Inqubo yomthetho ihlanganisa abafaki bemithetho abaningi, abaphethe, amaqembu enzalo, kanye nomphakathi (ukusebenza ndawonye ukwenza, ukumisa imithetho. Iqembu elilodwa elibalulekile nelinethonya kulendawo yonke amaqembu azimele. Lezinhlangano zimelela izithakazelo eziqondile futhi zisebenzela ukuhlela imithetho yendawo, umbuso, amazinga aphethe, namazwe. Ukuqonda indima yamaqembu afundisayo kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela imithetho ebekwe ngayo, impikiswano, futhi ekugcineni idluliswe ngayo. Lesi sihloko sihlola isimo samaqembu afuna ukulawulwa yi-atho, amasu ashukumisayo, kanye nethonya lawo ekubuseni kwentando yentando yeningi.

Ayini Amaqembu Eqembu Lobufundisi?

Amaqembu ezisebenzi, aziwa nangokuthi amaqembu enzalo noma amaqembu okucindezela, ayizinhlangano ezifuna ukuthonya isimiso somphakathi nokwenza izinqumo ngaphandle kokuzifunela ihhovisi. Amelela izinhlobonhlobo zezithakazelo ezibanzi, kusukela ekuvikeleni indawo ezungezile nasekunakekeleni impilo kuya elungelweni komphakathi, izinhlangano zezezimali, nokuphepha kwabathengi. Amaqembu abathengisi angazihlela njengezinhlangano ezingafaki inzuzo, intela edebeselela izisekelo zokusiza abasweleyo (501(c) noma 501(c) noma izinhlangano (4), ezingongongongongongongongochwepheshe, izinyunyana, izinyunyana, noma izinyuko zotshani zotshani. Umgomo wazo wawo oyinhloko ungamiswa ngemiphumela ethile yokulawula imithetho, ngokuzihlanganisa nabakhiqinisi bezimiso.

Izinhlobo Zamaqembu Ezihlubuki

Amaqembu okubusa angahlukaniswa ngembangela yawo noma ukufaneleka kwawo:

  • Amaqembu athakazelelayo[ — Izinhlangano ezithi zisebenzela okuhle okuvamile, njengamaqembu endawo ezungezile (umz., i-Sierra Club), abaxhasi babathengi (umz., iSizwe sika-Public), kanye nenkululeko yomphakathi (umz., i-American Civil Liberies Union).
  • Amaqembu enzuzo yezomnotho [ — izinto ezithuthukisa ukuthakazelelwa ngokwezomnotho kwengxenye ethile, kuhlanganise nama-seshopu (i-Centre of Commerce yase-U.S.), izinhlangano ezingochwepheshe (iNhlangano yezezobuchwepheshe), kanye nezinyunyana zezisebenzi (i-AFLNGICOO).
  • Amaqembu amadala[[FL:1] — Izinhlangano zagxila endaweni eyodwa ekhethekile yenkambiso, njengamalungelo esibhamu (Inhlangano yesizwe yeRifle) noma amalungelo okukhipha isisu (NARAL progrecuice America).
  • Amaqembu asekelwe [1] — amasuntswana amelela iqembu elinamanani noma amasiko, njengeNAACP (ilungelo lama-African America), AARP (amaMelika amadala), noma iNhlangano yesizwe yabesifazane (ilungelo labesifazane).

Ukubaluleka Kwamaqembu Okuphatha Abanye Enqubweni Yomthetho

Amaqembu abusayo afeza imisebenzi ebalulekile esimisweni somthetho wentando yeningi. izindima zawo zidlulela ngalé kokufuna ukuthonywa; abaluleke kakhulu ekusebenziseni izimiso ezihlukahlukene.

  • Incazelo:[ Amaqembu abusayo andisa amazwi emiphakathi nabantu abangashaywa indiva enkundleni yezombangazwe. Baqinisekisa ukuthi imiqondo ehlukene, ivame ukuzwakala phakathi kokuzwa nokuvota.
  • [ Expect: Amaqembu amaningi afundisayo asebenzisa abahlaziyi bezimiso, ososayensi, abameli, nababekade bemithetho. Lolwazi olukhethekile luwavumela ukuba anikeze abenzi bomthetho imininingwane eningiliziwe, imibiko yobuchwepheshe, kanye nokucubungula okungokomthetho okuzisa ukuhlelwa komthetho nokulungiswa.
  • Ukuzinza: Amaqembu anekhono ekukhuthazeni izakhamuzi ukuba zithintane nabameleli bazo, zingene emahholo edolobha, zihlanganyele ekubhikisheni, futhi zivote. Lo kucindezela kotshani kugcina kukhethwe izikhulu ukuba zilandise futhi kungasusa ukuvumelana eqenjini elithile lomthetho.
  • [ Ukuvota nokulawula: Amaqembu athatha izikweleti adlule kuzo zonke izigaba zenqubo yomthetho] kusukela ekuvotelweni kwekomiti ukuya kumavoti ephansi(nemibiko yasobala yendlela abavoti abavotela ngayo. Lokhu kusiza abavoti ukuba benze izinqumo eziqondiswe kahle futhi banqande ukusebenzelana kweKroom.

