Inqubo yokuhlela imithetho iyisici esibalulekile sokuqondisa okuqinisekisa imithetho nezimiso okusetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo. Ukuqonda lenqubo kungasiza othisha, abafundi, nochwepheshe ukuba baqonde inkimbinkimbi ehilelekile ekuguquleni injongo yomthetho ibe imithetho ephoqelelwe. Imithetho ihumusha ulimi olubanzi lwemithetho lube izimfuneko eziqondile abantu ngabanye, amabhizinisi, nezinhlangano zikahulumeni okumelwe zilandele. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlola okubanzi, okuthatha inyathelo ngendlela iziqondiso ezihamba ngayo zisuka embonweni ukuya ekubanzisweni, ziqokomisa izakhiwo ezingokomthetho, izivumelwano zomthetho, amathuluzi okufaka imingcele, nezinselele ezisebenzayo ezilawula umphumela wokugcina.

Ukuqonda Inqubo Yokulungisa Inqubo

Imithetho iwumgogodla osebenzayo wesimiso somphakathi. Nakuba imithetho edluliselwa yizishaya-mthetho imisa izimiso ezivamile, izimiso zinikeza isiqondiso esinemininingwane edingekayo ukuze kufezwe. Inqubo yokwakha ilawulwa umthetho wezobuqondisi (ngokuphawulekayo i-Administrative Procedure Act (APA) ka- 1946) kanye nemithetho efanayo kwezinye izimiso zenza kube nokuhlelwa okuhleliwe kokuhlaziya, ukuthatha isinyathelo somphakathi, nokulandisa. Le nqubo iqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho isekelwe ebufakazini, ibonakalisa imibono ehlukene, futhi ihlale ingaphakathi kwemithetho egunya eligunyazwelwe yiKhomisha noma i-parlamente.

Inqubo yokuhlela ingaphulwa ibe izigaba eziyisishiyagalombili eziyinhloko: ukuhlukanisa isidingo, ukuhlola nokuhlaziya, ukuhlela umbhalo wemithetho, ukubheka umphakathi, ukubheka ngokusekelwe ekukhipheni imvume engokomthetho, ukunikeza nokumisa umthetho wokugcina, nokuhlola ukusebenza kwawo. Isigaba ngasinye sidinga ukubambisana phakathi kwezisebenzi ze-athom, izazi zezezomnotho, ososayensi, nabaxhasi bezentengiselwano abathintekile.

Umsebenzi Ongokomthetho Nomthetho

Ngaphambi kokuba kuqalwe noma ikuphi ukudweba, izinhlangano kumelwe zisebenze ngaphansi komthetho ocacile. Lomyalo ngokuvamile uvela emyalelweni ogunyazayo (ngokwesibonelo, i-Cease Air Act inikeza i-Nvironmental Protection Agency (EPA) igunya lokulawula ukungcoliswa komoya. I-APURCRENT kumelwe futhi ilandele iziyalezo zezikhulu nezimiso zikahulumeni ezifuna ukuhlaziywa kwemali, ukuhlolwa kwemiphumela elawulayo, nokucatshangelwa kwezinto ezithile. EUnited States, iHofisi Yokuphathwa Kwendawo ne-Dramagement (OMB) ibukeza imithetho ehlolwayo ehlolwayo ngeHhovisi yolwazi ne-Regatoriator Affary (ORA).

Lezi zinqubo ezingokomthetho ziqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ayiyona imithetho ewumthetho noma ewubuqamama. Izinkantolo zingase zimise imithetho ehlulekayo ukucabangela izici ezihlobene nayo noma ukuthembela ekucabangeni okunephutha.

Iphuzu 1: Ukubona Isidingo Sokubuyisana

Umfutho womthetho omusha ungavela emithonjeni eminingi: inhlekelele (njengendawo echithekayo yamakhemikhali ebangela imithetho yokuphepha), isiqondiso somthetho (Isivumelwano esifuna ukuba inkampani ikhiphe izindinganiso), isicelo semboni noma amaqembu ezokulawula, noma izinguquko zezobuchwepheshe, izimo zezentengiselwano, noma ulwazi lwezesayensi. I-Actioction ilondoloza izihlokwana zokuhlela , ngokwesibonelo, i-Agenda e-Federal Regatation and Deregatation Izenzo[[FLT:]]][1]] ukuthi uhlu oluzayo lwemithetho eyenzekayo futhi luvumela ababambi bemi ukuba balindele izinguquko.

