Isingeniso

Intela iyisisekelo sezimali sokubusa kwanamuhla, ukuxhasa yonke into kusukela ekuvikeleni kwesizwe kuya ekulungiseni imigwaqo yendawo. E-United States, isimiso sentela sisonke isifundazwe, isifundazwe, nohulumeni bendawo, ngasinye sinemithombo ehlukene yentela futhi sisebenzise imithwalo yemfanelo. Izakhamuzi kanye namabhizinisi ngokufanayo, ukuqonda ukuthi intela ikhokha kanjani, futhi isetshenziswa kanjani leyomali ukuze kusetshenziswe imali yomuntu siqu, kunqunywe umthetho womphakathi, futhi kubekwe ohulumeni ukuba balandiswe. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuwohloka okugcwele kwentela ehlawulwayo emalini ngalinye likahulumeni, indlela esebenza ngayo, nendlela ekhokhelwa ngayo.

Intela Ekhokhwa Ngomphakathi

Uhulumeni uqoqa ingxenye enkulu yentela eUnited States, ngokuyinhloko ngeholo nangentela ekhokhwa ngemitapo. Lezimali zisekela izinhlelo ezweni lonke njengesivikelo sesizwe, i-Social Security, iMedicare, nesisekelo sikahulumeni. Ngezansi kunezinhlobo ezinkulu zentela kahulumeni nendlela esebenza ngayo.

Umuntu Ngamunye Ukhokhela Intela

Intela eholayo umuntu ngamunye iwumthombo omkhulu kakhulu wemali ekhokhwa uhulumeni. Kuwukwanda kwentela okuqhubekayo. Ngonyaka ka-2024 wentela njengoba inyuka. Ngonyaka ka-2024, amazinga asukela ku-10% kuya ku-37%, asetshenziselwa ukukhokha intela ngemva kwentela encishisiwe. Intela ye-International Revolution Service (IRS) iqoqa intela, futhi izisebenzi eziningi ziye zanqikaza esheshini lazo lentela. Abakhokhisi kumelwe babhalise izintela zaminyaka yonke ukuze bakhokhele intengobo yabo yangempela. Lentela isilinganiso esikhulu sezinhlelo zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nezokuvikela, ukukhokhelwa kwezempilo, nemfundo.

Ukukhokha Intela

Intela yokukhokha inikelwe ekuxhaseni izimali ze-Social Security and Medicare. Intela ye-Federal Inssurances Act (FICA) iyi-15.12% ye-Social Security (12.4% yeholo elingu-R1,60,2024) kanye ne-2% yeMedicare (isephu). Abaqashi nezisebenzi bakhokhela ingxenye ngayinye (7.6%), nakuba bezisebenzela bona bekhokha imali egcwele. Lentela ibalulekile ekunikezeni izinzuzo zomshuwalensela umshuwalenselakhokhokho wezelelwa, nowe-Medicarali.

Ukukhokha Intela Ngobuqaba

Izinhlangano zikhokha intela eyisicaba 21% yenzuzo yazo, ehlelwe yi-Tcops and Jobs Act ka-2017. Lemali itholakala eholweni lenethini le-C-corpoations, kanti ukuvotelwa nokudluliswa kwezinhlangano kudlulisa inzuzo kubanikazi bentela ngokwenani ngalinye. Intela yenkampani iyisabelo esincane semali ehlawulwayo uma kuqhathaniswa neholo likahulumeni ngamunye futhi ikhokha intela, kodwa ihlala iwumthombo obalulekile (iqhawe-8) wokuqondisa ukuziphatha kwezebhizinisi nokuxhasa imisebenzi kahulumeni jikelele.

Ukukhokha Intela Eyize

Intela ye-Federal execle ifakwa ezinkokhelweni ezithile, izinkonzo, nemisebenzi. Izibonelo ezivamile zihlanganisa intela kuphethiloli (amasenti angu-18,4 ngelitha), udiesel (u-24,4 [R1,5]), ugwayi, utshwala, namathikithi ezindiza. Lentela ivame ukufakwa entengoni yokuthenga futhi iqoqwa ngemishini eshintshwayo kubenzi bezinto, abadayisi, noma abathelisi. Ukukhokhisa intela ngokuvamile kukhokhelwa ngemali ehlobene nemali yokukhokhwama (e - 2016), ngokwesibonelo, i-Highway Trust Fund isebenzisa inzuzo yentela yomgwaqo neyangaphandle ukuze isekele inzuzo.

