Ukuthunyelelwa Enqubweni Yokwahlulela

Inqubo yokwahlulela inqubo ehlelwe ngendlela engokomthetho exazulula ngayo izingxabano futhi ilunga liqondiswa emphakathini olawulwa umthetho. Ihilela izinyathelo ezilandelanayo zomthetho, kusukela ngesikhathi isikhalo esingokomthetho sinikezwa inkantolo ngokwezimiso kuze kudluliswe isinqumo sokugcina. Lenqubo ayiyona eyeyodwa; ihlukahluka phakathi kwemithetho (isimo esiwumthetho), izinhlobo zezenzakalo (iqembu, igebe, i-arhente, ukuphatha), kanye nokuba khona noma ukungabikho kwejaji. Ukuqonda lenqubo kubaluleke kakhulu kubafundi, ochwepheshe bezomthetho, kanye nezakhamuzi, njengoba iveza indlela izimiso ezingokomthetho ezisetshenziswa ngayo ezindabeni. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlelwa kwesigaba, ukuhlelwa kwenqubo yokwahlulela, ukuvikelwa kwezeluleko, nokuculi, ukukhomba kwezihlulo ezigxekayo.

Abahlanganyeli Abayinhloko Enqubweni Yokwahlulela

Ngaphambi kokuba uhlole izigaba, kubalulekile ukubona abadlali abayinhloko abalawula uhambo lwecala.

Imikhosi

Ezimweni zomphakathi, iqembu eliqala ukumangalelana liyi- Plaintiff, futhi iqembu eliquliswayo yi- i-dendendient[. Ezimweni zobugebengu, uhulumeni (ukubulawa) uletha amacala ku-

Iseluleko Esingokomthetho

Ama - attorney amelela amaqembu, anikeza iseluleko esingokomthetho, alungiselela izincwadi, anikeza ubufakazi, futhi aphikisane.

Ijaji

Ijaji lisebenza njengommeli womthetho ongathathi hlangothi. Umahluleli ushaya umthetho ngezindlela zokuthatha imingcele, unquma ukuthi ubufakazi abunakwenzeka, ufundisa amajaji ngomthetho osebenzayo (ekuqulweni kwejaji), futhi, ekuqulweni kwecala lebhentshi, usebenza njengomthumeli okhiphayo onikeza lesi sinqumo.

IJury

Emacaleni amaningi omphakathi nawezelele, ijaji lezakhamuzi linquma imibuzo yeqiniso — ngokwesibonelo, ukuthi ummangalelwa wenza isenzo ngempela yini. Indima yababandlululi ilinganiselwe ekuhloleni ubufakazi nasekusebenziseni umthetho njengoba ufundiswa ijaji.

Izisebenzi ZaseNkantolo Ezisekelayo

Izintatheli zenkantolo zenza izinkulumo eziqinile ezikhuluma ngecala.

Isigaba 1: Ukuqubuka Kwecala (Ukuhlanganisa Umthetho)

Inqubo yokwahlulela iqala lapho iqembu licela igunya lenkantolo ngokomthetho. Lesigaba sibuswa imithetho eqinile ephathelene nombuso, indawo, kanye nemibhalo efanele.

Ikhasimende Elicindezelwe Neliyikhonjiwe (Icala) Noma Icala

Kumthetho, i-paltiff ifaka u- collett — ibhukwana elimisa isisekelo sombuso wenkantolo, izimpikiswano eziyiqiniso, kanye nezinkulumo ezingokomthetho eziqondile (izizathu zesenzo) kummangalelwa. Isikhalo kumelwe sithunyelwe kummangalelwa kanye [FLT:] namamons, okuyala ummangalelwa ukuba aphendule phakathi nenkathi emisiwe (izinsuku ezingu-21-30). Ukwehluleka ukusabela ekuhluleleni okungahleliwe mayelana nommangalelwa.

Emicimbini yobugebengu, uhulumeni uqala icala ngecala [libuyiswe ijaji elikhulu] noma ulwazi (lubekwe umshushisi ngokuqondile). Lamaphepha amangalela ummangalelwa ngecala futhi asho ukuphulwa kwemithetho yesijeziso.

