Ukuqashelwa Emikhankasweni Yomthetho KaHulumeni

Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ziyimishini yokusungulwa kwezimiso zokubusa kwaseMelika, ukusungulwa kwemithetho esingatha yonke into kusukela ekutholeni imfundo kuya empilweni egunyazwe umphakathi. Nakuba i-Congress yase-U.S. isebenza ngaphansi komthetho-sisekelo owodwa, ngalinye lamazwe angu-50 lihlela imishini yalo yokuhlela, iphumela ekuhlelweni kwezindlela eziningi ezihlukene zenqubo, amandla, nezimiso zempucuko. Kubafundi besayensi yezombangazwe, abafundisi abaklama izifundazwe, nanoma ubani onesithakazelo ekuqondeni indlela imithetho eyenzeka ngayo ngempela, ukuqonda lokhu kungafani. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukucaciswa okucacile okucacile kwezinqubo zemithetho yemithetho yomthetho, ukuhlelwa kwezinyathelo zezakhiwo, ukuhlelwa kwezinyathelo ezikhethekile ezidlalwa ababusi, amakomiti, nezakhamuzi ezihlukene emazweni ahlukene. Ngokuhlola labafundi, nanoma yiziphi ezinye izindlela ezikhona. Ngokuhlola ukuthi lezi mininingwane zamazwe amanani aseMelika zisebenza kanjani.

Izakhiwo Zemithetho KaHulumeni: IBababralism Nemithetho Yayo Ehlukile

Isinqumo esiyisisekelo kakhulu sanoma yisiphi isishaya-mthetho ukuthi sizoba negumbi elilodwa noma amabili. Izifunda eziningi zilandela i-biomral system: Indlu yabameleli (noma i-Buaven) neSigele. I-Badaralism isekelwe esimisweni sokunikeza izingqimba eziningi zokuzihlola, negumbi ngalinye lisebenza njengesehlo kwelinye. I-globe iyi-tembili enezinsika ezihlukene, ubude, nemithetho ye-procedroidism cishe ayidlulisi umthetho osheshayo noma ongenziwangafanelekile.

  • Izishaya-mthetho zezigebengu: Zikhona ngokwezifundazwe ezingu-49. Igumbi elingaphansi likhulu futhi limelela inani labantu abaningi, kuyilapho igumbi eliphezulu linikeza umbono wesikhathi eside.
  • [[FLT: 0] Isishaya-mthetho se-Unicameral: i-Nebraska isebenzisa isishaya-mthetho sombuso we-uncaral e-United States kuphela. Yamiswa ngo-1934, nge-Nebraska yenziwa i-kambian-kamber system eyodwa, isici se-U.S. i-George Norris njengenguquko yokwandisa impumelelo, ukubonakala, nokulandisa. I-Legaslature, ngokusemthethweni ibizwa ngokuthi i-"Unicameral," inemalungu angu-49 akhethwe ebhallisotans, isici esiyihlukanisa nayo yonke indawo. Ucwaningo lwesizwe lwe-S Legastimulatures (NCSL) lusikisela ukuthi izindleko ze-Ebraskalkarcase-octive futhi incike ngokomthetho womthetho wonke, nakuba ingenziwangamende yenqubo engcono kakhulu.[Fognetics]

Ukuba Amalungu, Izimfuneko Nesilinganiso Sesikhathi

Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zihluka kakhulu ngokobukhulu, kusukela kwiNew Hampshire House of Vamameli enamalungu angu-400 kuya e-Alaska House enamalungu angu-40 kuphela. Isizathu salokhu kungafani singokomlando nangokwenani labantu, kodwa zinemiphumela yangempela yendlela umthetho ohamba ngayo phakathi kwesimiso. Ngokuvamile, amagumbi angaphansi anesikhathi esifushane seminyaka emibili, kuyilapho amagumbi aphezulu esebenza iminyaka emine, nakuba ekhona ngaphandle: i-Alaba, i-Alabama, iLouisiana, Maryland, ne-Mississippispine anemisple yeminyaka emine.