Ngaphandle kwalamaqembu, inqubo yokushaya umthetho ibiyobuswa cishe ngokuphelele izithakazelo zezinhlangano eziphambili neziphambili zikahulumeni. Amaqembu okukhulela asiza ekuhleleni inkundla yokudlala, nakuba izinga lokulinganisela lilokhu liyindaba yenkulumo - mpikiswano.

Umlando: Indlela Amaqembu Abafundisi Ababa Ngayo Izinsika Zokwenza Umthetho

Iqembu lanamuhla lokuvota, nomthetho wokulawula kwabesifazane wavela ekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi namashumi amabili namashumi amabili phakathi neNkathi Eqhubekekayo. I-Muckrakers nabashisekeli bezinguquko njengo-Upton Sinclair, uJane Addams, kanye nezinhloli zamuva zasungula izinhlangano ukuze ziqhubele phambili amalungelo ezisebenzi, amalungelo abesifazane okuvota, nomthetho omelene nomthetho wokulawula. I-American Civil Liberberies Union, eyasungulwa ngo-19201892, ne-Sierra Club, yasungulwa ngo-1892, iphakathi kwamaqembu asebenzayo. Inkathi ye-Prevosta World War II yabona ukudlond nesithakazelo esiqhubekayo samaqembu enzuzo, egqugquzelwa ukunwetshwa kwamandla ombuso ezindaweni ezifana namalungelo angokwendawo ezungezile [Fotestlet] [Foted Cood] ngenxa ye-S] [F] [Foses]

Indlela Amaqembu Eqembu Elilawulayo Athonya Ngayo Umthetho

Amaqembu afundile asebenzisa amacebo amaningi ukuze aklame uhlelo. Okubonakalayo kakhulu ukulingwa, kodwa ithonya lijula.

Ukubopha Ngokuqondile

Ilobbing ihilela ukuxhumana okuqondile nabamisi-mthetho, izisebenzi zabo, nezikhulu zegatsha eziphethe. Amaqembu amaningi aqasha abangenisi ababhalisiweyo − ngokuvamile labo ababengamalungu eSishaya-mthetho noma osizo oluphezulu (ngoba besebenzisa ubuhlobo babo nolwazi oluphezulu ukuze bazuze. Basebenzisa ulimi lwemithetho, basikisela ukulungisa, futhi banikeze amaphuzu okukhuluma. E-United States, ukunxusa kombuso okuchitha imali engaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-4 [20222, njengoba kwabikwa [[FL:0]].

Ukuntanta ngokungaqondile (Ama - grassroot nama - Grasss)

Amaqembu akhuthaza umphakathi ukuba uxhumane nabameleli bawo ngemikhankaso yama-imeyili, amabhange ocingo, nezokuxhumana. Grass ukunxusa kuhlanganisa ukuqoqa abantu abanethonya − njengabaholi bezebhizinisi bendawo, izifundiswa, noma osaziwayo . Zombili ziveza ukusekela okukhulu (noma ukuphikisa) ngemali.

Imikhankaso Yokuxwayisa Umphakathi

Amaqembu ayizikhangiso aqhuba imikhankaso yokukhangisa, akhiqize amabhayisikobho, kanye nama-code, athumela ukuthonya umbono womphakathi. Ngokufaka impikiswano ngendlela ephoqelelayo (ngokwesibonelo), abiza isikweleti sentela ngokuthi “indida yabacebile” noma umthetho ngokuthi“ umbulali wejob” angaveza amandla aphoqelela abenzi bemithetho ukuba baqaphele.

Isakhiwo Esihlanganisayo

Alikho iqembu elinganyakazisa ucezu oluyinkimbinkimbi lomthetho kuphela. Amaqembu enkolo avame ukwakha izikhundla ukuze ahlanganise imithombo yemali, ahlanganyele ubuchwepheshe, futhi abonise ukuhlangana okuhlangene. Amaqembu ahlangeneyo angahlanganisa izinxulumani ezingathandeki − njengalapho izinhlangano zenkolo namaqembu emvelo esekelana ngokubambisana ukuthatha isinyathelo sezulu. IKomiti ye-Committee ye-Federal Umbal, ngokwesibonelo, ihlanganisa i-flatecscal religist nerightssssss ukuze isekele ukuntervectory systemment.