Ukudla Nokucwilisa

Ama-partiff kumelwe akhokhe intela, nakuba abakhokhi bemali bekhona emaqenjini angenamthetho. Umabhalane wenkantolo wabela amacala akhethekile, wabeka icala esikhumulweni senkantolo, futhi ubeka izinsuku zokuqala ezimisiwe.

Ukubukeza Kokuqala Kokwahlulela

Kwezinye izikhulu, amajaji ahlola ukukhononda kokuqala ukuze aqinisekise ukuthi ukwaneliseka okungokomthetho (ukusho okungenangqondo). Lokhu kuvame kakhulu emibhalweni egciniwe (ezimele).

Ukumiswa 2: Ukuqhubekela Phambi Kwecala (Umgwaqo Oya Ekuqulweni Kwecala)

Ngemva kokuba icala seliqulwe futhi ummangalelwa esephendule (ngokuvamile ngempendulo noma imizwelo yokuxosha[), izigigaba zingena esigabeni sangaphambi kwenkundla. Lokhu ngokuvamile kuyisimo eside nesinzima kakhulu, njengoba amacala amaningi exazululwa ngaphambi kokuba afinyelele icala.

Ukuthola

Ukuthola ukwaziswa kuyi-profile esemthethweni phakathi kwamaqembu. Injongo yayo iwukuqeda ukumangala lapho kuqulwa inkantolo, icishe ifake izimpikiswano futhi igcine ubufakazi. Amathuluzi abalulekile okuthola ahlanganisa:

  • Imibuzo elotshiwe okumelwe iphendulwe ngaphansi kwesifungo.
  • [[IMIFUNDO:0] Izilinganiso:[ Ubufakazi obuyindatshana obuthathwe ngaphansi kwesifungo ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, lapho abameli bengabuza khona imibuzo yofakazi namaqembu.
  • Izicelo zokuveza amabhukwana: Izicelo zokuhlola imibhalo ethintanayo, ama-imeyili, izivumelwano, izithombe, kanye nobunye ubufakazi obuphathekayo.
  • [ Izimemo zokugunyaza: izinkulumo ezicelwa olunye uhlangothi ukuba zivume noma ziphike, zinciphe izindaba zovivinyo.

Ukuthola izinto kungaba nokuphikisana, kuholele ekufuneni ukuphoqelela noma ukuvikela. Ezimweni zobugebengu, ukutholakala kulinganiselwe kakhulu ngenxa yezinkathazo zomthetho-sisekelo, kodwa ukuqulwa kwecala kumelwe kwambule ubufakazi bokucwasa ngaphansi Brady v. Maryland.

Umkhuba Wokuhamba

Ama-athotorney wohele ahlukene ukulolonga udaba. Izenzo ezivamile zangaphambi kohlelo zihlanganisa:

  • Ukukhipha: Isuntswana lokuthi icala kufanele likhishwe ngaphandle ngenxa yokungalawuleki okungokomthetho, ukuntuleka kwegunya, noma ukwehluleka ukusho ukuthi umelelo.
  • [[NT.0] Umjongo wokwahlulela okufushanisiwe: ufuna isinqumo sokuthi umuntu oyedwa unelungelo lokwahlulela njengendaba yomthetho ngoba akukho ukuphikisana kwangempela yiqiniso lezinto ezibonakalayo.
  • [[NTL:0]Motion in Limine: icela inkantolo ukuba ikhiphe ubufakazi obuthile ukuba bunganikezwa lapho kuqulwa icala (umz., inzwa, izithombe ezicatshangelweyo).
  • [[I- Ukuguqula i-Venue: Izicelo ezisusa ukuqulwa kwecala endaweni ehlukile ukuze kugwenywe ubandlululo noma ukukhululeka.

Imihlangano Yangaphambi Kwezenzakalo Nokumiswa Kwayo

Umahluleli uphethe izingqungquthela nabameli ukuze axoxe ngezokuphathwa kwamacala, amise izinsuku ezimisiwe zokuthola nokuhamba, ahlole amasu okuthola izenzakalo, futhi ahlele usuku lokuqulwa kwecala. Izinkantolo eziningi zifuna ukuba amaqembu afake isitatimende esihlangene esichaza amaqiniso avunyiweyo, izindaba eziphikiswayo, uhlu lofakazi, nezinhlu zemifanekiso.