Izimbangela Zokwenza Umbuso

  • [[QUT:0] Izinsuku ezifinyelelwe zomfundisi [: Imithetho eminingi ihlanganisa izikhawu ezimisiwe zokulawula (umzk., ukusebenzisa indinganiso entsha yendawo ezungezile phakathi neminyaka emibili).
  • Izikhundla zokubusa [: Amalungu omphakathi noma izinhlangano angacela ngokusemthethweni inxusa ukuba lakhe, liphele, noma liphinde likhiphe umthetho ngaphansi kwe-APA.
  • Iziqondiso ze-Judicic: Inkantolo ingafuna inxusa ukuba likhiphe umthetho wokulungisa ukwephulwa kwemithetho noma ukuvumelana nesivumelwano sokuhlala.
  • Izingozi ezihlanganisayo: Imikhiqizo, izinto, noma ukuziphatha okusha (umz., ama-opioid okwenziwa, ukuhlakanipha okungeyokwenziwa) kungadala izingozi ezingafakwanga amakheli.
  • Izinkinga zemali noma zokulingana [: Imithetho ingaklanyelwa ukulungisa ukuhluleka kwezentengiselwano (umz., ukungcola kwangaphandle) noma ukuvikela imiphakathi esengozini.

Lapho nje isithola isidingo, le nhlangano kumelwe inqume ukuthi imithetho ekhona noma izindinganiso zokuzithandela zanele yini, uma kungenjalo, ziyoqhubeka zicwaninga.

Isiqongo 2: Ukucwaninga Nokuhlaziya

Ukucwaninga okuphelele kuyisisekelo sezimiso ezingakholeki. Imishini iqoqa futhi ihlaziye ukwaziswa ngebanga lenkinga, izimbangela, imikhuba yamanje, izindleko, nezinzuzo zamazinga ahlukene okungenela. Lelizinga lihlanganisa:

  • [ Ukubukeza [ kokucwaninga kwezesayensi, imibiko yezomnotho, kanye nokuhlola kwangaphambili.
  • Ukuhlanganisa nochwepheshe emasimini anjengesayensi yobuthi, ubunjiniyela, izimali, nempilo yomphakathi.
  • izingxoxo zokuxoxa nabameleli bezimboni, abacwaningi bezemfundo, izinhlangano ezingezona ezohulumeni, kanye nemiphakathi ethintekile.
  • [ Iqoqo le-data [ ngokuhlola, ukuhlola indawo ezungezile, noma ukuvubukula ngokwezimali.
  • Ukuphawula [ ngokumelene nezimiso kwamanye amazwe noma amazwe.

Izimo eziphuthumayo zivame ukwenza u-Impact Analysis (RIA) olinganisela izindleko nezinzuzo ezilindelekile, ochaza ezinye izindlela, futhi uchaze ukuthi kungani indlela ekhethiwe ingcono. Kuleyomithetho ebalulekile (enomphumela waminyaka yonke wezigidi ezingu-100 zama-20 noma ngaphezulu), i-RIA kumele ibukezwe yi-OIRA. Lokhu kuhlola okulindelekile kuqinisekisa ukuthi iziqondiso zifeza imigomo yazo ngaphandle kokubeka imithwalo enzima.

Amathuluzi Asetshenziswa Ekuhlaziyeni

  • Ukuhlaziya i-Cost-benefit: I-monetic ilindele imiphumela lapho kungenzeka khona, kuhlanganise namanani angewona amachashaza afana nokuphila komuntu (Usizo lokusebenzisa izibalo ze-Octalistic Life) nezinkonzo zendawo ezungezile.
  • Ukuhlolwa RISK: kuveza amathuba nobungako bemiphumela emibi ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukene.
  • [ Ukuhlola ukubonakala [: Assesses zezobuchwepheshe, zezomnotho, kanye nekhono lokuphatha lokuvumelana.
  • Ukuhlola okunikayo[: Kuhlola ukuthi izindleko nezinzuzo zithinta kanjani amaqembu ahlukahlukene amanani abantu, izifunda, noma izimboni.