Ifa Nezipho

Intela yefa kahulumeni isebenza ekudluliseni ingcebo ngemva kokufa, kuyilapho intela yesipho isebenza ekudlulisweni komnyango othile wokuphila konke. Ngo-2024, ukungakhokhi kwentela yefa kunguR3,61 000 000 umuntu ngamunye, okusho ukuthi izakhiwo ezinkulu kakhulu kuphela ezifanele zikhokhelwe (amamitha angu-40%). Ukungakhokhi kwentela yefa, ngokukhishwa kwaminyaka yonke kukaR3 000 umuntu okhonjiweyo. Lentela iveza ingxenye encane yemali ehlawulwa uhulumeni kodwa ithinta intela yenethi enenzuzo ephakeme kakhulu kanye nokuhlelwa kwengcebo.

Ezinye Intela Ezikhokhwa Ngomphakathi

Ezinye imithombo zihlanganisa imisebenzi yentela (izikhulu) ezimpahla ezithengiselwa kwamanye amazwe, eziqoqwa yi-Calms and Borders Protection nemali ekhokhelwayo. Uhulumeni ufaka futhi intela ekhokhwayo emisebenzini ethile yebhizinisi, njengentela yokutshala imali ye-Affordable Care Act yemali ekhokhwayo (3,8% emalini edonswa inzuzo yabaholi abaphezulu) nentela ehlukahlukene yendawo ezungezile.

Intela KaHulumeni

Ohulumeni bathembele kakhulu ezintela zeholo, izintela zezentengiselwano, nentela yenkampani ukuze kuxhaswe imfundo, ezokuhamba, impilo yomphakathi, nokugcinwa komthetho. Nokho, izakhiwo zentela zezikhulu zezikhulu zezwe ziyahlukahluka kakhulu.

Intela Kahulumeni

Kusukela ngo-2024, izifundazwe ezingu-44, nesifundazwe saseColumbia siphoqelela intela yeholo yentela yentela yezakhamuzi neholo. Izifundazwe ezingu-8 (i-Alaska, i-Florida, i-Nevada, i-Tennessee, iTexas, iWashington, neWyoming) azinayo intela kahulumeni, kanti i-New Hampshire intela yezentengo kuphela nenzuzo. Phakathi kwezizwe ezinentela yeholo, amazinga asukela emazingeni aphansi (umz. 4,4%) kuya ezibhaxekweni ezithuthubeni eziqhubekelayo (umz., iCalifornia, enezinga eliphezulu lemfundo engu-13,3%).

Ukuthengisa Intela

Izifundazwe ezingamashumi amane nanhlanu ziphoqelela intela yentela yentela yezohwebo ezindaweni eziningi, nakuba intela yendawo e-Alaska ingaba yi-2.9% (Colado) kuya ku 7.25% (iCalifornia). Izifundazwe ezinhlanu (i-Alahka, i-Delaware, iMontanare, i-New Hampshire, i-Oregon) zingakhokhiswa intela yezwe lonke, nakuba intela yendawo e-Alaska ingase ihoxe eyazo. Intela ibuye ihoxe ngenxa yokuthi imikhaya engenisa imali ephansi ichitha ingxenye enkulu yemali yayo ngentela ekhokhelwa intela. Izwe livame ukukhokha izindleko njengentela, imidalingo yomthetho, imitako yokwenqanyulo, neyokusetshenziswa kakhulu ekunciphiseni kwentela.

