseshumi nane lesine siqinisekisa ukuthi akekho umuntu oyophucwa “ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho.” Kubafundi, lokho kusho ukuthi ngaphambi kokuba isikole sithathe izenzo ezinjengokuxoxisa, ukuxosha, noma ukufaka kwesinye isimiso, kumelwe silandele ezinye izikhundla. Lesi sihloko sihlola izinga elifanele abafundi, ukubusa kwenkantolo ebumba amalungelo abo, nezinselele eziqhubekayo ngokuhleleka kahle.

Inqubo elindelekile

Inqubo efanele yemfundo inezilinganiso ezimbili: iprocedul ne - cansivat.

Inqubo ejwayelekile

Inqubo efanelekile iphathelene ne yesenzo sikahulumeni. Ezikoleni, lokhu kusho ukuthi ngaphambi kokuba aphuce umfundi isithakazelo esivikelekile (njengesokuya esikoleni), izikhulu kumelwe zinikeze isaziso nethuba elibalulekile lokuzwa. Indaba engokoqobo Goss v. Lopez imise isisekelo: ukusula izinsuku eziyishumi noma ngaphansi, abafundi kumelwe banikeze isaziso somlomo noma incazelo ebhaliwe yobufakazi, kanye nethuba lokuveza uhlangothi lwabo. Ukulalela okungakwesokudla, ukushayela kofakazi, nokudluliswa kwecala.

Inqubo Engeyona Inkinga

Inqubo efanelekile engathiwa inqubweni engathi inqunyiwe iyakukhetha futhi inengqondo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izinqubo ezisetshenziswayo. Inrham v. Wright [177]), iNkantolo ePhakamileyo yabuza ukuthi isijeziso esithathelwanayo ezikoleni asingqubuzani nenqubo edinga impoqo uma nje ingakasebenzi “eceleni, efingqiwe, noma engahlobene ngokuphelele nomgomo ongokomthetho kazwelonke wokugcina uhlelo. Nokho, inkantolo yamuva kakhulu iye yathola ukuthi isijeziso esinokhahlo noma esingalinganiyo nesobude besikhathi eside sokukhishwa kwezenzo zomthetho ezincane.

Icala Lenkantolo Eliphakeme Elachaza Amalungelo Abafundi

Gos v. Lopez[[FLT] [1] (1975]

Mhlawumbe inqubo efanelana nenqubo efanelekile, uGos ufaka abafundi eColumbus, eOhio, abalengiswa ngaphandle kokuzwa. INkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi u-5-4 ngenxa yokuthi umthetho wase-Ohio wanikeza ilungelo lemfundo yomphakathi, lelolungelo kwakuyinzuzo yempahla evikelwe yiSichibiyelo seNguquko se-145. I-Suspeon kuze kube izinsuku eziyishumi yabangela isidingo “sokuphana nje ngokwethukela nesivumelwano” phakathi komfundi nesikhulu sesikole ngaphambi kokuba ijeziso sithathe ukusebenza. Lezi zikolo eziphoqelelwe ukuba zithathe izinqubo ezimbalwa ezifanele zezelelwe izigele ezimfunda.

ker v.Des Moines Independent School School (11969)

`Icala eliyisisekelo samalungelo omfundi okukhuluma ngokukhululekile. Abafundi babefake izindonga ezimnyama ukuze baphikise iMpi yaseVietnam futhi balengiswa. INkantolo Ephakeme yaphetha ngokuthi abafundi “abawasebenzisi amalungelo abo omthetho-sisekelo enkululeko yokukhuluma noma yokukhuluma esangoni lesikole.” Izikole zingahlola kuphela inkulumo yabafundi uma “ngokungokoqobo iphazamisa” imisebenzi yesikole noma ihlasela amalungelo abanye. Lendaba yamisa ukuthi inqubo efanele ayivikeli kuphela impumelelo yenkululeko yezentethelelo kodwa futhi futhi ivikela izithakazelo zenkululeko yezezombangazwe.

New Jersey v. T.L.O.[[FL:1] (1985)

T.L., iNkantolo yakhuluma ngomthetho weSichibiyelo sesine wokuphenya okungacabangeli ezikoleni. Isikhwameni semali somfundi saphenywa uthisha omkhulu, saveza ugwayi nobufakazi bokuphatha izidakamizwa. INkantolo yathi izikhulu zesikole akudingeki zithole imvume, kodwa kumelwe zifune ukugcinwa, kodwa ukuphenyiswa kufaneleke lapho ziqala khona futhi zisesilinganisweni. “ukusola okunengqondo” kuphansi kunembangela edingekayo ngamaphoyisa, kodwa isaphoqa inqubo efanele yokuhlola igunya. Abafundi bahlala belindele imfihlo esese, kodwa isithakazelo esilinganiselwe ngokumelene nesidingo sesikole sokuphepha.