Isigaba 3: Ukulungisa Ushintsho

Ukuguqula ukucwaninga okutholiwe nezimiso ezikhethwe ngokwezimiso kube ulimi olungokomthetho oluqondile. Umthetho ovamile uqukethe izingxenye zenjongo, izincazelo, izimfuneko ezingaphansi, izinhlu zesikhathi sokulalela, ukugcinwa komlando, ukubika, nokuphoqelelwa kwemithetho. Amadrafters futhi kumelwe akhulume ngendlela umthetho ohlangana ngayo nezimiso ezikhona (isib., izimfuneko ezihambisanayo noma eziphikisanayo).

Izici eziyinhloko zomthetho ohlelwe kahle zihlanganisa:

  • hlela izincazelo zamagama ayinhloko wokunciphisa ukungaqondani.
  • Izindinganiso zomklamo vs. Izindinganiso zomklamo: Izindinganiso zomsebenzi zisho imiphumela (umk., "imvume akumelwe idlule X pm") kuyilapho imiklamo yezindinganiso inikeza izindlela ezithile (umz., "kumelwe ufake uhlobo Y lwesekhuphuni").
  • Izinqubo zokubona zindawo: Ezinjengama-ravers, ezinye izindlela zokulandelana, noma ukusetshenziswa okungahlangani.
  • [ Izigaba eziqinile[ ukuze uma ilungiselelo elilodwa lishaywa enkantolo, amanye ahlale esebenza.

Ukuphothula kuyinqubo elawulayo. Abameli be-agency, abahlaziyi bezimiso, nochwepheshe abalawula izindaba basebenza ndawonye ukuqinisekisa ukuthi lolu limi lunengqondo futhi lungasebenza ngokomthetho. Ukubukezwa kwangaphakathi kungase kwenzeke ngaphambi kokuba umthetho uhlongozwe ngokusemthethweni.

Isiteji 4: Ukuhlola Omphakathi

Ukuhlola komphakathi kuyisibonakaliso sokubusa ngokukhanyayo. Ngaphansi kwe-APA, izinhlangano kumele zinyathelise iNotice of Propaced Ruleging (NPRM) ku Féderal Register[[ (noma iphepha elingokomthetho elilinganayo kwamanye amazwe). I-NPRM ihlanganisa umbhalo ohlongozwayo wemithetho, ukufingqiswa kwegunya elingokomthetho, ingxoxo ye-lithi, neziqondiso zokunikeza iziphetho. Inkathi yomphakathi ihlala izinsuku ezingu-30 kuya kwezingu-90, kodwa izinkathi ezinde zivunyelwe ukuba kube nemithetho eyinkimbinkimbi.

Izinhlobo Zokuhlanganyela Komphakathi

  • iziphakamiso zeWRItten[: zingeniswe kuyilayini (isib., nge- iziyalezo.gov[]) noma ngeposi. Izinketho zivame zihlanganisa imininingwane, izimpikiswano, noma ukulungiswa.
  • [ Izindlebe ze-Public: Ubufakazi obudlulisayo obabuthathwe ngokoqobo noma cishe, ikakhulukazi ngemithetho ephikisanayo.
  • izikhungo zomsebenzi kanye nokulalela iziqephu[: Zimbalwa izingxoxo ezihleliwe ezisiza amanxusa aqoqa umthoba emaqenjini athile (umz., amabhizinisi amancane, imiphakathi yesizwe).
  • Ukubukeza okuseceleni [: Ngemithetho eyinkimbinkimbi ngokwesayensi noma ngokobuchwepheshe, izinhlangano zingathumela ukuhlaziywa okusekelayo kochwepheshe abazimele.