Ukukhokha Intela Kahulumeni

Inzuzo yentela eyandayo iyanda, enamazinga asukela ku 2,5% (North Carolina) kuya ku 11.5% (New Jersey). Ezinye izizwe zisebenzisa amazinga ayisicaba, amanye amabhuleki athuthukayo. Ukuthambekela okukhulayo kuwukwabiwa kwenzuzo yezentengiselwano”, ethatha kuphela indawo yokuthengiselwa kwezwe lapho kuhlelwa iholo elikhokhelwayo, ukunciphisa izintela kubakhiqizi. Amazwe afaka nentela emalini engcono ebhizinisini, ehlukanisiwe nentela ehholweni.

Intela Yempahla

Nakuba intela yempahla ngokuyinhloko iyindawo, izifundazwe eziningi zifeza indima futhi ngentela yempahla yezinga likahulumeni noma izinhlelo ezifana nokulingana kwezimali zesikole. Ngokwesibonelo, ezinye zisho i-levy intela encane yempahla kazwelonke ukusekela izikole noma ukumisa isilinganiso sokuhlola okufanayo. Nokho, intela yempahla eningi ithunyelwa kohulumeni bendawo.

Ukuqeda Intela Kahulumeni

Ngokufana nentela kahulumeni yokukhipha intela, izifundazwe zifaka intela yazo kuphethiloli (intela kagesi kahulumeni engenisa igesi cishe amasenti angu-30 ngelitha), utshwala, ugwayi, i-cannabis (lapho kuvunyelwe ngokomthetho), kanye neminye imikhiqizo. Lentela ivame ukunikelwa emalini yokuthutha, izinhlelo zempilo, noma inzuzo evamile. Ngokwesibonelo, ziveza ukuthi intela kagwayi isukela kuR2,7 ngephaketheki ngalinye eMissouri kuya ku-R446,35 eNew York.

Intela Yasendaweni

Ohulumeni bendawo − amazwe, amadolobha, izifunda, nezifundazwe ezikhethekile — basebenzisa kakhulu izintela zempahla, izintela zentela zendawo, nezinye izindleko zokunikeza izinkonzo ezidingekile njengezesivikelo somlilo, izikole zomphakathi, imigwaqo, amapaki nesimiso sokukhuculula indle. Lengxubevange ihluka kakhulu ngokwezindawo.

Intela Yempahla

Intela yempahla iwumgogodla wezimali zikahulumeni wendawo. Ikhokhwa emalini yefa nendawo nezakhiwo ezisekelwe entengo ehlolwayo, enqunywe yizinqumo zesifundazwe. Amazinga asebenzayo (intela engokoqobo ekhokhwa njengenani lemali yekhaya) isilinganiso esisukela ku 0.99%, kodwa i-0.31% eHawaii kuya ku-2,23% eNew Jersey. Izimali ngokuyinhloko ezifundazweni zendawo (cishe ingxenye yamaRandi entela yempahla), izinkonzo zikamasipala, nemisebenzi yesifunda. Intela ibekwa ngamabhuthi ehlelwe ngezinhlelo zemali ebhanki eliyinkimbinkimbi, futhi amazwe amaningi afaka iziketi ezinkomeni zaminyaka yonke.

Ukuthengisa Intela Endaweni

Ezindaweni eziningi, izikhulu zendawo zinganezela intela yazo yokuthengisa ngesilinganiso sikahulumeni. Amazinga ahlangene angasunduza intela yezohwebo engqikithi engaphezulu kwe 10% kwamanye amadolobha (umzk., izinga elihlangeneyo leChicago lingu-10,25%). Izintela zokuthengisela zendawo ziqoqwa uhulumeni futhi zibuyiselwe kuhulumeni wendawo. Ngokuvamile izimali zisekela imigwaqo yasedolobheni, ukuphepha komphakathi, nemisebenzi yezezomnotho. Njengama 2024, amahhovisi entela asendaweni engu-38 entela yentela yezentengiselwano.

Ukukhokha Intela Endaweni

Amanye amadolobha nezindawo ezibala imali ekhokhwayo yendawo kuzakhamuzi futhi kwezinye izimo, abangasebenzi abasebenza ngaphakathi kwe-Australia. Izibonelo eziphawulekayo zihlanganisa iNew York City (kusukela ku-3.876%), iPhiladelphia (3.79% kwezakhamuzi, 3.4% kwabangebona abaholi), namadolobha ahlukahlukene e-Ohio, eKentucky, naseMaryland. Lentela iqoqwa ngokugodlela nangokupha izinkonzo zentela zedolobha njengemigwaqo, indle, nemali yempesheni kamasipala.

