Ilungelo lokuqulwa icala liyijaji elingakhethi lingenye yezivikelo ezibaluleke kakhulu esimisweni somthetho waseMelika, esebenza njengesehlo esiqondile embusweni kahulumeni nesiqinisekiso sokulunga kwamacala. Lelilungelo, eliqiniswe yiSichibiyelo seSisithupha futhi lithunyelwe ezinkantolo zesifundazwe ngeSichibiyelo seshumi nane, libeka isahlulelo sezakhamuzi ezivamile esisenkabeni yokuqondisa ubulungisa. Inqubo lenhlangano ehlangene ngayo iyaziwa njengesinqumo sokwahlulela, noma inqubo elinganayo, inqubo egunyaza izingxenye ezingokomthetho, i-octractive, i-sholorictic syment, i-memosession. Ukuqonda indlela isimiso somthetho esilwela ngayo ukufinyelela ukuqulwa okulungile, umuntu kumelwe aqale aqonde inqubo esetshenziswa kakhulu ukuze akhethe labo abazokhipha isahlulelo.

UMthetho - sisekelo Uvumela Ukungakhethi

Isiqalo esicacile sokuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi singathathwa kuyiMagna Carta, kodwa isimo sayo sanamuhla eUnited States siwumkhiqizo oqondile wokungathembi kwaBasunguli kwegunya lokwahlulela nelobuphathi. IsiVumo seSisithupha siqinisekisa ukuthi "omangalelwe uyojabulela ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi ngokushesha, i-augcomperity ye-Commont, i-project of State nesithini lapho ubugebengu buyobe senziwe khona. INkanto ephakeme isekela njalo ukuthi lesiqinisekiso sidinga ukuba abahluleli badonswe emthonjeni omelela isigaba esikhanyayo somphakathi. Le mfuneko "isiphambano esihamba phambili" ayifanele ukumelela i-jaji, i-projectives, kodwa i-parcomfacerighty ogcina icala, kodwa ilawula ukuthi iqoqo le-juinsperper juin) ivimbela isisekelo esisekelwe ngokulandelana kulokhu kweqembu lomphakathi. [Fosebuhlangane] [uni] [uhlu oluqinile] [uhlu, i-uhlu oluqinile] [uhlulwe yi-

Ukuhlanganisa I - brenire: Isisekelo Sejury

Inqubo yokukhetha abahluleli iqala kudala ngaphambi kokuba noma imuphi ummeli abuze umehluleli ongase abe umsizi. Iqala ngokuqoqa uhlu oluphambili lwamajaji. Izinkantolo zidweba amagama kumarekhodi emvume yokushayela, izinhlu zokubhalisa, nakweminye imikhakha, imiqulu yentela noma amarekhodi amakhadi okuhlukanisa asemthethweni. Umgomo walesi sigameko sokuqala uwukwakha iqoqo elikhulu nelihlukene lezakhamuzi okungabizwa kuzo abagcini jaji abafanelekayo.

Ngokwezomlando, izinkantolo eziningi zasebenzisa i-"Key Man" , lapho amakhomishane akhetha khona amalungu omphakathi avelele ukuba akhethe amanye. Lesimiso sasithambekele kakhulu ekukhetheni ama-Afrika namanye ama-procession ngokuhleleka ezindaweni zobujaji, ikakhulukazi eNingizimu. Ukukhetha noMnyango weNkonzo ye-1968 ngokunempumelelo kwaqeda lokhu kugadelwa kwezinkantolo zikahulumeni ngokukhetha ngokuzenzakalelayo, ngokuquka izinhlu ezihlukene. Naphezu kwale ntuthuko, izinselele zanamuhla ziyaqhubeka. Izibalo zanamuhla ziyaqhubeka. Izakhamuzi ezinenani eliphakeme labangewona ama-creenthane, abantu abahlala ezindaweni eziphansi, noma abantu abanezikheli eziphelelwe isikhathi ezinhlabeni zikahulumeni zingagcinwa ngaphansi kwe-1970. Inkantolo kumelwe iqinisekise ukuthi uhlu lwazo futhi zinciphe izimpawu ezisele kakhulu zemvume ezikhona. Uma nje zibizwa, izakhamuzi zezokuhlala ezinkantolo zezelelwe izikhulu.