Imishini yempi idinga ukucabangela [[[FLT: 0] all ifaka izimpendulo futhi isabela ezimpikiswaneni ezibalulekile ezisethulweni lomthetho wokugcina. Lemfuneko ivimbela izinhlangano ukuba zingabunaki ubufakazi obuphikisana nomphumela wazo eziwuthandayo. Umlando wezimpendulo nezenzo zenhlangano kuba ingxenye yerekhodi lokuphatha izibalo ezibukeza izinselele ezingokomthetho.

Isiqongo 5: Ukubukeza Nokugcina

Ngemva kokuba inkathi yokukhulumela komphakathi isiphelile, izisebenzi zezinhlangano zibukeza konke ukukhulumela, zilinganise izihloko, futhi zihlole ukuthi umthetho ohlongozwayo kufanele ulungiswe yini. Ukuzilungisa kungasukela ekucaciseni okuncane kuya ekulungiseni okukhulu okusekelwe ekwazisweni okusha noma izimpikiswano. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuphawula kungaveza ukuthi inqubo yokulandela inqubo ayikwazi ukufezeka, kukhuthaza inhlangano ukuba idlulisele. Okunye ukukhulumela kungabonisa ukuthi enye indlela yokufinyelela umgomo ofanayo ngezindleko eziphansi.

Inhlangano ilungiselela [[QLT:0] Ukubusa okuPhakathi [[[QL:1] okuhlanganisa:

  • Umbhalo oqondisayo wokugcina.
  • Isandulela esichaza isisekelo nenjongo, kuhlanganise nokusabela emazwini amakhulu.
  • [ Ukucubungula okungaguquguqukiyo [ uma umthetho uthinta kakhulu amabhizinisi amancane.
  • Papersew Reduction Act umthwalo ulinganisela (kwemithetho yase-U.S.).

Umthetho wokugcina unikezwa i-OIRA ukuze ubukeze uma kubalulekile. I-OIRA ingaphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokuzithethelela ngezindleko, ukungaguquguquki kobumongameli, noma ukuphikisana okungase kwenzeke nezinye izenzo zenhlangano. Ngemva kokucacisa, umthetho usayinwa yi-OIRA futhi ukhishwe kuyi-Federal Register. Ngaphandle kokuba kushiwo ngenye indlela, uthatha izinsuku ezingu-30 ngemva kokukhishwa (noma kamuva ngemithetho emikhulu).

Isiteji 6: Ukuvunyelwa Nokutholwa

Izinqubo zokugunyazwa ziyahluka-hluka ngokwegunya. E-U.S., imithetho eminingi yenhlangano ikhishwa ngokuqondile ngaphandle kwemvume yemithetho, kodwa uMkhandlu ungagumbuqela imithetho ethile usebenzisa iCongregational Review Act (CRA). Isinqumo sokungavunyelwa okuthi uma sidluliswa futhi sasayinwa nguMongameli, siqede umthetho. Ezinye izifundazwe zidinga ukubukezwa kwemithetho emikhulu. Emhlabeni wonke, i-European Union ilandela inqubo ye-comiology lapho ilungu livota khona ekusebenziseni izenzo ezihlolwe yi-European Commission.

Lapho sewamukelwa, lomthetho uyamiswa qha qha, e-U.S., uba yingxenye yemithetho ye-Federal Regional (CFR). Umbiko unikeza isaziso esingokomthetho futhi wakhe indinganiso ephoqelelwe ngokomthetho.

Isiteji 7: Ukusetshenziswa Nokuphoqelelwa

Ukugcwalisa kudinga okungaphezu nje kokukhipha umthetho. Izimo eziphuthumayo kumelwe:

  • [[[UMTL:0] Izincwadi zesiqondiso [ ezichaza izinyathelo zokulalela, ichaza amagama adidayo, futhi zinikeze izibonelo.
  • [[[UMTL:0] Iziqeqeshi, abahloli, nezikhulu ezilalelayo kunezimfuneko ezintsha.
  • dala noma uhlaziye uhlelo lokubika, ukuhlola, nokugcina amarekhodi (umk., izisekelo zokudayisa i-memori ye-injini ekhipha igesi).
  • Izinqubo zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwemithetho , kuhlanganise nezijeziso zomphakathi, iziyalo, noma izigebengu zokwephula ngamabomu.
  • [ Iprojekthi yokunikeza nosizo ukusiza izinhlangano eziphethe, ikakhulukazi amabhizinisi amancane, ukuqonda nokuhlangabezana nezibopho zazo.

