Table of Contents
ISichibiyelo seshumi nane seSichibiyelo singesinye seminye yemifantu eguqula kakhulu yaseMelika futhi elandela i-Process Congress kaJune 13, 1866, futhi sagunyaza uJuly 9, 1868, iSichibiyelo seshumi nane seSichibiyelo sanwetshwa inkululeko namalungelo anikezwa yiBill of Rights kubantu ababekade begqilaziwe. Lokhu kulungiswa ngokuyisisekelo kubuye kwaguqula ubuni baseMelika, amalungelo omphakathi, kanye nobuhlobo phakathi kohulumeni bombuso nohulumeni. Ukuqonda iSichibiyelo seshumi nane nesithupha sibalulekile kuMelika wonke, njengoba amalungiselelo aso aso ayaqhubeka ethonya ukuphila kwethu kwansuku zonke, isivikelo esingokomthetho, kanye nokuphishekela ukulingana ngaphansi komthetho.
Umlando Nendlela Eya Ezindaweni Ezingadilizwa
Inhlekelele Yempi Yangemva Kwempi
Inguquko yasungulwa phakathi neSishaya-Mkhandlu sama-39 (165-1867) sisabela ezimweni ezicindezelayo ezatholwa izigidi zama-Afrika ayegqilaziwe − zaziwa ngokuthi zikhululekile (85) zaziphila kuleyo ndawo eyayiyiNkathi Yokuhlangana Kwabantu. Ngemva kokuphela kweMpi Yombango ngo-1865, isizwe sabhekana nezinselele ezingakaze zibonwe ekuvuselweni kabusha nasekuvuselelweni kwesimilo ngokwaso. ISichibiyelo seshumi nantathu saqeda ubugqila, kodwa sashiya imibuzo eminingi engaziwayo ngesikhundla esingokomthetho namalungelo abantu ababegqilaziwe ngaphambili.
Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni waseNingizimu ntshonalanga ezazikhethelwe uhlelo lukaJohnson zazihlangane ukuze zakhe uchungechunge lwemithetho ebizwa ngokuthi imithetho emnyama, eyayilinganisela amalungelo abantu ababeyizigqila. Lemithetho yobandlululo yasongela ukuveza kabusha izici eziningi zobugqila ngaphansi kwamagama ahlukene, iphika amalungelo ayisisekelo omphakathi, amanani ezomnotho, kanye nesivikelo esingokomthetho. IRepublican in Congress yaqaphela ukuthi isivikelo somthetho esibanzi sasidingeka ukuze kuvikelwe inkululeko nokulingana okwakulwiwe iMpi Yombano.
Inqubo Yomthetho
Indlela eya ekuthatheni iSichibiyelo seshumi nane yayinzima futhi ibekwe icala ngokwezombangazwe. Umshisekeli wenguquko yezenhlalo uRobert Dale Owen wahola isinqumo sokuhlanganisa iziphakamiso zomthetho-sisekelo zibuye zishintshe isikhathi eside, ecabanga ukuthi amalungiselelo aso athandwayo avikela ukuvuselelwa kwawo. I-mente yaqala ukubukezwa kaningi ngaphambi kokuba ifinyelele isimo sayo sokugcina.
UJohn Bingham waseOhio, umlobi oyinhloko wengxenye yokuqala yeSichibiyelo se - 14, wayehlose ukuba ukulungisa iSiphakamiso Samalungelo Abantu kushintshe futhi kube yisibopheze kumazwe. Lokhu kwasho ukushintshwa okuyisisekelo komthetho - sisekelo waseMelika, kwandisa ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu ngabanye ezinyatheloni zikahulumeni.
ISivumelwano safuna ukuba iSichibiyelo seshumi nane sithathwe njengesimo sokuphinde sifunyaniswe uhulumeni. Le mfuneko ephikisayo yaqinisekisa ukuvuselelwa kwemivubukulo kodwa futhi yavusa izimpikiswano zokufaneleka kwayo ezaqhubeka iminyaka eminingi. NgoJuly 28, 1868, ukubuyiselwa kweshumi nane kwamenyezelwa, esitifiketi sikaNobhala weZwe, sagunyazwa ngumthetho odingekile wama-28 kwangama-37, futhi waba yingxenye yomthetho ophakeme wezwe.
Ingxenye Yokuqala: Isivikelo Sekhora
Ingxenye yokuqala yeSichibiyelo seshumi nane inezigaba ezine ezihlukene eziye zaba izisekelo zomthetho - sisekelo waseMelika.