  • Amagama acacile: Izifunda eziningi zisebenzisa amagama athatha iminyaka emine, kodwa izifunda ezingu-12 zisebenzisa amagama aneminyaka emibili ku-insenator. Ezimweni ezishaqisayo, cishe ingxenye ye-seneta ilungele ukukhethwa njalo ngemva kweminyaka emibili, inikeza ukuqhubekeka kwenhlangano.
  • Inombolo yendlu: igama elivamile yiminyaka emibili ngokwezifundazwe ezingu-44. Izifundazwe ezinhlanu `Alabama, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, neNyakatho Dakota/sebenzisa amagama athatha iminyaka emine egumbini lawo eliphansi.
  • Izindawo:[ Zonke izifunda-zwe zifuna ukuba izishayamthetho zibe izakhamuzi zezifunda zazo futhi zivote. Izimfuneko zobudala obuncane ziyahluka: izimfuneko zeminyaka eminingi zifuna abameleli ukuba babe yizi-21 namalunga okungenani angu-25, kodwa imingcele iyahluka, ezinye izimo ezingenayo imfuneko yeminyaka yobudala engalé kokuba zivotelwe.

Ingxenye-Isikhathi v. Imithetho yesikhathi esigcwele

Isici sokwakha esivame ukuhlolwa ukuthi isishaya-mthetho sithathwa ngokuthi "isikhawu" noma "ingxenye yesikhathi". Lokhu kuhlelwa kuthinta isikhathi abashaya izishayamthetho abangasinikela ekwenzeni nokuphikisana ngezindleko, kanye nembuyiselo yabo. Ama-NCSL ahlukanisa izishaya-mthetho zezwe zibe ngamaqembu amathathu:

  • Isikhathi esigcwele (Oluhlaza) izishaya-mthetho: California, New York, Pennsylvania, kanye nezinye lapho abashaya izishaya-mthetho behlangana khona unyaka wonke futhi benoxhaso olubalulekile lwezisebenzi. Lezi zifunda zithambekele ekukhiqizeni imithetho eyengeziwe futhi zibe nezimiso zamakomiti eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.
  • Isikhathi sengxenye (Bomvu):[[FLT] Montana, Nevada, Texas, neWyoming, lapho izishaya-mthetho zihlangana khona izinyanga ezimbalwa kuphela njalo ngemva kweminyaka emibili noma unyaka ngamunye ezinhlanganweni ezimfushane. Abameli kulezi zindawo bavame ukuba nezinye izikhundla zomsebenzi futhi bathembele kakhulu kumakomiti ahlangene ukuze balungiselele umthetho phakathi kwezinhlelo.
  • Iqembu eliphakathi elihlanganisa izifundazwe ezinjenge Colorado, iFlorida, ne-Ohio, lapho abashaya imithetho bechitha khona isikhathi esiningi emisebenzini ye-avistiki kodwa benamsebenzi wangaphandle.

Umehluko phakathi kwesikhathi esigcwele nengxenye yonyaka unezimiphumela emikhulu enqubweni yomthetho. Ngasikhathi sinye izishaya-mthetho, izikweleti zingangeniswa noma nini futhi zidlule phakathi konyaka wengxenye. Ezimini ezithile, isikhathi esicinene sisho ukuthi ingeniswa, ukubukezwa kwekomiti, ukuphikiswa kwenkulumo yasesitezingeni, kanye ne-transport konke kwenzeka ngaphakathi kwefasitela elincane, ngokuvamile kuholela ekubeni i-logjams kanye nezindleko zesiqephu se-omnocrate.

Inqubo Yomthetho: Ukusuka Ekubeni Yisithakazelo Kuya Esiya Emithethweni

Nakuba isikweleti esiyisisekelo sifana kuzo zonke izifundazwe ``i-introduu'', ukubukezwa kwekomiti, ukuphikisana ngesesitezi, ukuvota, nokuthatha isinyathelo sombusi---"udeveli]. Isinyathelo ngasinye singahlukahluka ngezindlela ezithinta kakhulu amathuba okungena kwemali.

Isingeniso: Ubani Ongafaka Umthetho?