Enye Impikiswano

Izinkantolo zikhuthaza noma zigunyaze ukudluliswa noma ukuquliswa kwecala phambi kokuqulwa kwecala. I-Mediation ihilela iqembu elingathathi hlangothi elisizayo ekuxazululeni izingxoxo. Ukulungisa [ kuyinqubo engokomthetho kakhulu lapho isiphathi sommeli esingathathi hlangothi sikhipha isinqumo esibophekayo noma esingabopheki. Impumelelo ADR ingaxazulula icala ngaphandle kokuthethwa kwecala, ukugcina isikhathi nemithombo.

ISiqu 3: Ukuqulwa Kwamacala — Isenzakalo Sokuqeda Izifo Esiphakathi

Icala liyicala lomphakathi, ukuqulwa kwamacala lapho amaqembu enikeza khona ubufakazi nezimpikiswano ejajini.

Ukhetho lwe Jury ([[QUL: 0] Ukukhipha i-Voir [[[QL:1]])

Ekuqulweni kwejaji, inkantolo ibiza iqoqo lamacala angenzeka ejaji. Ama-attorney asombulula izinhlangothi zombili abuza i-venire (panel) ukuze avulwe ubandlululo olungavimbela ukungakhethi. Izinhlangothi ngazinye zingazenza itshe lembangela [ [ukungalingani] (ongenasikhawulo, uma i-jarr icwale) kanye nezinselele [ (ingenasizathu esidingekayo, kodwa ingenakusetshenziswa ekukhetheni okusekelwe kuhlanga noma ubulili ngaphansi [FLT:]] v.[FLT]

Ukuvula Izinkulumo

Ummeli ngamunye unikeza ukufushaniswa kobufakazi abalindele ukubunikeza. izinkulumo zokuvula akuzona izimpikiswano — zingamabalazwe ayiqiniso.

Ukuboniswa Kobufakazi

Lokhu kuyisici sokuqulwa kwecala. Ubufakazi bunikezwa ngofakazi nangemibukiso:

  • [[UMTH: 0] Ukuhlola:[ Umbizi ubuza ofakazi bakhe siqu ukuze athole ubufakazi obuhle.
  • [ Ukungcola--Expany:[ Iqembu eliphikisayo liyabuza ufakazi, lihlose ukululaza ubufakazi noma lembule ukungavumelani.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukuqondisa nokubuyisela isiphambano: Landela umbuzo olinganiselwe ezintweni eziphakanyiswe phakathi nesiphambano.
  • Ubufakazi obuphathekayo: Amabhukwana, izithombe, izikhali, njll, zifakwa futhi ziphawulwe njengemibukiso.
  • [ Ubufakazi obungagunyaziwe: ochwepheshe abafanelekayo (umk., abagcini-zincwadi, odokotela bezokwelapha) banikeza imibono ekhethekile ukuze basize abasizi bejaji.

Imithetho yobufakazi — ikakhulukazi iMiyalo Yobufakazi noma efana nayo — ibusa lokho okungase kunikezwe.

Amampikiswano Okuvala

Omaphici be-athorney bafingqa ubufakazi, baphikisane ngendlela obusekela ngayo icala labo, futhi bacele ijaji ukuba likhiphe isinqumo esiqondile. Bangase bakhombe ubuthakathaka ebubufakazini obungalé kolunye uhlangothi. Emacaleni obugebengu, abashushisi bangase babe nesizathu sokusho.

Ukufundisa Nenkululeko

Umahluleli uyala abahluleli ngezindinganiso ezingokomthetho okumelwe bazisebenzise (isibonelo, ubufakazi obungangangatshazwa emacaleni obugebengu; ukuqashelwa kobufakazi emacaleni omphakathi). Khona - ke abahluleli bathatha umhlalaphansi ngamabomu basese. Izimemezelo zingathatha amahora noma izinsuku. Uma abahluleli bengenakusifinyelela isinqumo esivumelanayo, imiphumela eboshweni, futhi icala lingase liphinde liqulwe.