Ubuciko Nesayensi Ye - Voir Dire

"Voir jad," esuselwa kwincazelo yakudala yesiFulentshi "ukukhuluma iqiniso," iyinqubo yokuphenya enzima eklanyelwe ukuveza ubandlululo. Kuyacaca ukuthi iyisigaba esingcono kakhulu sokukhetha abahluleli. Umahluleli, umshushisi, nommeli ngamunye unendima yokudlala ekudaluleni ubandlululo olungavimbela umsizi ekunqumeni icala kuphela enkantolo.

Phakathi nosizi olukhulu, abangase babe abahluleli babuzwa ngezihloko eziningi. Ama-athorney ahlola isizinda somthetho, umsebenzi, imfundo, nokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu, ikakhulukazi lezo ezingase zihlobana nendaba ekhona. Babuza ngolwazi lwecala elivela kulokhu kuxoxwa kwemithombo yezindaba, ukujwayelana nofakazi noma abameli, kanye nemibono ehlobene nezimiso ezingokomthetho. Isibonelo, ecaleni lobugebengu, ijaji elingase libuzwe uma lingamthatha ngokungathí sina ummangalelwa futhi lifuna ukuba ummangalelwa abonise icala ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. Umeluleki ovumayo angalindela ukuba anikeze ubufakazi noma akholelwe ukuthi ukuboshwa kusemlahlweni wecala.

Imigomo Efanelekayo Yokufuna Ukuzihlola

Umbuzo ufeza injongo ehlukene. Eyokuqala ukuqoqa ukwaziswa okungathethelela inselele yesizathu noma ukutshela ukushayisa. Okwesibili uwethonya futhi ufundisa. Abameli abaphumelelayo basebenzisa i-voir ukuba basebenzise izihloko eziyinhloko zecala labo, ukulwa nobufakazi obulimazayo obungase buphume phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala, futhi baqale ukwakha ubuhlobo. Ummeli ovikelayo angafuna abagcini belungelo lomuntu siqu futhi angabaza igunya, kuyilapho umshushisi engase athande labo abanezibopholo eziqinile nohlelo lomthetho. Kudingeka futhi ubheke "abalawuli abangase bafihle ukucwasana okuqinile phakathi kwalezi zinqumo.

Imishini Yokususa Izwe: Ukugadla Kwembangela Nentengo

Lapho uphenyo lwembula ubandlululo olungase lungelapheki ngemfundo yamajaji, abameli banamathuluzi amabili ayinhloko okususa ijaji: izinselele zembangela nezinselele.

Izinselele Zezimbangela

Inselele ebangelayo isicelo esimisiwe kujaji sokuxosha ummangalelwa ngesizathu esiqondile, esiwumthetho. Lezi zizathu azinamkhawulo, kodwa izibonelo ezivamile zihlanganisa ukuvuma kommeli ukubandlululwa kweqembu lohlanga, ubuhlobo bomuntu siqu nomunye wamaqembu, umbono omisiwe ngecala lommangalelwa, noma ukungakwazi ukusebenzisa umthetho njengoba uyaliwe, njengokuphikisa isigwebo sokufa ecaleni lenhloko. Akukho mingcele yezinselele zokubangela ummeli ukuba athathe isigwebo. Umahluleli wenza izenzo njengommeli ongathathi hlangothi, ubheka ukusabela kommangaleli futhi anqume ukuthi umbangongokoqobo yini noma usho ukuthi unecala. Uma ijaji liphika inselele, ummeli kumelwe lilinganise ukuthi ugobe noma ugobe noma ugonyele umuntu ozoze inselele inselele.

Izinselele Eziyingozi Nemfundiso Ye - Batson

Izinselele ezinzima ziyithuluzi elinamandla kodwa eliphikisanayo. Bavumela ummeli ukuba axoshe umsizi ngaphandle kokusho isizathu. Izizathu ezingokomlando ziwukuthi abameli banolwazi ngokungakhethi komphathi wejaji okunganzima ukukuchaza. Inani lezehlakalo lilinganiselwe kakhulu ngomthetho, ngokuvamile kusukela ku-3 kuya ku-10 kuye ngobukhulu becala nobubanzi.