Kunoma isiphi isifundazwe, umthombo oyinhloko wezimemezelo zokungena kwabashaya umthetho ngabanye. Nokho, izinga lomuntu ongamisa umthetho liyahlukahluka:

  • Isingeniso esisemthethweni: kuzo zonke izifundazwe ezingama-50, noma yiliphi ilungu lesishaya-mthetho lingasungula umthetho. Ezinye izimo zidinga izikweleti ukuze zethulwe phakathi namasonto ambalwa okuqala esiqephu noma ngomgomo othile oqondile, kuyilapho ezinye zivumela izingeniso phakathi nesimiso.
  • Isingeniso seGovernor: Ezizweni eziningi, umbusi angamisa umthetho, ngokunikeza umxhasi wemithetho umthetho umthetho noma ngokuhambisa umyalezo ongokomthetho. Kwezinye izindawo, njenge New Jersey neKentucky, umbusi unegunya lokwethula izikweletu ngokuqondile.
  • Izindlela zokuthatha isinyathelo: Ezifundazweni ezingu-24 nase-Foourty of Columbia, izakhamuzi zingadlula ngokuphelele izishaya-mthetho ngenqubo yokuqala. Lokhu kuvumela abavoti ukuba bahlolele futhi bavumele imithetho ngokuqondile ebhokisini lebhola. Inqubo yokuthatha isinyathelo isebenza kakhulu ezizweni ezinjenge California, Colorado, ne-Oregon, lapho izindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi ezinjengokwenza insangu ibe ngokomthetho, inkambiso yentela, nenguquko yempilo inqunywe yivoti. Izenzo zingaba i-stautition (ukwenza umthetho) noma umthetho womthetho-mthetho-sisekelo (ukudlulisa umthetho wezwe).
  • I-Prefiding: Izifundazwe eziningi zivumela izishayamthetho ukuba zinikeze izikweleti zangaphambi kwe-hele ngaphambi kokuba isimiso siqale ngokomthetho, zinika izisebenzi zekomiti nabanikazi besikhathi esengeziwe sokuhlaziya iziphakamiso. I-Prefili ivame kakhulu ezimisweni zomthetho zesikhathi esigcwele futhi zisetshenziswa kakhulu ezizweni eziyingxenye ukuze zisheshisele lenqubo.

Ukumiswa kwemithetho kuyinqubo yobuchwepheshe. Izifundazwe eziningi zineseluleko somthetho esingangeni hlangothi noma ihhovisi lemithetho elisiza abashaya imithetho ekuguquleni imiqondo yezimiso ukuba ibe ulimi olungokomthetho. Leli hhovisi liqinisekisa ukuthi izindleko zihlangabezana nezimfuneko zokuhlela, azingqubuzani nemithetho ekhona, futhi zinengqondo ngokomthetho-mthetho.

Ukubukeza KweKomiti: Lapho Izincwajana Zicwaningwa Khona

AmaKomiti avame ukubizwa ngokuthi "amahhashi asebenzayo" ama-parteam zikahulumeni, futhi ngesizathu esihle. Imali eningi kakhulu ekhokhiwe (ngokuvamile 90% noma ngaphezulu) emakomiti. Amakomiti avumela ukubukezwa okukhethekile, ubufakazi bomphakathi, nokubuyiselwa okuningiliziwe ngaphambi kokuba isikweleti sifike phansi.

  • I-Referral: Ngemva kokuthulwa, amakhokhiya anikwa amakomiti anye noma ngaphezulu asekelwe ezindabeni ezisendabeni. Kwezinye izifundazwe, isikhulu esiphethe (Okhuluma ngendlu noma uMongameli weSigele) sinokuqonda okuphawulekayo kokubhekisa phambili noma ukubulala umbiko wemali ngokusemthethweni. Kwezinye izifunda, i-arhekhoral isuka ngokuzenzakalelayo isekelwe emithethweni.
  • AmaKomiti alalelayo: aqulisa izimemezelo zomphakathi lapho abalungisi bezwa khona ubufakazi kubasekeli, abaphikisi, izinhlangano zikahulumeni, nochwepheshe bezihloko. Ezinye izifundazwe zidinga isikhathi esincane sokuqaphela ukuqulwa kwecala, kuyilapho ezinye zivumela ukuzwa uma kuqashelwa kafushane.
  • Izivumelwano:[ amalungu amaKomiti angasikisela izinguquko ukuze alungise isikweleti. Kwezinye izifundazwe, amakomiti angabhala futhi incwadi, aphumelele ukwakha "umthatheli wesibopho".Khayinye, izinguquko zilinganiselwe futhi kumelwe zihlangane nesihloko sokuqala.
  • futhi umbiko: Ngemva kokucabangisisa, ikomiti ivota ukuthi ingabika noma imvume (ikhangisa ngengxenye), ngokungafaneleki, noma ngaphandle kokutusa. Umbiko omuhle uthumela isaziso phansi, kodwa kwezinye izifunda, kumelwe futhi idlule ngemithetho noma ikomiti yekhalenda enqumayo ukuthi umbiko uzodingidwa nini futhi uma ungayidingi ukuphikisana.

