Incazelo Nemvelaphi Yenqubo Efanele

Inqubo eyisisekelo engokomthetho eqinisekisa ukuphathwa kahle ngesimiso sokwahlulela esivamile, ikakhulukazi njengelungelo losakhamuzi lokuqaphela nethuba lokuzwa kunoma yisiphi isiphi isigaba somthetho. Lomqondo unomsuka ojulile eMthethweni wesiNgisi ovamile, osukela emuva eMagna Carta ka-1215, owathi akukho muntu okhululekile ongase abanjwa noma aboshwe ngaphandle kokwahlulela okungokomthetho kwabalinganayo noma ngomthetho wezwe. Kamuva lesi simiso safakwa eSigqini sesihlanu somthetho we-U.S. Umthetho-Constitution ngo-1791, ethi akukho muntu owenziwa "owe ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo engokomthetho yokuvikela edluliselwe ezinqubeni zezwe ngohulumeni ngo-1868."

Umqondo oyinhloko ulula: uhulumeni ngeke uthathe isinyathelo ngokuthanda ukumelana nabantu ngabanye. Kumelwe ulandele izinqubo ezimisiwe, ezilungile ngaphambi kokuba ususe amalungelo othile noma impahla. Kodwa inqubo efanele ayilona nje uhlu lokuhlola; ihlanganisa isibopho sokungaguquguquki okuyisisekelo, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isimiso somthetho sihlonipha isithunzi somuntu nokubusa komthetho. Ukuqonda inqubo efanele kukusiza ukuba uqaphele amalungelo akho lapho usebenzelana nezinhlangano zikahulumeni, izinkantolo, izikhundla zokuphatha, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nezinhlangano ezizimele ezisebenza ngaphansi kwegunya likahulumeni.

Inqubo Elindelekile: Imishini Yokwenza Okulungile

Inqubo efanelekile ye-procedical igxila entweni yesenzo sikahulumeni. Kudingeka ukuba ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni akuphuce ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, akunike isaziso esanele nethuba elibalulekile lokuzwiwa. Leligatsha lenqubo efanele livame ukucandwa futhi libonakala kakhulu ezakhamuzini ezivamile.

Isihluthulelo Senqubo Ehleliwe

INkantolo Ephakeme ichaze izici eziningana zokunquma ukuthi iyiphi inqubo edingayo esimweni esithile, ukulinganisela isithakazelo somuntu siqu esithintekile, ingozi yokuncishwa kwezimiso ezikhona, nesithakazelo sikahulumeni ekusebenzeni kahle. Nokho, izici ezithile eziyinhloko zidingeka njalo:

  • Notice: Kumelwe waziswe ngesenzo esihloselwe uhulumeni, isisekelo esingokomthetho sawo, nemiphumela engavela. Ngokuthungatha noma ngokufihla isaziso akwanelanga.
  • I-Opportunit yokwezwiwa: Kumelwe ube nethuba lokuveza uhlangothi lwakho lwendaba, kungaba ngokubhala noma ngokuzwa. Lokhu kungasukela engqungqutheleni yesimiso esivamile kuya ekuqulweni kwecala eliphelele nofakazi nokuncinwa kwesiphambano.
  • Isinqumo-uMenzi-Isinqumo ongakhethi: Umuntu noma indawo enquma ukuthi icala kumelwe lingathathi hlangothi, ngaphandle kobandlululo lomuntu siqu noma ukufakwa kwesiphazamiso semali ngomphumela.
  • [[UMBHA:0] Akwanele ukunikeza ubufakazi: Ungaletha ubufakazi obusekela ukuma kwakho, kuhlanganise nezincwadi, ufakazi, nemibono eqanjiwe.
  • Ekulungeni ekumelelweni okungokomthetho:[ Ezimweni eziningi, ikakhulukazi lezo ezihilela inkululeko ephawulekayo noma izithakazelo zempahla, unelungelo lokuba nommeli futhi usizwe yilowo.