Ukuphoqelela kungaba okuphoqelelayo (umz., ukuhlola kwenqubo) noma ukuthatha isinyathelo (umzk., ukusabela ezikhalo noma ukuthatha amasu). Imithombo ephambili esekelwe ezingozini(izindawo ezinomlandu wokwephulwa kwemithetho noma ukulimala okukhulu okungase kwenzeke ihlolwa kakhulu. Ukubambisana nezinhlangano zikahulumeni kanye nezinhlangano zendawo ngokuvamile kunweba ukugcinwa kwemithetho.

Ukuhlolwa kwenkampani

  • Umbiko wokuziphakamisa: Izimiso eziningi zidinga imibiko yezikhathi ezithile (umz., imiklamo yokukhipha igesi yaminyaka yonke).
  • Ukuhlolwa kokuhlola [: ukubukezwa okungakhethi noma okuhloselwe amarekhodi nemisebenzi.
  • Ingxenye ye-crected crect : abahloli bezincwadi abazimele baqinisekisa ukuvuma (ovamile ekulondekeni kokudla nasemkhathini).
  • [ Ukuhlanganyela kwe-Public: Amasuthi ezakhamuzi avunyelwe ngaphansi kwemithetho eminingi yendawo ezungezile anika abantu amandla okumangalela abaphuli-mthetho.

Ukuqiniswa kwemithetho okuphumelelayo kuxhomeke ezilinganisweni ezicacile, izisebenzi eziqeqeshwe kahle, nezijeziso ezinokwethenjelwa ezivimbela ukuhluleka.

Isitezi 8: Ukuhlola Nokulungiswa

Imithetho ayimi ndawonye. Izimo zomthetho zenza ukuba ngezikhathi ezithile zihlole ukuthi imithetho ifinyelela imiphumela yazo ehloselwe ukufezeka nokuthi intuthuko entsha ifuna ukubukezwa. Izindawo eziningi zidinga ukubukezwa okudlulileyo (ngokwesibonelo, uMthetho we-Guide Administration 1363) (2011) oqondiswe izinhlangano eziqondiswe ukucabangela ukulungisa noma ukuhlaziya imithetho ekhona ephelelwe isikhathi, engadingekile, noma enzima kakhulu.

Izindlela zokuhlola zihlanganisa:

  • I-program ihlola [ ngezisebenzi ze-ocement noma abacwaningi bangaphandle.
  • I-metric metrics (umk., ukucutha ukukhipha igesi, amazinga okulimala aphansi).
  • [ I-pareser direct evela kwizindawo ezilawulwayo nezizuzayo.
  • hlela amalungiselelo[ azenzakalelayo aqedela iziyalezo ngemva kwenani elimisiwe leminyaka ngaphandle uma ivunyelwe futhi.

Uma ukuhlola kwembula amaphutha, inhlangano ingase iqalise ukwenziwa kwemithetho entsha ukuze ilungise umthetho, noma ingase inikeze isiqondiso sokucacisa izimfuneko ezikhona.