Inani nohlobo lwamakomiti luhluka kakhulu. Izishaya-mthetho ezinkulu njengeCalifornia zinamakomiti angaphezu kuka-30 egumbini ngalinye, kanti amazwe amancane njengoVermont asebenzisa amakomiti ahlangeneyo ahlanganisa amalungu asemagumbini womabili, kuyilapho eziningi zigcina izimiso zamakomiti ahlukene egumbini ngalinye.

Enye i-proceducal ebalulekile i-"ecetee of the," esetshenziswa kwezinye izifundazwe njenge-Maine ne-Massachusetts. Kulendlela, lonke ikamelo lihlala njengekomiti ukuxoxa futhi liqede isikhwama esihlelwe ngendlela esemthethweni kunesimiso esisesitezi esiphansi, esivumela ukucabangela okuningi ngokwengeziwe. Lomkhuba uyivela kancane ezimisweni ezinkulu kodwa ungaphumelela ezizweni ezincane.

Impikiswano Nemisebenzi Yokucula Eyindawo Ezungezile

Uma isikweleti sesiqedile ikomiti, sisuka phansi egumbini lendabuko ukuze kuqhutshwe impikiswano futhi sivote. Nalapha futhi, imithetho elawula lesi simo iyahluka kakhulu:

  • Imithetho eqinile: Ezinye izifundazwe zinemingcele eqinile yesikhathi engxoxweni, isikhulumi ngasinye sihlela inani elithile lemizuzu. Ezinye zivumela impikiswano engenamkhawulo, engaholela emandleleni anjenge-filibulister. Ngokwesibonelo, eSigeqeni saseTexas, kudingeka amavoti amabili-mitha amathathu ukuletha umthetho phansi, ngokuphumelelayo ivumela ingcosana ukuba ivimbele umthetho.
  • Izintambo ezisesitezi: Ezifundazweni eziningi, izinguquko zaphansi zivumelekile, kodwa kumelwe zivumelane nendaba yomthetho. Ezinye izifundazwe zivumela ukungalungi kwe-geremane kulungiswe, okuholela "isihlahla sikaKhisimusi" izikweletu eziheha ukudla okuningi okungahlobene. Imithetho ngokuphathelene nokulungisa i-injini ye-antellimections iyahluka kakhulu futhi ingaba umthombo wokulawula okusemthethweni.
  • Izinqubo zokuvota: Izishaya-mthetho eziningi zikahulumeni zisebenzisa izimiso zokuvota ze-electronic, kodwa ezinye zisasebenzisa amavoti ezwi noma amavoti ezindabeni ezivamile. Iningi lamalungu akhona ngokuvamile lanele ukuba lidluliswe, kodwa ezinye izifunda zidinga iningi elingokomthetho (iningi lawo wonke amalungu akhethiwe, hhayi nje lawo akhona) ezinhlotsheni ezithile zezikweletu, njengalezo ezandisa intela noma ezigunyaza isibopho.
  • Izimfuneko zobuzwe ezilandelanayo: Izifundazwe eziningi zidinga isithathu esibili noma isithathu--5 senani lezenzo ezithile zomthetho. Izibonelo ezivamile zihlanganisa ukumiswa kwe-veto, ukudluliswa komthetho ophuthumayo, ukugunyaza ukulungiswa komthetho-mthetho-mthethweni, nokubekwa intela eyandayo. Ngokwesibonelo, iCalifornia idinga amavoti amabili entela andayo nezimiso ezithile eziphuthumayo, kuyilapho i-Arkansans kanye ne Nevada idinga ivotibili yamahora ukuze idlulise kudluliswe i-3.

Ngemva kokudlula egumbini lokuqamba, umlomo uhamba uye kwelinye igumbi, lapho uthatha khona inqubo efanayo yokubukeza amakomiti nengxoxo ephansi. Uma igumbi lesibili lidlula enye inguqulo, ukungezwani kumelwe kuxazululwe ngekomiti yengqungquthela (eqoqwe amalungu asemagumbini womabili) noma ngenqubo yokushintshana.

