Ukumangalelana kuyisinyathelo esingokomthetho esimisa imishini yokwahlulela iqhubeke. Kumelela ukushintshwa kwengxoxo noma isikhalo kusuka ekutheni kuhlelwe, ukubekwa kwecala. Ngoba umuntu ongaqanjwanga, indlela evela ekumangalweni okugxivizweyo ukuya ekwahluleleni kokugcina ingazizwa njengokuhamba ngenkampane ngaphandle kwebalazwe. Lesiqondiso sinikeza ukucaciswa okucacile, okuhleliwe kwezinyathelo ezenzeka ngemva kokuba icala lingenisiwe enkantolo, lidwebe amalungelo, imithwalo yemfanelo, nokucabangela okufanelekile kwabo bonke amaqembu ahilelekile.

UGenesise Womthetho: Ususuka Ekukhonondeni Uyokhonza

Uhambo lwecala lomphakathi luqala kudala ngaphambi kokuba ijaji noma amajaji azwe impikiswano yokuqala. Izinyathelo zokuqala ziklanyelwe ukwazisa iqembu eliphikisayo ngokusemthethweni ukuthi limelene nabo futhi limise igunya lenkantolo kulendaba.

Ukuphoqa Nokuphoxa Isikhalo

Ukukhononda kuyincwadi eyisisekelo yanoma ikuphi ukumangalelwa. Iveza ukusho okungokomthetho, isisekelo esiyiqiniso salokho okushiwoyo, nokukhululeka okuqondile okufunwayo, okungase kube ukulimala kwemali, ukudaleka, noma ukwahlulela okuhlanekezekileyo. Ngaphansi kwe-Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (FRCP), isikhalo okumelwe sibe "amazwi amafushane nasobala abonisa ukuthi ummangalelwa unelungelo lokukhulula." Lendinganiso, eqiniswa yize yecala elinjenge- i-Atlantictic Corp. v[FL:1] [FLT] [FLT]] ne-'ashcroct. v [FLT] [FFFFLT]]

Lapho isibhaliwe, isikhalo sifakwa kunomabhalane wenkantolo ofanelekile, kanye nemali ekhokhelwayo. Umkhohlisi kumelwe akhethe indawo efanele futhi aqinisekise ukuthi inkantolo inegunya eliyikho, (amandla okuzwa lolu hlobo lwecala) kanye nokulawula komuntu siqu (igunya phezu kommangalelwa). Lenkomi yokuqala iqala ngokomthetho isenzo futhi iqala iwashi le-procedalcury.

Izifushaniso Nenkonzo Yenqubo

Ukudlulisa isikhalo sodwa akwanele ukubopha ummangalelwa. Ummangalelwa kumele amezise ngokomthetho ummangalelwa nge- "inqubo," okuhilela ukuhambisa ikhophi yesikhalo kanye nendumiso. Ukunxusa kuyincwadi yenkantolo ephoqelela ummangalelwa ukuba avele futhi aphendule phakathi kwe-drama yesikhathi esicacisiwe, ikakhulukazi izinsuku ezingu-21 kuya ku-30 kuye ngegunya.

Inkonzo efanele iyimfuneko efunwa umthetho-sisekelo. Imithetho inquma ukuthi inkonzo ingasebenza kanjani ngokunembile, noma ngokuthunyelwa komuntu siqu, ishiyelwe kumuntu ofanelekayo endlini yommangalelwa, noma idluliselwe kumphathi onegunya. Kwezinye izimo, inkonzo ngeposi noma incwadi ivunyelwe uma ummangalelwa engakwazi ukutholakala. Ukwehluleka ukwenza inkonzo efanele kungaphumela ekukhipheni noma ekwahluleleni okungathandeki. FRCP] Umthetho 4 unikeza iziqondiso ezicacingisiswe kahle emyazweni nasensimini yenkonzo yenqubo .