Lapho Inqubo Evamile Esetshenziswa Ekuphileni Kwansuku Zonke

Inqubo efanelekile yokusebenza akugcini ezinkantolo zobugebengu. Ibusa ukuxhumana okuhlukahlukene phakathi kwezakhamuzi nombuso:

  • [[INTLO] Traffic and Parking Dicket: Ungancintisana nethikithi enkantolo, uphikisa ngokuthi ubufakazi abukusekeli ukwephulwa komthetho noma ukuthi awuyena umshayeli. Unelungelo lokutshelwa ngecala futhi unikeze isivikelo sakho.
  • [ I-Discopline ezikoleni zomphakathi: Abafundi ababhekene nokuxoshwa banelungelo lokuqaphela amacala nokuzwa ngokwethukela lapho bengachaza khona uhlangothi lwabo. Ukuxoshwa okukhulu kudinga izinqubo ezingokomthetho ezengeziwe.
  • Welfare and Social Security Infect: Ngaphambi kokuba izinzuzo zakho zinqanyulwe noma zincishiswe, kumelwe uthole isaziso esibhaliwe futhi ube nethuba lokucela ukuqulwa phambi komahluleli womthetho ophethe.
  • I-LondMondard-Tenpates Impostation Public Home:[ Uma uhlala emakhaya omphakathi noma angaphansi, ukuxoshwa kwezakhiwo kumelwe kulandele izimfuneko eziqinile zenqubo edingekayo, kuhlanganise nesaziso esanele kanye nokulalela.
  • I-Maricensing:[ Odokotela, abameli, nabanye ochwepheshe abagunyaziswe imvume ababhekene nokuchithwa kwemvume yabo kumelwe banikezwe ikhambi elilungile phambi kwebhodi yokulungisa.
  • [ Intela yentela ephucukileyo: Abanikazi bekhaya bangabekela inselele izilinganiso zempahla yabo phambi kwebhodi ezimele, banikeze ubufakazi benani lempahla.

Lezi zibonelo zibonisa ukuthi inqubo yokuzivumelanisa nenqubo iwukuzivikela nsuku zonke kuhulumeni ozibusayo, uvikela yonke into emvumeni yakho yokushayela yokuziphilisa.

Inqubo Eyisisekelo Elindelekile: Ukuvikela Inkululeko Eyisisekelo

Inqubo eyisisekelo eyimfundiso ephikisana kakhulu nengaguquguquki. Ayibuzi nje ukuthi yiziphi izinqubo ezalandelwa, kodwa ukuthi uhulumeni unomqondo owanele wokuthatha isinyathelo. Ivikela amalungelo athile ayisisekelo ekuphazanyisweni nguhulumeni, ngisho noma izinqubo ezisetshenziswayo zilungile ngokuphelele.

Ilungelo Lokufuna Ukuba Wedwa Nokuzithulela

Inqununu edumile ebangela ukungazihlanganisi nenqubo ethandwa kakhulu ikhathalela ukuzimela nokungafihliwe. Griswold v.Connecticut [65], iNkantolo yawisa umthetho ovimbela ukuvimbela inzalo kwemibhangqwana eshadile, ithola ilungelo lokungena yimfihlo emshadweni. Roe v. [[FLT][FLT]] [[3] [1977]]), iNkantolo yandisa lokhu ngelungelo lowesifazane lokukhetha ukukhishwa kwezisu ngaphansi kwenqubo efanelekile yeNguqulo ye-14. Muva nje, kusanda kuthola ilungelo elifaneleyo enqubeni yokukhipha isisu. [[FLD:] "OLT] v , (2011], iNkakhulu leNkantolo olufanele ukuvikelwa kwendlela eqinile, ukuvikelwa inqubo efanayo ye-yokunxeba. [ye-G.] [FL: 0: 4]]]

Lezi zimo zibonisa ukuthi inqubo efanelekile emisiwe ilinganisela [ imithetho, hhayi izinqubo ezisetshenziselwa ukuyenza iphoqelelwe. Kudinga ukuba noma yimuphi umthetho owephulayo elungeni eliyisisekelo usebenzise isithakazelo sikahulumeni esiphoqelelayo futhi uhloselwe ukufinyelela lesosithakazelo.