[[IFLT:0] Inraham v. Wright (1977]

Lelicala lalihilela abafundi baseFlorida ababegwedlwa kakhulu ngaphandle kwesaziso noma isigwebo sangaphambili. INkantolo yalahla impikiswano yokuthi isijeziso esingokomthetho sasidinga inqubo efanelekile ngaphambi kokuqondisa, ibusa leyo mibuso yamakhambi kwakunesijeziso esanele ngemva kwesijeziso. Nokho, iNkantolo yavuma ukuthi “isiphakamiso seSichibiyelo sesishiyagalombili esinqabela unya nesijeziso esingavamile asisebenzi ekuboshweni kwezingane zesikole njengendlela yokugcina isiyalo,” kodwa inqubo efanelekile esanele ekuvikelweni“ okungamelweni ukuba kuthathwe. ””

Isikhonkwane semfundo yeHendrick Hudson Central School District v. Rowley (1982)

Nakuba kungeyona inqubo efanelekile efanelekile, rowley wachaza u-Exters orsubtudefied Education Act (IDEA), oqukethe inqubo efanelekile evikelayo efanelekile kubafundi abakhubazekile. INkantolo yathi izikole kumelwe zinikeze “imfundo efanelekile yomphakathi" (FAPE) “ngokunengqondo ehloselwe ukwenza umntwana akwazi ukuthola izinzuzo zemfundo.” Abazali babafundi abakhubazekile banelungelo lokubekela inselele izinqumo zesikole ngokulalela okungakhethi, ukuzwa kwezindaba, kanye nesimiso sokunxusa okubonisa inqubo efanelekile yezenzwe ngezinga eliphakeme.

Honig v. Doe (1988)

[[FLT:] , iNkantolo Ephakeme yakhuluma “ngelungiselelo elihlala njalo” le-IDEA, elifuna ukuba umfundi okhubazekile asale ekungenisweni kwakhe kwemfundo kwamanje phakathi nempikiswano ngaphandle kokuba abazali nesikole bavumelane ngenye indlela. INkantolo yathi izikole azinakuxosha umfundi okuziphatha kwakhe okuyingozi kuwukubonakaliswa kokukhubazeka. Lokhu kugcizelela inqubo engcono edinga ukuvikelwa abafundini abakhethekile: noma isiphi inguquko ekubekeni izinkonzo ezisheshayo eqedweni kweqembu le-IEP, futhi imvume yabazali noma uhlelo lwenkantolo idingeka ukuze ikhutshwe.

Amahanoy Oce School District v. B.L. (2021)

Icala lokukhuluma elikhululekile lamuva, lihilela umfundi obhala ngokugxeka okuhlambalazayo kweqembu lakhe elikhuthaza abadlali basesikoleni lapho lingekho emakolishi. INkantolo yanquma ukuthi izikole zinamandla alinganiselwe okulawula inkulumo ye-campus, ikakhulukazi uma ingabangela ukuphazamisa okukhulu. Isinqumo siqinisa ukuthi abafundi bagcine amalungelo eSiphakamiso Sokuqala eqeshiweni sesikole, futhi isikole kumelwe sithathelwe izivumelwano zokuxoxisana nenkulumo ye-campanus. Lesi sinqumo sithinta inqubo efanele ngoba siphoqesha igunya lesikole ekukhulumeni kwabafundi.

Amalungelo Abafundi Adlula Isiyalo

Isivikelo Esilinganayo Nokuphikisana

I-Umeal Protection Clause yeSichibiyelo se 14 yeSiphendulo se-Dimension ye-Expand yenqabela izikole ekuhlukaniseni abafundi ngenxa yobuhlanga, ubulili, ubulili, ubuzwe noma ukukhubazeka. Isihloko VI se-Civil Rights Act ka-1964, i-IHTX yeSigqi seSigqi sezeko semfundo ka-19727, ne-Dectagement 504 ye-Rehabilitation Act zonke zinikeza inkxaso ye-statectry. Abafundi abathola isiyalo sokungalawuleki ngokwezimo zezeluleko-mfa, ngokungathi bangazifaka indiva intengo ephakeme kakhulu ku-Blall noma LGBTQ+ abafundi bemithetho yezemfundo elinganayo kanye nemithetho yezentengo yomthetho yezentengo yeze-ovange-omfauni. Umnyango wezemfundo we-Fricial ofisi ye-Crivigations (OCRC) uphendul) uphenduza izikha izikhulu ezise e