Ukuqhathaniswa Kwemithetho Ehlukahlukene Ezindaweni Ezingakolunye Umbuso

Nakuba ukwakheka kwesimiso kuvumelana, imininingwane engokwesiko ingamisa noma iphule uhlelo lwemithetho. Ukuqonda lokhu kushintsha kubalulekile kunoma imuphi umkhuba olandelana kwezifundazwe.

Izinombolo Zesikhathi Nezinkathi Zesikhathi

Enye yezindlela ezihlukene kakhulu zokuhlela ikhalenda lomthetho:

  • Iziqephu zeminyaka yonke. zinezifunda ezingu-44 eziba neziqeshana zomthetho zaminyaka yonke, kanti i-6 i-(Montana, Nevada, North Dakota, Oregon, Texas, ne Wyoming] izinhlelo zesikhathi esingapheliyo, ngokuvamile ezihlangene ngeminyaka eyinqaba. Izikhathi zenkathi yonyaka zidala ukucindezela okukhulu, njengoba ibhizinisi limelwe liqedwe phakathi nezinyanga ezimbalwa. Lezi zigomela kakhulu kumakomiti e-interim ukutadisha izindaba phakathi kwezinsuku.
  • Imingcele yobude benhlanganiso: Ezinye izifundazwe zimisa imingcele engokomthetho noma engokomthetho kubude besiqephu. Ngokwesibonelo, iTexas ivumela iziqephu ezivamile ukuba zithathe izinsuku ezingu-140 kuphela njalo eminyakeni emibili. IColorado ilinganisela isiqephu sayo sonyaka sibe yizinsuku eziyi 120. Ezinye izifunda-zwe, njenge New York nePennsylvania, azinamkhawulo omisiwe futhi azikwazi ukuhlangabezana unomphela, nakuba imingcele esebenzayo ivame ukusebenza.
  • Iziqephu ezikhethekile: Ohulumeni kuzo zonke izifundazwe bangabiza izikhawu ezikhethekile ukuze baxazulule izimpikiswano ezithile, kodwa imithetho iyahluka. Kwezinye izifunda, isishaya-mthetho singazibiza futhi esiqephini esikhethekile, nakuba lokhu kudinga ukuvota okukhulu. Iziqephu ezikhethekile zivamile uma kuphakama izindaba eziphuthumayo, njengezinhlekelele zemali, izinhlekelele zemvelo, noma imibandela yemali engokomthetho.

Imithetho Yeziphendu Nempikiswano

Imithetho yemvelo ibumba indawo ehlelekile yabashaya imithetho:

  • Imithetho yobuJamani: Ezifundazweni eziningi, ukuvuselelwa kwephansi kumele kuvumelane nendaba yomthetho. Nokho, amazwe ambalwa, njengeTennessee neKentucky, avumela ukungalungi kwe-ogermane ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, okungaholela ekuthwaleni izikwele ngokufakwa kwempahla engahlobene.
  • Izimfuneko zokufunda: Izimo eziningi zidinga izikweleti ukuba "funda" ngezinsuku ezintathu ezihlukene ngaphambi kokuba idluliswe, umthetho osukela emuva esikweni lephalamende laseNgilandi. Ukwenza, lokhu kufunda kwenziwa ngesihloko kuphela, futhi amazwe amaningi avumela imfuneko ukuba incishiswe yivoti enkulu. Ezinye izizwe, njengo-Ohio, ziye zasusa umthetho wokufundwa kwezingxenye ezintathu zezikweletu eziningi ngaphandle kwalezo ezihilela izigwebo eziphuthumayo.
  • Filibusters: Nakuba ama-finbuster ehlangene kakhulu neSigele sase-U.S., ezinye izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ziyawavumela ngokufanayo. ISigele saseTexas sinesiko eliphawulekayo le-monicbuster, nesazi se-2013 esidumile sikaSenator Wendy Davis edwelisa ukunakekela kwesizwe emthethweni wokukhipha isisu. I-California kanye nezinye izifundazwe ziye zasusa i-Reacebuster ngokufuna ivoti enkulu kuphela yokubuza umbuzo.