Ifasitela Lempendulo Yomlweli

Uma esevivinyiwe, ummangalelwa kumelwe anqume ngokushesha ukuthi uzosabela kanjani. Okuyinhloko okungakhethwa yilokhu:

  • Ihele impendulo: Ummangalelwa uyavuma noma aphike impikiswano ngayinye ekukhonondeni futhi uqinisekisa ukuthi uvuma, njengomthetho wokulinganiselwa noma ukunganaki.
  • Uhele Uhlonze lokuxosha: Esikhundleni sokuphendula, ummangalelwa angabekela inselele ukugculisana okungokomthetho kwesikhalo. Ukuhamba ngaphansi koMthetho 12(b) (6) kuphikisa ngokuthi ngisho noma yonke into umfebe athi iyiqiniso, umthetho awunikezi ikhambi. Ezinye izizathu zokuxoshwa zihlanganisa ukuntuleka kwesimiso somuntu siqu noma indawo engafanele.
  • Funani ukwahlulela okuyiphutha: Uma ummangalelwa ehluleka ukuphendula, ummangalelwa angacela inkantolo ukuba ingene ekwahlulelweni okungahlulelwa, awine ngokuphumelelayo icala ngaphandle kokuqulwa kwecala lommangalelwa ongekho ngxenye.

Ukukhetha okufanelekile phakathi kokubhala impendulo noma ukuxoshwa kungakuthinta kakhulu ukushaya isikhathi nezindleko zalokhu kudla.

Ukutholakala Kwale Nkantolo: Ukuvumbulula Amaqiniso

Ukuthola ukuthi inqubo iwubuningi futhi ebiza kakhulu yokukhangisa. Yinqubo ehleliwe lapho umkhakha ngamunye eqoqa khona ubufakazi obuvela kolunye uhlangothi nakweyesithathu. Umgomo uwukuqeda izimangaliso ezikhona lapho kuqulwa, ucacise izimpikiswano, futhi ukhuthaze ukuxazululwa okusekelwe ekuqondeni ngokugcwele kobufakazi.

Ukwanda Nemingcele Yokutholakala Kwayo

Ukuvubukulwa kulawulwa yisimiso sobusebenzi. Ukuthatha kuvumela ukutholakala kwe "noma yiziphi izinto ezingelutho ezivumelana nokuzisho noma ukuzivikela komphakathi noma ukuzivikela okuvumelana nezidingo zecala." ukuthatha isilinganiso kucabangela ukubaluleka kwempikiswano ehilelekile, inani eliphikisanayo, imithombo yezimali, kanye nomthwalo wokuthola okuhlongozwayo. Izinkantolo ziyakwazi ukuvimbela ukuxhashazwa kwezenzo zobugqila, njengokuthi "ukudoba amashadi" aklanyelwe ukucindezela abaphikisi ukuba bangene.

Imithetho ye-Federal ye-Precediture ye-Civil mayelana nokutholwa idinga izimemezelo zokudalula kuqala ngaphandle kokulindela isicelo sokuthola, ngokuzenzakalela ukunikeza ofakazi abayinhloko, amaphepha, nokubala okulimaza. Le ngxoxo yokuqala ihloselwe ukuvala yonke lenqubo.

Ukungenela Nokucela Ukuvunyelwa

Amathuluzi amabili avamile e-litator’s toolkit izicelo ezibhaliwe zokuthola. Imibuzo ebhaliwe ethunyelwa omunye komunye, okumelwe iphendulwe ngaphansi kwesifungo, phakathi nezinsuku ezingu-30. Ngaphansi kwe-FRCP 33, umkhandlu ulinganiselwe ku 25 abaphenyi, kuhlanganise nezingxenye ezingaphansi, ngaphandle kokuba inkantolo ivumele okwengeziwe. Lemibuzo ingahlola izisekelo eziyiqiniso, izazi, futhi iboshe ikhalele ngezenzakalo.

Izicelo ze-RFAS (RFAS) ziklanyelwe ukuvala izimpikiswano zovivinyo. Bacela omunye ukuba avume noma aphike amazwi aqondile noma ubuqiniso bezincwadi. Uma ummemezeli ephika iRFA noceli weqembu kamuva bafakazela ukuthi iqiniso lisemzamweni, umphikisi angayalelwa ukuba akhokhe izindleko zeqembu elicelayo zobufakazi. RF njengethuluzi elinamandla lokumisa amaqiniso angaphikiswa futhi agxile ekuxazululweni okungavumelani neqiniso.