Izinselele Ekuqeqesheni Ukushintsha Indlela Yokulungisa Imizwelo

Naphezu kwezinqubo ezimiswe kahle, izimiso zobuciko ziletha ubunzima obuningi:

  • Izithakazelo ezincintisanayo : Imboni ivame ukufuna ukuvumelana nezindleko eziphansi; abasekeli bomphakathi bafuna isivikelo esiqinile. Izimo zenkonzo kumelwe zifake izimpawu zalokhu kucindezeleka kuyilapho zihlala ngaphansi komyalo wabo ongokomthetho.
  • Izintengo zemininingwane[: Izimo zemishini kumele zenze izinqumo ngaphansi kokungaqiniseki ngezimo zesikhathi esizayo, ukushintsha kwezobuchwepheshe, noma ubukhulu obuqondile bezingozi.
  • Ukucindezela kwezentengiselwano: Izikhulu ezinganakiwe namaqembu enzalo angathatha imithetho emisiwe, ngezinye izikhathi esekela ubufakazi noma ukufakwa komphakathi.
  • Ingozi yokuthola imvume : Cishe wonke umthetho obalulekile ubekelwe inselele enkantolo. Izimo zomkhakha kumelwe zihlanganise irekhodi lokuphatha eliqinile ukuze ziphumele ekubukezweni kokwahlulela.
  • Imithombo evimbelayo: Izinhlangano ezisebenzayo ziyazama ukuhlaziya, ukuhlela imiqulu ephezulu yeziphetho, nokuphoqelela imithetho ngokuphumelelayo.
  • Ukulandelana nomqulu: Imithetho ye-U.S. iqukethe amashumi ezinkulungwane zezinkulungwane zemithetho ye-Federal Regional; imithetho ehlanekezelwe nephelelwe isikhathi ingadala ukudideka nokuguquguquka.

Ukusingatha lezi zinselele kudinga intuthuko eqhubekayo ezinqubweni zokuqondisa, ekuboneni, nasekusetshenzisweni kwemininingwane ukuze kuhlelwe kusengaphambili izenzo.

Ukutadisha Ngecala: Umthetho Ohlanzekile Wamanzi

Ukubonisa ibhayisekili eligcwele, cabangela umthetho ocatshangelwayo olinganisela izinga le-perfluoroalkl ne-polyfluoralkyl (PFAS) emanzini okuphuza. Lenqubo ingaqala ngomthetho ogunyazwe yi-Requefite Towater Water Act. I-EPA ibizohlola imiphumela yempilo, i-data yezenzakalo, kanye nobuchwepheshe bokulungisa i-menu. Ngemva kokuhlela izinga le-contaminematic (MCL), i-NPRM izakukhishwa. Phakathi nenkathi ye-60 yophawu, i-ocessivereator yamanzi, abakhi bezinto eziphilayo, futhi amaqembu akhiphe izindleko ze-benefitting kanye nokungena ngendlela edingekayo. I-EPA ikhipha i-MCL evumelanayo. Ukukhipha umthetho wokugcina kukhiqiniswe i-PFF, ifuna ukuqondisa nokulungisa i-PF.

Isiphetho

Inqubo yokuhlela imithetho inzima kodwa ibalulekile ukuqondisa kwanamuhla. Ukusukela ekuboneni inkinga ekuhloleni ukuphumelela isikhathi eside, isigaba ngasinye sidinga ukuhlaziya okunzima, ukucubungula, nokulinganisela ngokucophelela izindinganiso eziphikisanayo. Ukuqonda le nqubo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ukuthi kungani iziqondiso zithatha isikhathi ukukhula nokuthi kungani zihlelwe ngendlela efana neyazo. Kubafundisi, ukusebenzisa lesi simiso ekilasini kungahlomisela abafundi ukuba babe nombono ongokoqobo ngendlela yenqubo yomphakathi engenziwa ngayo futhi iqiniswe ngayo.

Ngokunamathela ezimisweni zokwenza imithetho esekelwe ebufakazini nokuhlanganyela ngokuhlanganisa, izimiso zokuqondisa zingasabela ezinkingeni ezinkulu zomphakathi lapho usekela umthetho. Njengoba ijubane lokushintsha kwezobuchwepheshe nezenhlalo lishesha, ikhono lokwenza imithetho ephumelelayo, evumelanayo lizokhula ngokubaluleka. Imithombo enjenge Ingqungquthela yabaphathi bezwe yase-United States [ kanye ne-[FLT] CD ye-Regatearatial Policy[[] inikeza ukufundwa okuqhubekayo kwemicimbiso engcono kakhulu nezindlela ezihambela imibuso.