Ukucwaninga Ngamalungelo Ezindaba Zomuntu Siqu Nesikole

Ngalé T.L., izinkantolo ziye zahlola imfihlo yabafundi kwezinye izimo. Ekuhlolweni kwezidakamizwa zabadlali babafundi (Vernonia School Viedual v. Acton, 1995) kanye nabafundi abasebenza ngokuncintisana ngemisebenzi engaphezulu yesikole ([[FLT:]]] Board yemfundo. [[FLT:], 2002], iNkantolo Ephakeme isekela ukusolwa kokungabekezeli okungamanga okungakho ekhonweni kwesithakazelo sesikole ekusebenziseni izidakamizwa ezidakayo. Nokho, ukuphenya kwemida akukhuthanga ukunciphiswa kwemizwa kwemizwa kwemizwa ([FL:]]v6].[Foctred: 2,5], iSikole seSikole seSikole seSikole seSikole seSifunda seze-Fodri, izikhulu sezezezezezezezezelele seSikole seSikole seSikole seSikole

Amalungelo Abafundi Abakhubazekile

I-IDEA ne-Requep 504 zinikeza amalungelo afanele abafundi abakhubazekile. Noma iluphi ushintsho ekufakweni kwemisebenzi. − kuhlanganisa nokukhishwa kwemigede edlula izinsuku eziyishumi ezilandelanayo noma uchungechunge lwezinsumansuma ezimfushane ezikha uhlelo oluwuhlelo lokuhlola. / i-IDEA iqala ukubukeza. Uma ukuziphatha kuwukubonakaliswa kokukhubazeka, isikole asikwazi ukuxosha umfundi futhi kumelwe senze uhlelo lokuziphatha okusebenzayo futhi sisebenzise uhlelo lokuziphatha. Abazali banelungelo lokucela inqubo efanelekile yokuzwa, ukuhambisana neseluleko esingokomthetho, nokunxusa kuzwe noma inkantolo kahulumeni. Izikole eziphula lezi zinqubo zingayalwa ukuba zibuyiselwe umfundi futhi zinikeze izinkonzo zokufundisa.

Inqubo Efaneleyo Emfundweni Ephakeme

Nakuba ingxenye enkulu yesimiso esingokomthetho igxile kuK-12, inqubo efanelekile iyasebenza futhi emakholijini omphakathi namayunivesithi. Abafundi ababhekene nokuxoshwa noma ukukhishwa kwesikhashana isikhathi eside banelungelo lokuqaphela nokuzwa okunenzuzo, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokunikeza ubufakazi ne-expampane aminemine. Dixon v. I-Alabama State Board of Education[[[FLL:1] [1961]]), isekelo lesihlanu lenze ukuba abafundi ezinhlanganweni zomphakathi babe nesithakazelo esinesikhathi esiqhubekayo” eMbandleni eqhubekayo, futhi i-procedturical idinga ukuzwa ngaphambi kokuxoshwa. I-ISThitxFolmet ingakho ingenze i-okisiwe ngaphansi kwemiyalo yomphakathi. Ngaphandle kokunciphethiswa kwemiyalo yemfundo, abafundi abakwazi ukugcinwa ngaphandle kwemiyalo yomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho.

Izinselele Zamanje Zenqubo Efaneleyo Emfundweni

I - qaroārcine Ezokuziphatha

Izimiso zokuzivumelanisa ne-teo-lerdation ezithi zikhiphe noma zixoshelwe amacala athile − njengokulwa ngezikhali, izidakamizwa, noma izimo zokulwa − ngokuvamile inqubo emfishane efanelekile. Izinkantolo ziye zavumela lezimiso uma nje zisetshenziswa njalo, kodwa abagxeki baphikisa ngokungenakuqhathaniswa ukuthi zithinta abafundi ngemibala nabafundi abakhubazekile. Amanye amazwe nezifunda ziye zasusa isijeziso esingokomthetho sokulungisa imikhuba yobulungisa evumela ukuvumelana nezimo nokufakwa kwabafundi.