Ukuvivinywa Kwebhentshi

Ecaleni lebhentshi (alukho ukwahlulela), umahluleli usebenza njenge-commist yeqiniso futhi ukhipha isinqumo kanye nalokho okutholakele kwamaqiniso neziphetho zomthetho. Ukuqulwa kwecala le-Bench kuvamile emacaleni ezentengiselwano ayinkimbinkimbi noma lapho ijaji lijelwa khona.

Isiteji 4: Isigwebo Nokungena Kokwahlulela

Isinqumo yisinqumo esingokomthetho — esinecala noma esinganecala (elinecala) noma esingafanele (icala). Kwezinye izimo zomphakathi, isinqumo sisho futhi ukuthi isilinganiso semali elahlekile.

Ukungcolisa Ithuna

Ngemva kokuba isinqumo sesifundwe enkantolo esobala, bobabili bangase bacele ukuba kuhlolwe abahluleli — babuze ngamunye ehlulelini ngalinye ukuthi bayavumelana yini naleso sinqumo.

Ukuhamba Kwangemva Komsindo

Ngaphambi kokuba ukwahlulela kube okokugcina, iqembu elilahlekile lingase lithathe uhambo lwangemva kokwahlulela:

  • Motion for Justice Convice (JNOV):[ I-Argues ukuthi isinqumo asisekelwe ngokomthetho futhi umahluleli kufanele angene kolunye uhlobo.
  • [[INT:0] Ukuqulwa kwecala elisha: izisho ezithi amaphutha phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala (umk., iziyalezo ezingafanele zejaji, ukuziphatha okubi ngeseluleko) zaphika ukuqulwa kobulungisa.
  • Ukuhlangana ku-Alter noma ukwahlulela okunganqunywanga: kufuna ukulungisa ukwahlulela noma amanye amagama.

Uma le mithetho iphikiswa, inkantolo ikhipha isahlulelo sokugcina.

Isiteji 5: Ukudlulisa Amacala Nezindlela Zokwelapha I - Postg

Inkantolo ihlola amarekhodi nezifushane ukuze ithole ukuthi inkantolo iwusebenzisa kahle yini umthetho.

Ukuzwa Ukukhanga

Iqembu kumelwe lifake [[QURT: 0] uphawu lokudlulisa phakathi kwesilinganiso esithile sesikhathi (ngokuvamile izinsuku ezingu - 30 kusukela ekungeneni ekwahluleleni). Ukwehluleka ukwenza kanjalo kulahlekelwa ilungelo lokudlulisa.

Inqubo Yokufuna Ukuzibulala

  • Iqophelo lokudlulisa: Umphathi wenkantolo uhlanganisa irekhodi elingokomthetho — izincengo, amarekhodi, imibukiso, nemithetho.
  • I-Briefs:[ I-apulantant (iqembu lokumpompela) inikeza imposiso efingqiwe nezimpikiswano zomthetho. I-appelle i-fakela impendulo emfushane, kanti i-appeltant ingafaka impendulo.
  • Impikiswano e-'Oral's :[ Ezinxephezelweni eziningi, abameli baveza izimpikiswano ezimfushane (umkl., 15-30 imizuzu) phambi kweqembu lamajaji (ngokuvamile ezintathu ezinkantolo eziphakathi; kuya kweziyisishiyagalolunye ezinkantolo eziphakeme). Abahluleli bangabuza imibuzo yokuhlola.
  • I-Decision: Inkantolo ethatha isigwebo ikhipha umbono olotshiwe, okungase kube yi- i-afright [i-application] [i-ful] [i-'umphandle], [ i-transpability, noma ne[[FLT]] [[FLT]] [isusa emuva ngemicimbi eqhubekayo evumelana nombono).

Ukukhanga Okwengeziwe Ne - Certiorari

Ngemva kwesinqumo senkantolo ephakathi, iqembu elilahlekelwayo lingase lifune ukubukezwa yinkantolo ephakeme kakhulu (umz., ephethe inkantolo ephakeme noma iNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S.). Ngokuvamile, inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu inezinqumo ezicatshangelwe ngokusemthethweni — ingakhetha ukulizwa icala nge-writ ye- cortari. Ingxenye encane kuphela yezicelo enikezwayo.