Intela Nentela Engabizi

Intela esetshenziswayo yohulumeni bendawo enjengogesi, igesi engokwemvelo, amanzi, kanye nezinkonzo zocingo. Lentela ingaba imali eyimali eyisikweleti noma ingxenye ethile yemali. Ngokwesibonelo, amadolobha amaningi intela kagesi ye-levy ekhokhayo ka-1% kuya ku-10% kubathengi abahlalayo nabezentengiselwano. Imali ingena emalini egciniwe ukuze isekele imisebenzi eyisisekelo. Ngokufanayo, izimali zokukhokha imali zikhokhwa ezinkampanini ezisebenza kahle ukusebenzisa amalungelo omphakathi, ngokuvamile zidluliselwa kubathengi.

Ilayisense Yebhizinisi, Imvume Nezimfazane

Ohulumeni bendawo bafuna amabhizinisi ukuba athole amalayisense nemvume, izindleko ezikhokhelwayo ezikhokhela izindleko zemithetho nokuhlolwa. Lemali iyahlukahluka ngedolobha nangohlobo lwebhizinisi, kusukela emadolobheni angamakhulu ambalwa asukela emalini angamakhulu ambalwa ebhizinisi lenkonzo kuya ezinkulungwaneni zezindawo zokudlela noma ezakhiwo. Imali evela kulemali isetshenziselwa ukuxhasa ukugcinwa kwezindawo zokugcinwa kwemali, ukugcinwa kwezempilo, nokusekela amabhizinisi.

Eminye Imithombo Yenzuzo Yasendaweni

Ezinye izindawo zifaka intela yentela yezindawo zokuhlala (intela yokuhlala), intela yokuzijabulisa kumathikithi nasemaphandleni, kanye nezinqumo eziqondile ezithi zizuziswe ngentuthuko (umk., izibani zasemgwaqweni, ezihamba ngemigwaqo). Izifunda ezikhethekile − njengezindawo ezidubula umlilo, izifunda zamanzi, noma izifunda zemitapo zezincwadi . /Ancan intela yazo noma izindleko kubanikazi bempahla esifundeni. Lokhu kugunyazwa njalo ngemvume yabavoti.

Ukweba Intela Nemithwalo Yemfanelo

Isilinganiso ngasinye sikahulumeni sinemithwalo yemfanelo ehlukile yokusebenzisa imali enquma ukuthi intela yabiwa kanjani.

Izinto Eziza Kuqala Emalini Esetshenziswa Abantu Abavamile

Izindleko ezinkulu kakhulu zikahulumeni zihlanganisa iSocial Security (inani elingu-1% lokusebenzisa imali), iMedicare (14%), isivikelo sesizwe (13%), izinhlelo zezempilo ezifana noMedicaid (10%), kanye nenzuzo yekhathazo esikweletini sesizwe (13%). Intela ye-Federal ifakwa engxoweni kahulumeni, kodwa intela ye-oll inikezelwa ngokomthetho ezimalini ze-Social Security nezentellicare. Uhulumeni unikeza izimali ezindaweni nasezindaweni ezithile (zzezinye), ngokwesibonelo, emigwaqweqweqweni, emtholaniso yezelweni, imfundo, kanye nezingozi (intengo ecishe 16% yemali echithwayo).

Ukusebenzisa Imali Okuza Kuqala Kukahulumeni

Izwe lisebenzisa inzuzo enkulu kakhulu emfundweni ye K-12 (cishe amaphesenti angu-35 emali echithwe yindawo kahulumeni), imfundo ephakeme (10%), iMedicaid (17%), ezokuthutha (8%), kanye nokuvikela komphakathi kanye nokulungisa umphakathi. Amazwe axhasa izinkantolo zawo, amapaki, nezinhlangano zendawo ezungezile. Intela yemali imithombo eyinhloko yemali, esekelwa yimali enikezwa yimali kahulumeni. Izifunda eziningi zithembele ekusekeleni inzuzo esekelwe ekhokhwameni ukuze zihambisele izimali ohulumeni bendawo yemfundo nezinye izinhlelo ezigunyaziwe.