Ukusetshenziswa okungalawulwa kwezinselele ezilula kwaholela ekukhetheni ubandlululo olubanzi ngokomlando. Abashushisi bamajaji base-Afrika ngokuvamile babehlasela bonke abahluleli bejaji base-Black bazama abamangalelwa. Lomkhuba wabekelwa inselele ecaleni leNkantolo ePhakeme ngo 1986 Babatson v. Kentucky[. INkantolo yathi ukusebenzisa komshushisi izinselele zokulahla inseleleka ukuze alahle inselele abamangalelwa ngokulandela isisekelo sohlanga kuphela ephula i-Celaumente ye-Ineth Refeksed Refection Refection. Isinqumo sasungula inqubo emithathu ye-[FLD:] BCON [FLD:]

  1. Umphikisi wokushaya kumelwe asungule i-picie icala lokuthi ukushaya kwakushukunyiswa ngokohlanga.
  2. Iqembu elihlaba umxhwele kumelwe linikeze incazelo "engathathi hlangothi" yenhlansi.
  3. Ijaji kumelwe linqume ukuthi le ncazelo enikezwayo iyizaba zokucwasa okunenjongo yini.

[[FLT: 0] ukuphathwa kwanwetshwa kamuva ukuze kugatshwe ngokwesizathu sobulili (J.E.B. v. Alabama, 1994) nobuzwe. Naphezu kwalezisivikelo, iBatson[ imfundiso igxekwe kakhulu ngokungaphumeleli. Ngenxa yokuthi ummeli anganikeza cishe nanoma yisiphi isizathu sohlanga-neturnal. Lokhu kuholele ukukhushukuma "njenge-indlela yokubonana,"" noma "ukungabikho kweso," ukuhlala endaweni ephakeme-crime"" kuthungatholi cishe ukuhlangabezana kwesinyathelo sesithathu. Ukucwasana okunenjongo. [5] Lokhu kuholele ukukhushukela ekuncipheni kweminyeka kwemiya, noma ukuqeda izinhlelo ezingcono zenqubo ezingcono ze-Octive.[5][5]

Izinsongo Zanamuhla Zokungakhethi

Ngisho noma kungenziwa inqubo yokukhetha, ukungakhethi kwejaji kungancishwa izici ezingaphandle kwenkantolo.

Umphakathi Wama - dominimende Nemithombo Yezomphakathi

Amacala aphezulu aveza ukucusumbulwa okukhulu kwemithombo yezindaba okungenza kube nzima ukuthola abasizi bejaji abangachayekanga ekwazisweni okucwasayo. Ezimweni ezinjalo, izinkantolo zingasebenzisa "ukushintsha indawo," ukudlulisela icala esifundeni esihlukile noma esimweni lapho ukusakazwa kungasakazeki khona. Abahluleli futhi bangakhipha iziyalo zokuvimbela abameli namaqembu ukuba bakhulume nomhleli. Isilinganiso esikhulu kakhulu siwukuxoxisana, lapho ijaji lihlukaniswa khona ehhotela futhi livinjelwe ekubeni lithintane nezwe langaphandle ukuze livimbe icala.

Izezindaba ziqala ngisho nezinselele eziyinkimbinkimbi. Manje sekuyinqubo ukuba abameli abangase babe abamele ukugcinwa kwemiyalo yezembubhiso yomphakathi bafune izici ezishaqisayo phakathi ne-voir ukuze bathole ubufakazi bobandlululo noma izici zokuphila. Ngokuphambene, ukuziphatha okubi kwezezembulo kusetshenziswa imithombo yezenhlalakahle yezezenhlalo . njengokuthumela icala noma ukucwaninga ngobufakazi obusenezengosi kuyi-inthanethi. Ukuhlola okungu 2022 ngembangela yokudumelana kwezehlakani. [FLT][1] Isikhungo sesizwe sezeNkakhululo saleli hulumeni [[FLT]] [iFLT] [ist:3] yathola ukuthi ukusebenzisa i-inthaneti yokucwaninga kuseyinkinga engapheli. Manje abaHluleki banikeza iziyalezo ezicacile zokuvimbela ukucwaninga nge-inqulutho (ie) phakathi kweze- - Internet)

Ama - bias Aphelele Nokukhetha I - diory Engokwesayensi

Omunye umngcele ekuqinisekiseni ukungakhethi kuwukusingatha ubandlululo olusobala. Ngisho nomphathi wejaji othembekile kakhulu angase abe nombono ongekho mthethweni noma izinxusi ezithinta indlela ababheka ngayo ubufakazi. Izinkantolo seziqala ukuvuma leli qiniso. Abanye abahluleli manje banikeza iziyalezo zobandlululo "ekucwaseni" kulowo muntu ozozwela ngaphambi kokuba i - voir iqale ngokushaqeka, ebafundisa ngomqondo futhi abanxuse ukuba basuse ubandlululo olungaqondakali. Kwezinye izimo, ofakazi abangochwepheshe balethwa ukuba bafakazele imiphumela yokungaqondi kahle kokuqonda nenkumbulo.