Izikhulu Zezengcebo Zesikole

Ukuba khona kwamaphoyisa ezikoleni kungasibekela isithiyo phakathi kwesiyalo sesikole nobulungisa bobugebengu. Abafundi bangaphenywa noma bahlolwe ngaphandle kokuba kwaziswa abazali, futhi izikhulu zingangaqeqeshelwa inqubo efanelekile yokuvikela izikole ezidingeka ukuba zinikeze. Amacala amaningana asenkantolo aye ahlola ukuthi izixwayiso zeMiranda ziyadingeka yini ekuphenyweni kwesikole; ngokuvamile, indinganiso iwukuthi umfundi onengqondo angazizwa ekhululekile yini ukuba ashiye ukuphenywa. Ukuvikela inqubo efanele, abameleli abaningi batusa i-astranda yokuqonda okubhaliwe phakathi kwezifunda zesikole namaphoyisa endawo achaza imingcele yegunya le-SRO.

Umehluko Okhona Ngokobuhlanga Nokungalingani

Imininingwane evela kuMnyango Wezemfundo we-Civil Rights Data Collegiants yase-U.S. ibonisa ngokungaguquki ukuthi abafundi abamnyama balenga futhi baxoshwa ngamazinga aphindwe kaningana kunabafundi abamhlophe, ngisho nangenxa yezenzo ezifanayo noma ezifana nezinye. Abafundi abakhubazekile babuye babhekane nokukhishwa okungalingani. Uma izikole zihluleka ukunikeza izinqumo ezifanele noma zingazinaki izivikeli zezemfundo, baphula kokubili imithetho efanelekile nemithetho elwa nokungahleleki. Uphenyo necala langasese kuye kwaholela ezinguqulweni zezimiso zezimiso zezwe eziningi, kodwa kuyaqhubeka.

Ukungaqapheli Phakathi Kwabafundi Nemikhaya

Abafundi abaningi nabazali abaziwa amalungelo abo afanele kuze kube yilapho kuvela inhlekelele. Izincwadi zesikole zingaba zigcwele noma zingcwatshwe kuyi-intanethi. Ngaphandle kokwaziswa okucacile nokufinyelelekayo, imikhaya ayazi ukuthi ingacela kanjani ukulalelwa, ukumelelwa, noma ukudluliswa kwesinqumo. Izikole zinesibopho hhayi sokunikeza izinqubo kuphela kodwa futhi ukuze zizenze ziqondakale. Ukudlulisela izincwadi zezincwajana ezilimini eziningi, ukuqeqesha ukuxhumana kwabazali, nokunikeza izinhlelo zezaziso ezilula ezilandelelwayo kuyizindlela eziwusizo zokuqinisa inqubo efanele.

Indima Yabafundisi, Abaqondisi Nabenzi Bomthetho

Ukusekela inqubo efanele akuyona nje isibopho esingokomthetho kuphela esifundisayo. Uma abafundi beqaphela ukuthi isiyalo sesikole silungile futhi sisobala, cishe bangabathemba abantu abadala futhi bahlale bethembisene. Othisha kufanele baqhubeke beqeqeshwa ngamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo, imisebenzi yokuhlolwa kokuphazamiseka, nokucwaswa okusobala. Abaphathi kumelwe baqinisekise ukuthi izimiso zokuqondisa ziyasetshenziswa ngokungaguquguquki futhi wonke umfundi athole ukucatshangelwa komuntu siqu ngaphambi kokuba kuthathwe isinyathelo sokuyekwa. Abaphathi bezomthetho namazinga ombuso bangaqinisa inqubo efanele ngokulinganisela ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo zobulungisa zokulungisa, nokuxhasa izinhlelo zobulungisa ezicacisa inqubo, nokufuna ukukhishwa kwemininingwane ye-data yomthetho. Izinhlangano zomphakathi, izinhlangano zomphakathi, nokukhubazeka amalungelo emisha kusiza izikole zamanje ezisezingeniswe ezisezingeni.

Isiphetho

Inqubo efanelekile yemfundo iyisimiso esinamandla nesibalulekile esivikela amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo wabafundi kuyilapho zivumela izikole ukuba zilondoloze indawo yokufundisa ephephile nehlelekile. Kusukela ekuzweni okudingekayo ngosuku oluthathu lokususa izinqubo ezingokomthetho, izinqubo eziningi ngaphansi kwe-IEA, isisekelo esingokomthetho sinikeza isisekelo sokulunga. Izenzakalo zezwe ezisuka ku ku-Gos ku-Mahanoy[[FLT]] ziyaqhubeka zihlela indlela izikole ezifanele ukulinganisela ngayo igunya nenkululeko yabafundi. Njengezinkinga ezinjengezerobro 06tolerdances, isikole, isikole, isikole esihlala sikhona, futhi abaqondisi abadinga ukufundiswa nokusetshenziswa ngokusemthethweni.

Imithombo Yengcebo Eyengeziwe