Ukucwaninga Nentuthuko Yezimiso

Amaqembu amaningi asekela umthetho achitha imali eningi ekukhiqizeni iziphakamiso zemithetho, amaphepha amhlophe, kanye nemiphumela yezezomnotho. Abenzi bomthetho, ikakhulukazi labo abanezisebenzi ezincane, bathembela kulo cwaningo ukuze baqonde imiphumela yomthetho ohlongozwayo. Umbiko ogqugquzelwe kakhulu ungaba isisekelo sawo wonke umthetho. Uchungechunge lwe-Roverance Foundation luye lwazisa iziphakamiso eziningi zemithetho ezingokwesiko kusukela enkathini kaReagan.

Ukumangalela Nokumangalela Kokwahlulela

Uma ukunqoba kwemithetho kubonakala kunzima, amaqembu ezokushaya umthetho aphendukela ezinkantolo. Bafaka ama-amicus curiae, baxhasa ukumangalelwa, futhi baze ngisho balethe amacala ngokuqondile (umz., icebo le-NAACP’Indlela lokuzimela elaphetha Brown v. Umnyango wemfundo [). Ingalo esemthethweni ye-ACLU isetshenziswa ekuklameni i-Freebreech nemithetho eyimfihlo.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Zamaqembu Ezihlubuki Kuyasebenza

Iqembu LaseSierra Nemithetho Yendawo Ezungezile

I-Sierra Club, eyasungulwa ngo-1892, ingenye yezinhlangano ezindala kakhulu nephumelela kakhulu zendawo ezungezile eUnited States. Ngamalungu angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-3, iye yathonya ngokuphumelelayo umthetho wengqoko yezenzakalo ezinjengo Ceao Air Act ka 1990 kanye ne-Cec Power Plan. Iqembu layo elingenisa amandla eGcin, lihlangene nemikhankaso yotshani efana ne- “Beyond Coal,” yasiza ukuthatha umhlala wamakhulu ezitshalo zamandla amalahle avuthayo futhi yasunduza izindinganiso zamandla ezivuselelwe. Iqembu futhi lifaka futhi ekuvuseleni i-ligadisssssssss, ukuvala i-Keystone XLpar. Imiphumela yabo iveza indlela okusebenza kahle ngayo i-octiveacratic cootation ngisho naphakathi kokuphatha i-avvocraccul.

Inkululeko Yangaphakathi YaseMelika (ACLU) Namalungelo Omphakathi

Yasungulwa ngo-1920, i-ACLU ibingumvikeli ongapheli wamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Umsebenzi wayo uthatha isikhathi ukuvikela amalungelo akhululekileyo amaqembu aphikisanayo okuveza ukulingana komshado (]bergefell v. Hodges) kanye nokuvota. I-ACLU’s regionactical advocacy ihlanganisa ukudlulisa i-Vonglectry React nemikhankanti yobulungisa bomthetho. Ngokuhlanganisa ubuciko bomthetho nemfundo yomphakathi nokuthola imvume, i-ACCLLU luye lwaguqula izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho nezokukhishwa kwezisu zokukhishwa kwezisu.

Omama Abamelene Nokushayela Nge - Drunk (MADD) Nokulondeka Kwezimoto

IMADD inikeza isibonelo esinamandla seqembu elilodwa lezokuqamba amabhungane elaguqula isimiso somphakathi. Yasungulwa ngo-1980, i-MADD lobbesed ngenxa yokudakwa kakhulu, inyusela imithetho engokomthetho ukuya kuma 21, futhi iqhubekisela phambili i-schecropooters. Amasu alo alawula amapayipil ($viclim athinta amabhodi emfundo, nemikhankaso yokukhumbula, i-masmorydro i-acry eyanciphisa ukubulawa kwezimoto ngo-50% kusukela ekuqaleni konyaka ka-1980. Impumelelo ye-MADD ibonisa ukuthi ngisho neqembu elincane, eligxile ekuvictim lingenza ushintsho olubanzi lwezemthetho.

Izinselele Ezibhekene Namaqembu Ezihlubuki

Naphezu kwamandla awo, amaqembu abusayo asebenza endaweni enzima ngokwengeziwe.