Yini Ebhekwa Njengelungelo Eliyisisekelo?

INkantolo ePhakeme ibiqaphe kakhulu ngokwandisa uhlu lwamalungelo ayisisekelo ngaphansi kwenqubo efanelekile.

  • [[[QL:0] Ilungelo lobuqotho bomkhaya: Ilungelo lokushada, ukuhlala ndawonye njengomkhaya, ukuba nabantwana, nokukhulisa (kuhlanganise nelungelo lokwenqaba ukwelashwa okungafunwa).
  • Amalungelo obuqotho bobubili: Ilungelo lokwenqaba ukwelashwa okungaphili, ilungelo lokumelana nokungena okungafunwa ngokomzimba, nelungelo lokwenza izinqumo ngomzimba womuntu siqu (ngemingcele).
  • [[I- Ilungelo lokwenza izinqumo eziyisifuba mayelana nokuvimbela inzalo, ubuhlobo bobulili, nomshado.
  • [ Ilungelo lokuhamba: Ilungelo lokuhamba ngokukhululekile phakathi kwezifundazwe nokusuka ngaphandle kwemingcele kahulumeni.
  • Amalungelo o Vote: Ilungelo lokuvota kukhetho liyilungelo eliyisisekelo elivikelwe kokubili ngaphansi kwenqubo efanele nezinombolo ezilinganayo zokuvikela.

Izimpikiswano Namahlaya

Inqubo efanelekile engabonakali ngokuvamile igxekwa abahluleli bokuqala abaphikisa amajaji akumelwe basungule amalungelo amasha angahlelwanga ngokuqondile eMthethweni. Abanye bawavikela njengokubalulekile ekuvikeleni inkululeko ekufinyeleleni okukhulu. Lemfundiso ihlala iyindawo yempi ehlala ikhona emthethweni-sisekelo, ngokuphikisana okuqhubekayo ngokuthi amalungelo anjengokukhishwa kwesisu yini, ukusizwa ukuba uzibulele, kanye nokuzichaza kwabesilisa kuyavikelwa ngaphansi kwenqubo efanele.

Inqubo Efaneleyo Esimisweni Sokwahlulela Kwesigebengu

Isimiso sokwahlulela kobugebengu silapho amalungelo afanele enqubo esengozini kakhulu. IziNguqulo zesihlanu nezesithupha ziqinisekisa ukuthi umuntu omangalelwe uzoba nesivikelo esiningi:

  • [[NTL:0] Ilungelo lokuhlala uthule: Awukwazi ukuphoqelelwa ukuba ufakaze ngawe ngokwakho. Isixwayiso se Miranda ``" Unelungelo lokuthula"" qha, ukusetshenziswa okuqondile kwalelilungelo.
  • Ilungelo lokweluleka: Uma ungakwazi ukuthenga ummeli, omunye uzomiswa kuwe. Lokhu kunamathisela okulungile lapho inqubo yokuhlela iqala futhi inwebeka kuzo zonke izigaba ezibucayi zendaba.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elisheshayo nomphakathi: Kumelwe ulethwe ecaleni ngesikhathi esinengqondo nasenkantolo esobala.
  • Ilungelo kuJury ongakhethi: Ijaji kumelwe likhethwe emphakathini futhi lingacwaswa.
  • Ilungelo lokubhekana noFakazi: Ungabona i-examine ebekwe kuwe.
  • Ilungelo lokuququzelela oFakazi: Ungafakaza ngani.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Isivikelo ekumelaneni no-Reopardy ophindwe kabili: Awukwazi ukuzama kabili ngenxa yobugebengu obufanayo.
  • [ Ukuvikelwa ekuphatheni unya nesijeziso esingavamile: Izigwebo kumelwe zibe nokulingana.