Izinto Eziza Kuqala Emalini Yasendaweni

Ohulumeni bendawo bachitha imali eningi kakhulu emfundweni eyisisekelo nesekhondari (ezifundeni zesikole), amaphoyisa, umlilo, imisebenzi yomphakathi (imigwaqo, amanzi, amapaki, imitapo, imitapo yezincwadi, kanye nokuphatha intela. Intela yempahla inikeza cishe amaphesenti angu-30 emali ekhokhayo yendawo, ngosizo lukahulumeni (kuhlanganise intela ekhokhwayo nentela) kanye nokunikeza intela esele. Ezizweni eziningi, ohulumeni bendawo bacindezelwa ngentela nemingcele edinga intela entsha.

Ukuthuthelwa Kwezinhlangano Zohulumeni Nokubambisana Ngentela

Isici esibalulekile sezentela uhulumeni oyikhokhayo phakathi kwamazinga kahulumeni. Uhulumeni unikeza izimali ezinikezwa amazwe nezindawo (umzk., ngokwezemfundo, imigwaqo emikhulu), ngokuvamile nezimfuneko ezifanayo. Izwe futhi lidlulisela imali kohulumeni bendawo, ikakhulukazi ukuze kusekelwe imali yesikole nempilo yomphakathi. Lesi simiso sihlose ukunciphisa imingcele phakathi kwezindawo zezindawo ezicebile nezimpofu. Nokho, singadala ubunkimbinkimbinkimbini (hhayi ngezinye izikhathi) uhulumeni bendawo ngezinye izikhathi babhekene nezimfuneko eziphezulu zemali ngaphandle kokuthola imali egcwele (imithetho egunyaziwe). Ukuqonda lokhu kushintshela kuyisihluthulelo sokubona isithombe esigcwele sentela (R4).

Ithonya Lentela Ezizakhamuzini Nezomnotho

Isakhiwo sentela emagadini ahlukene sithinta ukuziphatha kwezomnotho, ukungalingani, nezinga lenkonzo yomphakathi. Nansi imikhakha eyinhloko:

Ukukhula Kwezomnotho Nokutshala Imali

Intela eholayo eqhubekayo inganciphisa izisusa zomsebenzi owengeziwe noma ukutshala imali eholweni eliphezulu, kuyilapho intela yenkampani ingaheha amabhizinisi. Nokho, intela esetshenziswayo (amantela) inganciphisa ukusetshenziswa. Inzuzo yenetha ixhomeke emazingeni entela, ukuxoshwa kwentela, kanye nokuthi izimali zemali zini ezikhokhelwayo (izezemfundo, imfundo, nempilo ingathuthukisa ukukhula kwesikhathi eside. I-Theaccom Foundation njalo ihlola ukuthi isimo nesimo sentela yendawo kuthinta kanjani ukuncintisana kwezomnotho.

Ukulinganisela Nokuthuthuka

Intela yeholo kahulumeni iqhubekeka kakhulu, njengoba inombolo ephezulu yekhulu elikhokha isilinganiso esingu-26% kuyilapho intela engaphansi engu-50% ikhokha imali engafanele noma ephansi ngenxa yezikweletu. Intela ehhanjiswayo yoMbuso iyahlukahluka ngokwentuthuko, ezinye iyisicaba, ezinye zinezikweleti ezikhudlwana. Izintela zempahla ngokuvamile ziyaphindeka ngenxa yokuthi abanikazi bezindlu abaholelwa kancane bachitha ingxenye enkulu yemali eholweni ezindlini. Intela ihlengazwa ngaphandle kokuba ukukhulula ngezidingo zesidingo kungokopha.