  • Ukuhlanganisa: Amaqembu amaningi athembele emalungwini, ezinkokhelweni, naseminikelo, engancipha phakathi nokuwohloka kwezomnotho noma ngemva kokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Inzuzo ehlelwa ngokuthi 501(c)(3) ibekelwe imingcele enzima emisebenzini yawo yokuzama ukuthatha izintambo, iphoqelela amanye ukuba anqamule izikhali ze-divocation.
  • Ukuhlanganisa i-Political: Njengoba iziKhongolo zishintsha-hlukana, kunzima ngamaqembu ukuthola abalweli be-bipartisan ngezimbangela zabo. Imiyalezo ye-Advocacy eyake yakhanga kuzo zombili izigaba manje ifaka engozini yokubizwa njenge-parctic.
  • ukuqonda okunganembile nokwaziswa okunganembile: Amanye amaqembu afundisayo asolwa ngokuthi “ama-astroturf” (izimpande zotshani), axhaswe izithakazelo zenkampani ezifihliwe. Ngisho namaqembu angokomthetho achitha isikhathi nemali elwa nokuhlanekezelwa komsebenzi wawo.
  • Ukufuna ukunakwa: ngezinkulungwane zamaqembu abhebhethekisa amakhulu olwazi, kungaba nzima ukugqashula phakathi komsindo. Imithetho yezenhlalo yezokuxhumana futhi yandisa amazwi anomsindo omkhulu kakhulu, ngezinye izikhathi ngezindleko zezimpikiswano zezimiso eziguquguqukayo.
  • [[IZIthiyo:0] Imithetho engathiyayo nelawulayo: Imithetho enjenge-Lobbing Displarence Act idinga ukubikwa kakhulu. Imithetho ephakeme kahulumeni omusha ehlasela “ukunxusa okuxhunyaniswayo” noma ithonya langaphandle lingadala imithwalo yempatho.

Ukucabangela Okungokobuciko Nempikiswano Ngethonya

Amandla amaqembu ezokulawula aphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile yezimiso. Abagxeki bakhomba [[FLT: 0] ukuhlangana okungahlangani kwezindawo lapho izishayamthetho ziba abashicileli ngokushesha ngemva kokuphuma ehhovisi . okufiphaza umngcele phakathi komsebenzi womphakathi nenzuzo yangasese. Abanye bakhathazekile ngokuthi amaqembu acebile (umz., imboni yezemithi) ingabona ukuthi azama ukuthonya abakhi bomthetho. [[FLT:] [2] Ize-effective, i-skeon revolution istion yenkonzo evamile. [3] Imibiko yezena, i-Propolation: "njengemithetho ye-Pymoteinssion, i-Pycective Revision Activesment, i-Prective amaqembu e-ographicsmentsmental arder arder arception, i-oppointerced projectivedywoous.

Imikhuba Yesikhathi Esizayo: Ukushintsha Kwezinombolo Zokuqamba Amathumbu

Ubuchwepheshe bubuye buqale ukusebenza ngendlela amaqembu asebenza ngayo. Amaqoqo amanani avumela izinhlangano ukuba zakhe izinhlu ezinkulu ze-imeyili, ziphakamise iminikelo emincane ye-intshi, futhi zisebenzise izikhangiso ezikhangisiswe kuyo. Amathuluzi anjenge athatha izimpawu [ nezingcingo ezizenzekelayo zenza kube lula ngamalungu ukuxhumana noMkhandlu we-onkerhwebela phakathi nemizuzu emincane. I-socishini engokwezenhlalakahleni yezenhlalo ingenza amaqembu angakwazi ukuzwa amaqembu afuna ukusabela emfundweni. [[[FLTLT:2]] AmaMasnquateting[[[FLT:]] amasuntscreagi afanayo asetshenziswa emikhankanyeni yezombangazwe manje asesilinganisweni se-a. Okwamanje, ukwaziswa okusebenza ngemithetho engeziwe kakhulu kuveza umthetho omkhulu kakhulu futhi kunezingcingo ezimpompo ezinikezwayo.[Fog.][Foctivesting, i-octivesssssssss,

Isiphetho

Amaqembu abalulekile abadlali enqubweni yokushaya umthetho. Anikeza izimpawu zezithakazelo ezijulile, anikeza ubuchwepheshe obujulile, aqoqa amandla omphakathi, futhi abeke abakhi bomthetho icala. Amasu awo .(wwwlomb, imikhankaso yomphakathi, ukucwaninga, ukucwaninga, nokuthakazelela) avumela ukuba athonye imithetho kuzo zonke izigaba, kusukela embonweni wokumisa. Nakuba izinselele ezinjengezezimali ezivimbela ukubusa, ukuhlalisana kwezombangazwe, kanye nezikhathalela izimiso zokuziphatha ziyaqhubeka, ithonya eliphelele lamaqembu amaqembu embusweni yentando yentando yeningi. Ngokuqonda indima yawo nezindlela, abafundisi nabafundi bangakuqonda kangcono ukuqina komthetho kanye nokubaluleka kokusebenza kwemisebenzi yomphakathi. Njengoba inkathi yobuchwepheshe iguqula kokubili amathuluzi ezombangazwe kanye nesimo sezikhululweni, lezi zinhlangano zenhliziyo ziyohlala zikhona ezinhlalweni zezakhamuzi zezindawo zikahulumeni, futhi ziyondlale izinhlalo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo eziphambili zomphakathi eziphambili, futhi ziyondlalwayo.