Izindawo: Ubufakazi Obuhlasimulisayo Ngaphansi Kokucindezela

Imithetho ingokomthetho, ukuhlola okuphilayo kofakazi noma amaqembu, okuye kwaqhutshwa ngaphansi kwesifungo nokubhalwa yintatheli yenkantolo. Ngokungafani nokubhalwa, ama-parediter avumela abameli ukuba babuze imibuzo elandelanayo, bahlole isimo sofakazi nokwethembeka, futhi "ubufakazi obubodwa obungasetshenziswa ekunikezeni ubufakazi kamuva uma befakaza ngokwehlukile ekuqulweni kwecala.

Ukulungiselela ukufakwa kwemali kuyagxeka. Ufakazi kumelwe abukeze amabhukwana ahlobene nokusebenza futhi aqonde imithetho yokufakaza, njengokulalela ngokucophelela umbuzo futhi aphendule umbuzo kuphela obuzwayo. Kubameli, ukuthatha ifaktha kuyithuba eliyinhloko lokuhlola ukuthi ufakazi uyokwenza kanjani phambi kwabasizi bejaji. Ikhono lokubhala imibuzo ecacile, ephumelelayo nokusabela ngokushesha ezimpendulweni ezingalindelekile liyisibonakaliso somkhuba wokuzikhangisisa onekhono.

Izicelo Zokukhiqizwa Nezokufundwa Kwayo

Enkathini yanamuhla, ubufakazi obuningi kakhulu buyi-mitayela. Ifuna ama-Rests for Production (RFPs) icindezela iqembu ukuba likhiqize amabhukwana, amarekhodi, nokwaziswa okugcinwe ngemishini (ESI) ukuze kuhlolwe futhi kukopishwe. Ukwanda kwe-e-revolution iye yaguqula indawo ye-ligitation eyinkimbinkimbi, idinga amaqembu ukuba alawule imiqulu emikhulu yama-imeyili, ama-data, namafayili emiyalezo.

I-e-revory ihlanganisa imithetho ekhethekile yokulondolozwa, ukuqoqwa, ukuphenywa, nokubukezwa. Imikhosi ivame ukuzwana "ngezindlela" ukuze ikhombe i-ESI efanelekile. Izindleko ze-e-avsure zingashaqisa, futhi izinkantolo zibeka imisebenzi eqinile eqenjini ukuze kulondolozwe i-ESI eyake yabhekwa njenge-asterigation ngokunengqondo. Ukuqedwa kobufakazi obuphathekayo (*) kuphumela ekutholeni izijeziso eziqinile, kuhlanganise neziqondiso eziqinile zejaji noma ukulahlwa kwezicelo.

Ukuthola Izazi

Uma icala lihilela izimpikiswano zesayensi, ofakazi abangochwepheshe benza indima ebalulekile. Le nqubo yokuthola ihlanganisa ukuthengiselana imibiko yemibiko yokuthi imininingwane esekelwe emibonweni yochwepheshe, imininingwane esekelwe kuleyo mibono, nezimfanelo zochwepheshe. Enkantolo zikahulumeni, indinganiso edinga abahluleli ukuba basebenze njengabagcini besango, baqinisekise ukuthi ubufakazi obungochwepheshe bubalulekile futhi buthembekile ngaphambi kokuba bunikezwe ejajini. Okutholwa ngokuvamile kubangela [[[FLT:]] ukuthatha izintambo , okuncintisana kakhulu nezimpi zezindlela zobuchwepheshe.

Izingxoxo Nemihlangano Yangaphambi Kwesenzakalo

Ngaphambi kokuba icala lifike enkantolo, ukulwa okungokomthetho kuvame ukuqhubeka ngezenzo zangaphambi kwecala. Le mithetho ifuna ukumisa ubufakazi, ukuchaza imingcele engokomthetho, noma ukuxazulula icala ngokuqondile.

Ukuhamba Kwesinqumo Esifingqiwe

Mhlawumbe ukunyakaza okulandelana kakhulu kwangaphambi komthetho yi- Motion for Compunt Judge [. Ngaphansi kwe-FRCP 56, iqembu linelungelo lokwahlulela ngokufingqa uma "kungekho ukuphikisana kwangempela nganoma yiliphi iqiniso eliphathekayo futhi i-movant inelungelo lokwahlulela njengendaba yomthetho." Lokhu kucela inkantolo ukuxazulula icala elisekelwe emaqinisweni angenakuphikiswa ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuqulwa kwecala.