Lezi sivikelo ziqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nalabo abamangalelwa ngobugebengu obukhulu kakhulu baphathwa njengabantu abahlotshiswe, hhayi njengezici zombuso. Isimiso esidumile esivela kwi-winship (1970) simi ukuthi zonke izici zobugebengu kumelwe zifakazelwe ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo.]

Izinselele Zanamuhla Zenqubo Efanele

Naphezu kohlu lozalo lwayo lwasendulo, inqubo efanele ibhekene nezinselele ezinkulu emphakathini wanamuhla.

Ukuthola Iseluleko Esingokomthetho

Ilungelo lokwelulekwa ezicabeni zobugebengu lisebenza kuphela uma kubekwa isijeziso esiqondile sokuboshwa. Amacala omphakathi − njengokuxoshwa, ukuwinwa kwezingane, ukudingiswa, noma inzuzo, − akukho lungelo lomthetho-mmeli okhululekile. Abaningi abathola izikhalazo eziphansi babhekana nalezi zenzo zokubulala ngaphandle kophawu olungokomthetho, ukuwalulaza kakhulu amandla abo okuvikela ngokungakhethi. Izinhlangano ezingokwasemthethweni zifeza ingxenyana kuphela yalabo abaswele, zishiya igebe elikhulu ekufinyeleleni ekwahlulelweni.

Ubunkimbinkimbi Bombuso Kahulumeni

Izinhlangano zezobuqondisi zanamuhla − njenge-Social Security Administration, i-Derrement of Veterans Affairs, kanye namabhodi ezindawo zendawo . . Lokhu kulandela izigidi zezindlebe unyaka ngamunye. Lokhu kulandela imithetho yabo, engadida futhi esabise abantu. Izindlela zokuhlela zinde, izenzakalo zifinyele, izenzakalo zifinyelelwe, futhi inqwaba yezenzakalo isho ukuthi ukuzwa kungasheshiswa. Lokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi kuvame ukuvimbela abantu ukuba basebenzise amalungelo abo afanele, kuvumele izinqumo zokuphatha ukuba zihambe zingasebenzi.

Ukuthunyelwa Kwamandla Okufuduka

Izindaba zokuthungatha ziwumthetho, hhayi ubugebengu, kodwa zingaholela ekudingisweni (ukukhishwa) okunzima kakhulu kunesigwebo sobugebengu esiningi. Izenqabelo ezingokomthetho ezinkantolo zokufuduka zibuthakathaka kunasezinkantolo zobugebengu. Ngokuvamile abameli abakwazi ukufinyelela kubameli, izinkonzo zokuhumusha, nesikhathi esanele sokulungisa amacala abo. Eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, isimiso senkantolo yokufuduka siye sanqotshwa yizigwebo eziningi, okuholela ekuvalweni isikhathi eside futhi kuqulwe izindaba ngokushesha.

Ubuchwepheshe Nesinqumo Semininingwane

Ohulumeni basebenzisa kakhulu i-algorithm nezimiso ezizisebenzelayo ukwenza izinqumo mayelana nokuvuleka kwezinzuzo, ukuphamba, nokutusa kokukhomba. Lezi zimiso zingafiphaza, kwenze kube nzima ukuqonda ukuthi bafinyelele kanjani esinqumweni noma baphikise imiphumela. Ukuvela "kokuhlakanipha kokwenziwa" kuhulumeni kuphakamisa imibuzo emisha edingayo: Isiphi isaziso esidingekayo uma i-algorithm iphika ukusebenza kwakho? Ungabunikeza kanjani ubufakazi bokuncintisana nesinqumo somshini? Izinkantolo ziqala nje ukuphikisana nalezi zindaba.

Ukuphambana Nezenzo Eziphuthumayo

Izinqubo eziningi ezifanelekile zisebenza kuphela ngemva kokuba ukuncishwa kwenqubo kusenzekile. Kwezinye izindawo, uhulumeni angathatha isinyathelo kuqala futhi anikeze ukuzwa kamuva. Ngokwesibonelo, ilayisense yokushayela ingabekwa ngokushesha ngemva kokuboshwa kwe-DUI, kubekwe ukuzwa ngemva kokulalela. Nakuba ezinye izimo eziphuthumayo zithethelela isenzo esisheshayo, ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kokushendeza okuphakathi kwezindlebe okuphakathi kwenqubo yokuzwa ngemva kokuzwa kungaphazamisa noma kunganele. Lokhu kucindezeleka phakathi kwekhono lokulawula namalungelo abantu ngabanye kuhlala kuyisihloko esiphindaphindwayo enqubweni efanele.