Ukuphoqelelwa Kokwahlulela

Uma ukwahlulela kungokokugcina futhi kungasalindelwe, iqembu elikhona lingaphoqelela isahlulelo. Izindlela zihlanganisa ukukhokhelwa iholo lempahla, amasheya empahla, ukukhokhwa kwemali ebhange, noma ukuphangwa kwempahla (emacala omphakathi). Ezicaleni zobugebengu, ummangalelwa angase agwetshwe ejele, agwetshwe, agwetshwe, ahlawuliswe, noma ezinye izijeziso.

Ukucatshangelwa Okukhethekile Kwangaphandle Kwezinhlobo Zomshoshaphansi

Inqubo yokwahlulela ivumelana nezimo kuye ngokuthi impikiswano injani.

Inqubo Yangaphakathi Yesigebengu

Icala lezigebengu lihlanganisa isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo (ilungelo lokunikeza iseluleko, ngokumelene nokuzibeka indiva, ukuthatha indiva kobumsulwa). Uhulumeni uthwele umthwalo wobufakazi ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. Amacala ombango ahilela izimpikiswano zangasese, nomthwalo ophansi wobufakazi — ukubucabangela kusengaphambili ubufakazi (cishe kakhulu).

Federal v. Izimiso zeNkantolo yoMbuso

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisingatha amacala ahilela umthetho kahulumeni, ukubusa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, noma ukuphatha umthetho-mthetho. Izinkantolo zoMbuso zisingatha amacala amaningi kakhulu — umthetho womkhaya, izimpikiswano zesivumelwano, izitokisi, namacala obugebengu kahulumeni. Isimiso ngasinye sinemithetho yaso siqu (Imithetho ye-Federal ye-Civil Procedure v.

Izenzo Zokuxhumana Okuyinkimbinkimbi Nezigaba

Izehlakalo ezinkulu, njenge-litigation-millidical (MDL) noma izenzo zesigaba, zihilela izinyathelo ezengeziwe, kuhlanganise nokuzwa kwe-pcedential accessing, ukuhlola kwe-belyether, kanye nokuphatha indawo eyinkimbinkimbi. Lezi zinqubo zingathatha iminyaka.

Indima Yobuchwepheshe Enqubweni Yokwahlulela Yanamuhla

I-electronic quadrect (e-filfil) nezimiso zokulawula amacala zinendlela yokutholana kwecala nemvume yezincwadi. Ukuzwana okungokoqobo kanye nokufakwa kude, okusheshiswa yilesifo esiwumqedazwe, manje kuyinqubo ezinkantolo eziningi. Ubufakazi bezemishini (ama-email, izikhungo zezezezokuxhumana, i-metameters) kudinga amathuluzi amasha okuthola futhi kuphakamisa izindaba ezikhethekile neziyimfihlo. Izinkantolo zisebenzisa ne-AII emisebenzini ethile yokulawula, nakuba ukwenza isinqumo sokwahlulela sihlala singumuntu ngokwemvelo.

Isiphetho: Ukuphishekela Ubulungisa Ngenqubo

Inqubo yokwahlulela, kusukela eqophelweni lokunquma kokugcina nangaphezulu, iyisimiso esiklanywe ngokucophelela sokuhlola nokulinganisela. Isigaba ngasinye — kusukela ekukhonoleni kokuqala ukuya ekutholeni, ekuqulweni kwecala, nasekunxuseni — sisebenza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izimpikiswano zixazululiwe ngamaqiniso nangomthetho, hhayi amandla noma amandla. Nakuba kungekho simiso esiphelele, ukuqonda izinyathelo ze-procedectal kunika abathatha igxathu nengxebezo ze-Livel amandla okuya enkantolo ngokunempumelelo nokwazisa umthetho owenziwayo. Ukuze uqhubeke ufunda, hlola [[FLT:]. [FFK].S. uqualuquantery yenqubo yokwahlulela ye-omgavil [5]], [indlela yokusekela le komiti yomthetho kahulumeni kuphela] kodwa izama nokusekela imvume yobulungisa.[FLT]