Uma iqembu elishukumisayo lingabonisa ukuthi amaqiniso ayinhloko awaphikiswa, nokuthi umthetho uvumelana ngokusobala nohlangothi olulodwa, inkantolo iyothatha isahlulelo.

Ukuhamba ELimine

Njengoba ukuzama kusondela, ama-pat commons ama-Moosuty kuyi-Limine ukuze athole imithetho enikeza ubufakazi obuqondile ngaphambi kokuba inikezwe abahluleli. Lemiyando isetshenziselwa ukukhipha ukucwasa, ukungahambisani, noma ngandlela-thile. Ngokwesibonelo, umkhangisi angafaka umshini wokukhipha ubufakazi besakhiwo sangaphambili, noma ummangalelwa angafuna ukuvala izithombe ezibonisa ingcaca kunezekhombayo. Ukuthola isinqumo esihle sokuhamba kwe-limine kungaveza ubufakazi obuzwa yijaji.

Imihlangano Yangaphambi Kweziqu Nezimiso Zamakhambi

Izinkantolo ziphatha amadokotela ngokuzikhandla phakathi kwemihlangano yangaphambi kwezenkantolo. Umhlangano wokuqala ohlelwayo umisa izikhathi zokuthola nokuthatha isinyathelo. Ingqungquthela yokugcina yangaphambi kwecala, eqhutshwa ngaphambi nje kokuqulwa kwecala, isetshenziselwa ukuxoxa ngeziqondiso zokwahlulela, uhlelo lokwahlulela, nobufakazi obuzonikezwa. Umphumela uyi- Prequalition Order [, elawula inqubo yokuqulwa kwecala futhi ngokuvamile ihlanganisa uhlu lwamaphuzu ashiwoyo, uhlu lofakazi, nohlu lwemiboniso. Le mihlangano ifaka amacebo ayo okuqulwa futhi ngokuvamile isebenza njengethuba lokugcina lokulungisa.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala: Usuku Enkantolo

Icala linqunywa abantu abaningi abasolwayo. Nakuba iningi lamacala ezakhamuzi lihlala ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, lawo aquliswa icala alandela umbhalo ohlelwe kahle oklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi linesinqumo esinembile.

Ukukhetha I - “jury ” Ne - Voir Dire ”

Uma iqembu liye lafuna ukuba icala liqulwe ngejaji, lenqubo iqala nge- ishayelele, ukukhethwa kwejaji. Athorney nomahluleli babuza ukuthi kungenzeka ukuba abasizi bavune ubandlululo olungabavimbela ekubeni abangakhethi. Ama-athoney angashaya amajaji "ngesizathu" uma ubandlululo lusobala, futhi banamanani alinganiselwe ‘ ezinselele zokwephula" ukuxosha abakhohlisi ngaphandle kokusho isizathu (nakuba lezi zinselele zingesekelwe ehlangani noma ebulilini). Umgomo ungawaku-m i-Gaderal coutherorder elungile, elalela, futhi ekwazini ukuqonda ubufakazi.

Ukuvula Izinkulumo

Uma ijaji selifungiwe, uhlangothi ngalunye lukhipha inkulumo evulayo. Lena akuyona impikiswano; imephu ecacile, efingqiwe yalokho okuzoboniswa ubufakazi. Inkulumo yokuvula ephumelelayo ilandisa indaba eshukumisayo, iveza ofakazi abayinhloko nezincwadi, futhi ihlanganisa impikiswano enkulu. Yithuba lommeli lokuqala nengcono kakhulu lokubamba ukunaka kwejaji futhi imise izibuko zokulandisa lapho ubufakazi buzobhekwa khona.

Indaba: Ubufakazi NoFakazi

Umboni uhamba kuqala ngoba uthwele ubufakazi obuyisiqinisekiso.