Inqubo Efanele Nabenzi Bezenzo Abazimele: Isebenza Nini?

Inqubo efanelekile yoMthetho-sisekelo ngokuvamile isebenza kuphela esinyatheloni sikahulumeni. Kodwa kwezinye izimo, izinhlangano ezizimele zingabhekwa njengabadlali bakahulumeni abangaphansi kwenqubo efanele uma benza umsebenzi kahulumeni wesiko noma zihlanganiswe eduze nombuso.

  • Inkampani ethile yasejele ephethe ijele kumelwe inikeze iziboshwa inqubo efanele ngoba ukuboshwa kuwumsebenzi kahulumeni oyinhloko.
  • Iyunivesithi yangasese ethola imali eningi kahulumeni ingase ibe ngaphansi kwenqubo efanele ekulayweni uma ifeza umsebenzi kahulumeni.
  • Inkampani yezemishini elawulwa kakhulu futhi esetshenziswa njengeyodwa kungase kudingeke ukuba inikeze isixwayiso nokuzwa ngaphambi kokuba iqede inkonzo.

Nokho, abaqashi abaningi abazimele, iziteshi zezokuxhumana, namabhizinisi awaboshelwanga ngokuqondile ngenqubo efanele. Uma inkampani yomuntu siqu ikucisha, isusa i-akhawunti yakho, noma inqaba izinkonzo, ngokuvamile awunayo inqubo efunekayo yomthetho-sisekelo ngaphandle kokuba kungaboniswa isenzo sikahulumeni. Noma kunjalo, imibuso eminingi iye yamisa imithetho efuna izinqubo ezithile ngasese, njengezimfuneko zokuzwa ezifanele zokuxoshwa abanikazi bomshuwalense.

Imibono Yomhlaba Wonke Enqubweni Efanele

Umqondo wenqubo efanele awuqashelwanga e-United States kuphela. Amazwe amaningi aqaphela izimiso ezifanayo ngaphansi kwamagama ahlukene. ISimemezelo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu (Artle 10) siqinisekisa wonke umuntu "ukwahlulela okuhle nomphakathi ngenkantolo ezimele nengakhethi". Isivumelwano sezizwe zonke sibonisa ukuvumelana kwembulunga yonke ukuthi izinqubo ezilungile zibalulekile ekuqulweni kobulungisa. ECanada, ingxenye 7 yeCanadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms ivikela "ukuphila, inkululeko nokulondeka komuntu" ngezimiso zobulungisa obuyisisekelo.

Ukuqhathanisa izimiso zesizwe kwembula kokubili ukufana nokuhlukahluka. Imibuso eminingi ethuthukisiwe idinga isaziso, umenzi wesinqumo ongakhethi, nethuba lokunikeza ubufakazi ezingxabanweni zobugebengu nezezombuso. Nokho, ukulinganisela okuqondile phakathi kwamalungelo abantu nezithakazelo zikahulumeni kuyahlukahluka. Amanye amazwe anikeza amalungelo aqinile kakhulu ekukhululeni iziluleko ezingokomthetho ezindabeni zomphakathi; amanye anezinqubo zokuphatha ezihlelekile. Ukuqonda lokhu kungafani kungathuthukisa ingxoxo yasekhaya ngenqubo efanelekile yokulungisa inqubo eUnited States.