Ukuhlanganyela Ezakhamuzini Nokubona Izindawo

Izishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni ziye zathatha izindlela ezihlukene zokungenela komphakathi:

  • Ubufakazi obuyi-Pubble: Izifundazwe eziningi zivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zifakaze emacaleni amakomiti, kungaba ngokomuntu noma ngokubhala. Ezinye izifundazwe, njengeFlorida neWashington, ziye zamukela ubufakazi obukude, kwenze kube lula ngezakhamuzi ezisuka ezingxenyeni ezikude zezwe ukuba zihlanganyele.
  • Izimiso eziqinile:[ Zonke izifundazwe zifuna abagqugquzeli ukuba babhalise futhi bathulule imisebenzi yabo, kodwa ubunzima balemithetho buyahluka. Ezinye izifunda zinemithetho eqinile yokukhomba nokulinganisela kwezipho, kuyilapho ezinye zinemithetho eyekelelayo.
  • Ukugoqoza nezinqolobane: Inani elikhulayo lezifunda linikeza ukugcwala kwezinhlelo zephansi kanye nokuzwa kwamakomiti, kanye nezinqolobane zevidiyo ne-metholi. I-United States enjenge California, Texas, ne-New York inezikhungo ze-inthanethi ezibanzi ze-inthanethi, kuyilapho ezinye zisathuthukisa izakhiwo zazo ze-tekthric.

Izibonelo Zomehluko Ophawulekayo

Izigodi eziningana zivelele ngezinqubo zazo ezihlukile:

Indima Yombusi Enqubweni Yomthetho

Abalawuli abazona izibukeli zenqubo yomthetho; bahlanganyela ngentshiseko abanamandla abalulekile angokomthetho nangokwethukela. Izinga legunya le-gabernator alifani kakhulu ezifundazweni, lilolonga amandla obuhlobo bomthetho bokubulala.

Amandla E - Veto

Igunya eliqondile lomthetho likambusi liyi-veto. Zonke izigodlo ezingama - 50 zinika ababusi bazo igunya lokwenza umthetho, kodwa ubukhulu balowo mbuso buyahluka:

  • I-veto engafanele: Kuzo zonke izifundazwe, umbusi angakhipha isikhala sonke. Ukudlula iveto, izifundazwe eziningi zidinga ama-33 ama-majoring aphezulu kakhulu kuzo zombili igumbi, kodwa ezinye izifunda zisebenzisa inani eliyisithathu (umz., i-Arkansas, Maryland, ne-Nevada) noma ngisho neningi elivamile (umz., i-Alabama, i-Indiana, i-Indiana, ne-Tennessee ngezinhlobo ezithile zezindleko).
  • Ingxenye-ingxenye train vento: Ezifundazweni ezingu-44, umbusi unamandla okuveza izinto ezithile ezisemigqeni phakathi kwezindleko ze-appropria, uvumela umphathi omkhulu ukuba asike noma alungise izinhlelo zomuntu ngaphandle kokulahla uhlelo lwemali. Lomandla awakho e-Indiana, Nevada, New Hampshire, North Carolina, Rhode Island, nase Vermont. I-metavoto inikeza abaphathi bemithetho emikhulu yemali yemali, njengoba bengasongela ukususa imisebenzi yekhethelo ekusebenziseni izikwele.
  • Reuce vento: Izifunda ezimbalwa, kuhlanganise neNew Jersey ne Maryland, zinika ababusi amandla okunciphisa inani lamazwi athile, kunokuba bamane bawashaye ngokuphelele. Le "````````''''' iyithuluzi elihloselwe kakhulu elivumela ukuhlelwa kahle kohlelo lwemali.
  • I-Pocet vento: Kwezinye izifundazwe, uma umbusi engabonisi izimpawu noma ekhipha isibhamu phakathi nenkathi ecacile (ngokuvamile izinsuku 5 kuya ku-30), umthetho uba umthetho ngokuzenzekelayo. Nokho, uma isishaya-mthetho sifihla isikhathi ngaphambi kokuba kuphele isikhathi, isigebengu singafa nge "pocket veto" ngokwezimo eziqaphela lombuso. Iphaketheku livame kakhulu ezingeni likahulumeni, kodwa limbalwa, njengaseNew York, linozinguqulo zalenqubo.