Ukubambisana Nezindleko Zokuphatha

Isimiso sentela esinezintambo ezintathu sidala isinqumo esiphawulekayo kumabhizinisi amancane nabantu, ikakhulukazi labo abasebenza ezindaweni ezisemikhawulweni kahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, abathengisi abakude manje kumelwe bavumelane nenkokhelo yentela yendawo ezinkulungwaneni zezindawo ezilandela i-South Dakota v. Wayfair Inkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu. I-IRS ilinganisela ukuthi abakhokhi bentela bachitha amahora ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-6,5 ngonyaka emaphepha-mendeni entela. Izwe nezindawo futhi zingenisa izindleko zenkongongozo nezokugcinwa, okungaba ingxenyana enkulu yemali yemithetho emincane.

Imfanelo Yenkonzo Yomphakathi

Ukuncika ezintela zempahla kungadala ukuhlukana okukhulu kwezezimali zesikole .Izifunda zezwe ziphakamisa imali eyengeziwe kumfundi ngamunye. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zamisa izinhlelo ze- “Robin Hood” zokusakaza intela yempahla. Ngokufanayo, izifunda ezikhokhelwayo zentela zinganikeza izinkonzo eziqinile zezezenhlalakahle. Izakhamuzi zivame ukukhokha ngokungakhethi ngokwezinga lezentengo yomphakathi ezitholakalayo, ezihluka kakhulu ngokwezindawo. Intela yendawo ephansi ingaba nzima ukugcina isakhiwo, kuyilapho intela ephakeme inganikeza izinkonzo ezingcono kodwa ingaxosha izakhamuzi.

Izimpikiswano Nemikhuba Yentela

Izimpikiswano zamanje ezithinta inguquko yentela kahulumeni, ukuncintisana kwentela kahulumeni nokusekelwa kwentela yendawo.

  • [ Izingxoxo zokuhlelwa kwentela: zokunwetshwa kwentela ka 2017, ukukhushulwa kwenani lenkampani, noma ukusebenzisa intela yengcebo.
  • Umncintiswano wentela wezwe: Izifunda ezibanzi zinciphisa amazinga entela eholo ukuze zikhange izisebenzi ezikude namabhizinisi] ngokwesibonelo, iFlorida ne Texas ziyazuza ekutholeni intela yeholo.
  • Izinselele zemali yendawo: Ukukhokha intela yempahla emadolobheni kanye nokuswelakala kwesidingo sezinkonzo zangemva kwe-pandemic kushukumisela amadolobha ukuba acabangele izintela zeholo lendawo noma intela yezentengiselwano ezinkokhelweni.
  • Intela ye-digital:[ Amazwe andisa intela yokuthengisela izimpahla nezinkonzo ze-operation, futhi kunokucindezela okukhulayo kokucacisa kwezwe ekukhokheleni umnotho wezimiso zemishini.
  • Izintela zekhabhoni ezingokomdla: Izintela zekharbon ezisezingeni likahulumeni noma i-carbon crigeting ephezulu ithola isilinganiso njengamathuluzi esimiso sesimo sezulu, nakuba ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ezinto kuhlala kulinganiselwe.

Isiphetho

Ukuqonda isimiso sentela esetshenziswa kabanzi yase-U.S. kubalulekile ekwenzeni izinqumo zolwazi njengesakhamuzi, umkhokhi wentela, noma umnini-bhizinisi. Uhulumeni uqoqa imali eningi ngokukhokha izintela zemali eholayo ngokuqhubekayo nangokukhokha intela ebhalisayo, ngokuxhasa izinhlelo zesizwe. Amazwe ancike kakhulu enhlanganiseni yemali ekhokhayo ekhokhelwayo nokusetshenziswa kwentela ukuze ahlangabezane nemithwalo yawo. Uhulumeni wendawo uncike kakhulu ezinkokhisini ukuze unikeze izintela ezidingekayo. Imali yomphakathi inezitebhilizo ezikhethekile zentengozohwebo ngokwezi ezihambisana nemali ekhona, inzuzo yezentengiselwano, nobunzima bezokuphathwa. Ngokuqaphela ukuthi izimali zisetshenziswa kanjani, abantu ngabanye bangahileleka kangcono ezingxabeni zemali nasemathubeni abo. Ngoba, ufunda izibalo zezentengo yomphakathi we-'[FFF] [F],[3] kunye ne-Foct.[3]