Ukukhethwa kwe-commist kwandisa nemibuzo engokokuziphatha. Imboni ekhulayo yabasizi bejaji isebenzisa amaqembu agxile, ukuqulwa kwecala, nokuhlaziywa okuyinkimbinkimbi kwenani labantu ukuze kusizwe abameli ukuba bakhethe abamele abahluleli abalungile. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lomkhuba ululaza umqondo wenxusa ngokuguqula ukukhetha kube yi-mejaji, ukuvivinya asebezo, lapho umgomo ukubikezela ukuthambekela komsizi kunokuba nje kuvulwe inzondo. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi kumane nje kuyindlela enengqondo kakhulu yokuziphethe ngendlela eyingozi.

Izinguquko Ezihlanganisayo Nekusasa Lokukhethwa Kwamathuna

Inqubo yokukhetha ijaji alikho endaweni eyodwa. Ekusabeleni ekushiyekeni kwemfundiso ye- Batson nezinselele zenkathi yezibalo, ama-oventimenti amaningana amisa izinguquko eziqinile. Amanye amazwe azama ukuqeda izinselele zokuzikhulula ngokuphelele, aphikisa ukuthi izinto ezimbi ezaklanyelwa ukuvimbela ngokomlando manje zidlula ukucwaswa yizinkinga ezivunyelwa yizwe. Ezinye, njengezwe laseWashington, ziye zasungula indinganiso entsha engokomthetho yokuzilungisa izinselele. Inkantolo ephakeme yeWashington izama ukuqeda izinselele. I- i-State. i-' inqabela inselo ukuba kusetshenziswe izinselele ngaphandle kwesizathu esingabalulekile, ingakhushunyuswa ukumiswa kwenhloso ehlosiwe ekuhlolweni kwesinqumo futhi igwenywe yinhloso yesinqumo sokuvinja'ihlulelwa kwe-''ivo." Le sisekelo sohlobo.[FLT." isenze sigar.

Ezinye izinguquko zigxile ekuthuthukiseni ukumelelwa kwamajaji. Amazwe asusa izigaba ezisekelwe ngokohlanga nangokwesigaba ngokususa iziphazamiso ezihlala njalo ze-felon, andisa imithombo ehlanganisa i-Medicaid nomshuwalense wokungasebenzi, futhi anciphise inani lezaba eziyekelelwe enkonzweni (njengezezezehlwiyo zabameli, odokotela, nezikhulu zomphakathi). Lokhu kuhlela ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abahluleli babonisa ngempela unembeza womphakathi, benza inqubo yokukhetha abahluleli bejaji babonise imfanelo yobulungisa yabo bonke abahilelekile. [FLT] [[FLT:]] [FLT]] [ornell Legivergition Institutesment inikeza umncitootamfazelo wezentelo-yokwayonke izindinganiso zokukhetha ezihlukene [FOct:2]]

Isiphetho

Inqubo yokukhetha abahluleli ayisona nje isithiyo sokuphatha. Yinqubo yomthetho sisekelo okuphishekelwa ngayo injongo yamajaji angakhethi futhi afezeka ngokungaphelele. Kusukela ekumemezelweni kwezakhamuzi ngokungenaphutha kuya ezimpikiswaneni ezinkulu ezilwisanayo ezilwisanayo nezingalawuleki nezinselele zokubangela, zonke izinyathelo ze-voir ziwumzamo wamabomu wokwakha ibhuloho phakathi kobulungisa obungaqondakali nesinqumo esiqondile. Lesimiso sihlala sikhona ngokuphikiswana njalo, silinganisela amalungelo angokomthetho amaqembu amelene namalungelo angokomthetho omphakathi okungahlanganyeli. Nakuba kungekho nqubo eqinisekisa ukungakhethi okuphelele, okushelelayo, okusobala, nokukhetha okuhambisana nokukhomba okuqondileyo kuhlala kulokhu kuvikelwa ngokuthembekile kweminqumo ethembekile kanye nokuthenjwa umphakathi.