Izinyathelo Eziwusizo Zokuvikela Amalungelo Akho Okusebenza

Nansi eminye yezenzo ezingokoqobo ongazithatha lapho ukhuluma ngezenzo zikahulumeni:

  • Funda zonke izibonakaliso ngokucophelela:[ izinhlamvu ezingokomthetho, ama-imeyili, kanye nokubekwa kwezithuba kuvame ukuhlanganisa izikhawu kanye neziyalezo zokuncintisana nesinqumo. Ukuzikhipha kungalahlekelwa amalungelo akho.
  • Gcina amakhophi azo zonke izinto:[ Gcina zonke izivumelwano, amafomu, amarisidi, nobufakazi obuhlobene nendaba. Imibhalo emihle iyisici sakho esinamandla kakhulu.
  • Ucela ukuqulwa kwecala ngokubhala: Uma ufuna ukubekela inselele isenzo esihlongozwayo, thumela isicelo esibhaliwe ngeposi noma nge-imeyili eqinisekisiwe enobufakazi bokuhanjiswa. Lokhu kwenza indlela yokuhambisa iphepha.
  • Funa usizo olungokomthetho kusekuqaleni: Ngisho noma ungakwazi ukukhokhela ummeli, ukuxhumana nezinhlangano zosizo olungokomthetho, imitholampilo yesikole, noma izinkonzo ze-probono. Abaningi bangasiza ekucasheleni ngokungakhethi, emacaleni enhlalakahle, nasezingxabanweni zezindlu.
  • Yazi imithetho yenhlangano:[ Izinhlangano zikaHulumeni zinyathelisa izinqubo zazo kuyi-inthanethi noma ezikhonjweni zokuphatha. Zibukeze ukuze uqonde amalungelo akho kulowomongo oqondile.
  • Lungela ukuzwa: Hlela ubufakazi bakho, hlela uhlu lofakazi, futhi wenze lokho ofuna ukukusho. Fika ekuseni, gqoka ngenhlonipho, futhi uhlale uzolile.
  • Apple uma ulahlekelwa: Izinqumo eziningi zingadluliswa endikimbeni ephetheyo noma enkantolo. Ukuqaphela ukudlulisa icala kumele kugcinwe phakathi nenkathi yesikhathi esifushane.

Isiphetho: Isizathu Sokuba Ukuhlela Okufanele Kubaluleke Nsuku Zonke

Inqubo ayiyona inqubo engokomthetho engekho esemthethweni egcinelwe izinkantolo nezikole zomthetho. Liyithuluzi elisebenzayo elikuvikela njalo lapho usebenzelana nohulumeni . "Uyazikhokha izintela, ubhalise esikoleni, usebenzise ilayisense, noma ubhekene nethikithi lezimoto. Kuqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni ngeke akuphathe njengesibonelo nje, kodwa kumelwe uhloniphe isithunzi sakho nelungelo lakho lokuzwakala. Yakha ukuthembana ngokulunga kwezinhlangano, ikhuthaza ukuthobela umthetho, futhi ivimbela ukusetshenziswa kombuso ngonya.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inqubo efanele umsebenzi oqhubekayo. Igebe le-aunic, ukushintsha kwezobuchwepheshe, kanye nezingcindezi zokuphatha zivivinya ukusebenza kwazo njalo. Ukuze isimiso sihlale silungile, izakhamuzi kumelwe ziwaqonde futhi ziwasebenzise ngentshiseko amalungelo azo, futhi ohulumeni kumelwe baqhubeke becwengisisa izinqubo zabo ukuze bahlangabezane nezindinganiso zobulungisa. Indaba yenqubo efanele ekugcineni iyindaba yenkululeko, ngisho nalapho izigxobo ziphakeme kakhulu khona, wonke umuntu ufanelwe ithuba langempela lokubekela inselelelo kahulumeni inselele.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola [[[QLT:0] i-Legal Information’s seshoory senqubo efanele, U.S. izinkantolo ezifundisa ikhasi enqubeni efaneleyo[, noma 's Project's project yenqubo enkulu efanele yezeNkantolo ePhakathi enkulu. Ukuqonda lemithombo kungakusiza ukuba uqonde ukuthi lesi simiso sithinta kanjani amalungelo akho emihla ngemihla.