  • Ukuhlola:[ Iqembu elibiza ufakazi libuza imibuzo evuleke obala ukuze lithole indaba yofakazi futhi lethule amabhukwana asekelayo.
  • Ukuhlolwa kwe-Cross: Ummeli ophikisayo unikezwa inkululeko ebanzi ukubuza imibuzo eklanyelwe ukubekela inselele ukuthembeka kofakazi, ukuhlola inkumbulo yabo, noma ukudalula ukungavumelani. Ukuhlola isiphambano ngokuvamile kubizwa ngokuthi "injini enkulu kunazo zonke ezake zasungulwa ukuze kutholakale iqiniso."
  • Ukuqondisa nokubuyisela:[ Umbizi unethuba lokucacisa izimpikiswano eziphambanisiwe, futhi umphikisi angasingatha noma iziphi izindaba ezintsha ezivela ekuqondiseni kabusha.

Ngemva kokuba ummangalelwa esesohlangothini lwakhe, angase athathe isinyathelo ukuze athole "isinqumo esiqondiswe" (Isinqumo esiqondiswe njengeMatter of the Law), ephikisa ngokuthi ummangalelwa wehluleka ukunikeza ubufakazi obanele ukuze asekele ukusho kwabo. Uma lokhu kunyakaza kwenqatshwa, ummangalelwa uveza icala lakhe siqu elilandela isakhiwo esifanayo.

Amampikiswano Okuvala

Ngemva kokuba bonke ubufakazi bunikezelwe, abameli benza izimpikiswano ezivezayo. Lena impi yokugcina elandisayo. Inhlangothi ngayinye ifingqa ubufakazi, iqokomisa amandla ecala labo, futhi ikhomba ubuthakathaka ecaleni lombangi. Ummeli uphikisa ukuthi kungani ukuqamba kobufakazi kuyabavumela; ummangalelwa uveza ukuthi kungani ubufakazi bufinyele noma ukuthi kungani izivikelo zabo zisebenza. Izimpikiswano ziwumbono wokugcina owejaji abahluleli bejaji bejaji.

Ukufundisa Nenkululeko

Ngaphambi kokuba abahluleli bathathe umhlala-phantsi, ijaji lifunda iziyalezo zobujukujezi [ [noma "inani]. Lezi ziyalezo zichaza umthetho okumelwe usetshenziswe emaqinisweni. Zichaza izici zezicelo nezivikelo, indinganiso yobufakazi ("ukuphenya ubufakazi" ezicatshangelweni eziningi zomphakathi), nemithetho yokuhlola ukuthembeka kofakazi. Ijaji laleyo ndawo ikhetha umbhishobhisi futhi ixoxe ngobufakazi kuze kufike isinqumo esihlangene (ecala lomphakathi) noma isinqumo esisekelwe enkantolo yomphakathi (ezinkantolo eziningi).

Isiyalo

Ijaji libuyela enkantolo futhi limemezele isinqumo salo. Isinqumo singaba isinqumo esivamile (ukusho nje ukuthi ubani ophumelele kanye nenani lemali echithwe) noma isinqumo esikhethekile (ukuphendula imibuzo eyiqiniso edluliswa yijaji). Uma isinqumo sesifundwa, abahluleli bangacela umahluleli ukuba "babese" baqinisekise ijaji ngalinye. Inkantolo iphinde ingene e- Judgment[[] esekelwe esinqumweni, esihlanganisa isinqumo sokugcina, esihlanganisa isinqumo senkantolo.

Izindlela Zokuhamba Nenqubo Yokufuna Ukubuya

Isiphetho secala asibonisi ukuphela kwecala. Olahlekelwayo unelungelo lokubekela umphumela inselele ngezenzo zangemva kwe-testry noma ukudluliswa kwesicelo.

Ukugxeka Icala Enkantolo Yokuqulwa Kwecala

Ngaphambi kokuba aphendukele enkantolo ephakeme, umkhandlu odangele angathatha izinyathelo ezicela umahluleli wecala ukuba agumbuqele noma ashintshe isahlulelo. Izimpawu eziyinhloko zangemva kwenkantolo zihlanganisa:

  • Ukumiswa kokwahlulela njengendaba yoMthetho (JMOL / "Umfashini Naphezu kwesinqumo"): Iqembu elishukumisayo liphikisa ukuthi ubufakazi babubodwa obungasiza ukuba kungabikho bahluleli abanengqondo abangase bafinyelele isinqumo esenze. Lena ibhande eliphezulu okumelwe bahlangane nayo.
  • Ukuthatha i-Motion ye-New Triunt:[ Lokhu kuhamba kuveza ukuthi iphutha elingokomthetho (njengeyalo yamajaji eyiphutha noma ukuvuma okungafanele) kwaphuca iqembu elishukumisayo lokuqulwa kobulungisa, noma ukuthi umonakalo onikeziwe uphakeme kakhulu noma awunele.
  • [[[INT.0] I-Motion to Amenst Ahlulel:[ isetshenziselwa ukulungisa amaphutha abefundisi noma ukucela inkantolo ukuba iphinde ihlole izinqumo zayo ezingokomthetho.

Ukudluliswa Kwamacala Okuya Enkantolo Ephakeme

Uma inqumbi inqatshelwa ukuthatha isinyathelo ngemva komthetho, umkhakha olahlekile angafaka Notice of Appeal enkantolo ephakeme, njengeNkantolo Yesifunda yesifundazwe yokhampaniso noma inkantolo yesifunda. Kunzima ukuqonda ukuthi isikhalo singu hhayi icala elisha [[. Inkantolo ye-appeltate ayibuzwi ubufakazi obusha noma ubufakazi. Kunalokho, ibukeza umbhalo obhaliwe wezomthetho, izikhangiso, futhi ibonise izimpawu."ukunquma ukuthi uma inkantolo yenza iphutha elingokomthetho elithinta umphumela.

Izigigaba zifaka imininingwane ebhalwe ngokuphikisana ngokuthi kungani inkantolo yamacala yayilungile noma ingalungile. Indinganiso yokubukeza iyahlukahluka ngendaba. Imibuzo yomthetho ibukezwa de novo [asemuva], kuyilapho okutholwa okungamanga kubukezwa "iphutha elicacile" izinqumo zobuhlakani, njengezinqumo ezisobala, zibukezwa "ukusebenzisa ukuqonda" ezimweni eziningi, inkantolo ye-appelllate izohlela [ral Conction [[FLT:]ral project:3] lapho abameli bephendula khona imibuzo evela eqenjini yabahluleli.

Inqubo kahulumeni yokuhlanganisa iklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuvumelana nokulunga ekusetshenzisweni komthetho. Inkantolo ye-appellate ingaqinisekisa isinqumo, iguqule isinqumo, noma iphindisele icala emuva enkantolo equlweni ukuze kuqinisekiswe ezinye izindaba ezivumelana nombono wayo.

Ukuphela Kokwahlulela

Uma ukudlulisa izicelo kuphele noma kususwe, ukwahlulela kuba okokugcina. Iqembu elikhona kufanele liphendukele ku [[FLT: 0] izinqubo zokuphoqelela ukuqoqa noma imuphi umklomelo wemali. Lokhu kungahilela iholo elikhokhelayo, ukubeka amasheke entweni, noma ukuthatha ama-akhawunti asebhange. Uma lowo olahlekelwayo encibilikile noma engafakwanga, ngisho nokwahlulela okunzima kungabonakala kunzima ukuqoqa i-$a inzuzo elungisa ingxoxo kusukela ekuqaleni kwendaba.

Isiphetho: Ukukhipha i - Procedural Labyrinth

Inqubo yokudlulisa inqubo ye-patualism ilandelana kwezindlela ezihlelwe ngokucophelela eziklanyelwe ukuguqula izimpikiswano ezingalungiseki zibe yizinqumo ezibophayo ngokomthetho. Kusukela ekususweni kokuqala kwecala ngokuthola inkimbinkimbi yokukhansela, idrama, nokuhlaziywa okuqinile kwesicelo, isinyathelo ngasinye sifeza umgomo oweqisayo wokufinyelela umphumela olungile nongakhethi osekelwe emthethweni. Ukuqonda lenqubo (nenjl) iyisinyathelo sokuqala nebaluleke kakhulu kunoma yiliphi iqembu elihileleke ekutholeni i-ligime. Ngeseluleko esicacile nangendlela ecacile, i-procedrualballivery iyakwazi ukulawulwa, uma inseleleka, uma inselele, uhambo olusekelwe ekuthatheni isinqumo.