Ikhono lokudlula i-veto lingenye yezihlolo ezibaluleke kakhulu emandleni ombuso. I-odokisi abaphansi banemigoqo engaphansi (umz., iningi) elibuthakathaka, kanti ababusi abanemikhawulo ephakeme (umz., ama-35 awo wonke amalungu akhethiwe) banikeza umbusi isandla esinamandla ezingxoxweni. ufunda kakhulu nge-gubernatorial verto nenqubo ekhuselwe eNCSL.

Amanye Amandla Okusangulukisa

Ngaphandle kwesimiso sokubusa, ababusi bathonya inqubo yokushaya umthetho ngezinye izindlela eziningana:

  • Isimo sekheli likaHulumeni: Bonke ababusi banikeza ikheli laminyaka yonke kumphathi-ndlu yomthetho ochaza izinqumo zabo eziphambili. Nakuba ingabopheki, lenkulumo imisa uhlelo lwezishayano nezimpawu ezicatshangelwa umbusi.
  • Isiphakamiso se-bot: kuzo zonke izifundazwe ngaphandle kwe-Mississippi neTexas, umbusi unomthwalo wokunikeza isishaya-mthetho esihlongozwayo sombuso. Uhlelo lwemali luyingxenye yemithetho ebaluleke kakhulu esiqephini ngasinye, futhi isihlongozo somphathi sihlela izinkulumo zenkulumo. Ezizweni eziningi, isishaya-mthetho singaguqula uhlelo lwemali lukambusi, kodwa isiphakamiso sokuqala simise isisekelo.
  • Iziqondiso ezisebenzayo:[ Abaphathi banganikeza iziyalo eziphethe ezinamandla omthetho ezindaweni ezithile, njengokuqondisa isimo esiphuthumayo, ukuhlelwa kabusha, neziqondiso zezimiso zezinhlangano zikahulumeni. Ngezinye izikhathi lemiyalo ingasusa noma ithathe isinyathelo semithetho esenezelele.
  • Ukumisa izikhawu ezikhethekile: Amandla okubiza izikhawu ezikhethekile avumela ababusi ukuba baphoqelele abayaluza ukuba bakhulume ngezindaba ezithile ohlelweni lwesikhathi sikambusi. Lokhu kungaba yithuluzi elinamandla lokwaphula izintambo zomthetho noma ukuqhubekela phambili umthetho owenqanyulwe phakathi nesimiso sasikhathi sonke.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Kokuqonda Ngokuqhathaniswa

Inqubo yomthetho kohulumeni bakahulumeni kazwelonke ayiveli e-Monolithic. Kusukela ku-Nebraska'’s onecameral nonpartisan kumfuziselo wendlu yomthetho eqeqeshiwe ngonyaka ejikelezayo yaseCalifornia, kusukela ku-texas'''s i-bivernial e-iship ukuya ku-teclary-odance ye-New York, uhulumeni ngamunye usungule indlela ekhethekile yokwenza umthetho ebonakalisa umlando wawo, impucuko, nezindinganiso zezombangazwe. Kubafundi abafunda uhulumeni waseMelika, le misebenzi inikeza isayensi ecebile yokuqonda indlela yokuklama izinhlelo zemithetho engoko. Ukuhlolwa kombuso wezimiso zentando yeningi kwembula ukuthi izimiso ezifanayo zentando yeningi, ukuhlola, nokulinganisela, nokulinganisela kwezentengo-cwe, ngezindlela zayo ezihlukene, ngazinye, kanye namandla awo.

Njengoba abafundi behlanganyela kulemiqondo, bayothuthukisa ukuqonda okujulile ngendlela imithetho eyenziwa ngayo kanye nendima kahulumeni emphakathini. Ngokuhlola imithetho eqondile, izinqubo, kanye namandla achaza inqubo yomthetho kahulumeni ngamunye, umuntu angakwazisa kangcono ukuyinkimbinkimbi nobungqabavu be-constituism yaseMelika. Uma kulandelana nomthetho ngekomiti eTexas House noma uhlola umugqa kambusi wento e-New Jersey, ukuhlolwa kwezimiso zikahulumeni kunikeza ifasitela labasebenzi bentando yeningi.

Kulokhu kuhlola okwengeziwe izinqubo zesizwe zokumisa, iNational Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL) ilondoloza imithombo ebanzi yohlelo lwezishaya-mthetho, izimiso zesimiso, nemithetho ye-procedved. ihambela ingosi ye-NCSL ukuqhathanisa okuningiliziwe kwezwe.