Ukuba Umbombo Wezakhamuzi: Ukuchaza Ukuthi Ubani Ongowakhe
Ilungiselelo eliyinhloko leSichibiyelo sekhulu le-14 kwakuwukunika izakhamuzi i-"Bonke abantu abazalwa noma abadaliweyo e-United States," kanjalo banikeze abantu ababeyizigqila ubuzwe. Lamazwi alula kodwa anamandla axazulula omunye wemibuzo ephikisana kakhulu emlandweni waseMelika futhi asilahla ngokuqondile isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme esinedumela elibi kakhulu sikaDred Scott ka-1857.
Amalungiselelo ezakhamuzi zeSichibiyelo seshumi nane angabhekwa njengokulahlwa kwelinye lamagalelo ezombangazwe ahlukene kakhulu ekhulwini leshumi elinesine leminyaka. Ngaphansi komthetho ovamile, abantu abakhululekile abazalelwa ezweni noma ezweni babeyizakhamuzi zalo. Nokho, icala lika Dred Scott lathi amaMelika aseAfrika awasoze aba yizakhamuzi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi azalelwaphi. ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesine senqaba sasisusa unomphela lesi sinqumo sokukhipha icala lomthetho wobushiqela.
Isimiso sobuzibulo esimiswe yinguquko sisho okukhulu. Ngokuvumelana nalokho kuqonda, iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ecaleni le-United States kanye ne-Wong Kim ukuthi iSichibiyelo se 14 siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuba yizakhamuzi zanoma ubani ozalwe e-United States, kuhlanganise nezingane zabazali abangezona izakhamuzi zase-U. Lelicala eliyingqopha - mlando laqinisekisa ukuthi i-Canaus isebenza kabanzi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isizinda sabazali sokufuduka noma imvelaphi yobuzwe.
Imibhalo ye-Congress ibonisa ukuthi isiqinisekiso sobubanzi seSichibiyelo se 14 sobuzibulo sasihloselwe ukuhlanganisa abantwana bezakhamuzi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi abazali babo basemthethweni. Abahleli be-profession baqonda ukuthi ukwakha indinganiso ecacile, enenjongo yokuba yizakhamuzi kungavimbela ukucwaswa esikhathini esizayo futhi kuqinisekise ukuthi bonke abantu abazalwe eMelika babeyolingana njengezakhamuzi.
Amalungelo Noma UClaus
Amalungelo noma ama-Inmunity Claus usho ukuthi akukho mbuso ozokwenza noma ukumisa noma yimuphi umthetho ozovimbela amalungelo noma ukugoma kwezakhamuzi zase-United States. Lombhalo wawuhloselwe ukuvikela amalungelo ayisisekelo ezakhamuzi ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni. Lapho ethula inguquko, iSiphathi uJacob Howard wase Michigan sasho ngokuqondile ukuthi amalungelo neziqu zokugoma eziyonwebela ezizweni "amalungelo omuntu siqu aqinisekisiwe futhi athenjiwe yizinsuselwa izinguquko zokuqala eziyisishiyagalombili.""
Nokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme yalinganisela kakhulu izinga lale nkulumo ekuqaleni komlando wayo. Ama-Oultlerio noma ama-Immunion Claus achazwa kuyi-Slaughter-Indlu Cases (1873) njengokuvimbela imibuso ekulahleni amalungelo kahulumeni, njengenkululeko yokuhamba. Lencazelo elinganiselwe yayisho ukuthi lesi sigqebhezana sasingeke sibe yimoto eyinhloko yokuvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye esinyatheloni sombuso, indima eyayiyowela esikhundleni sokuwela eMthethweni we-Act ne-Act Classicole Provices.
Inqubo Elindelekile KaClaus: Ukuvikela Ukuphila, Inkululeko Nempahla
Elinye ilungiselelo elibaluleke ngokufanayo kwakuyinkulumo ethi "noma yimuphi umbuso ngeke unciphe noma yimuphi umuntu wokuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho; lesisisho sihlanganisa inqubo yeSichibiyelo sesihlanu enqubweni efanelekile yenqubo yezenzo zohulumeni bombuso, sidala indinganiso efanayo yokungakhethi ngokwezimiso kuwo wonke amazinga kahulumeni.
I-Gast Procession Clause inezilinganiso ezimbili ezihlukene: inqubo efanelekile engokwesiko nenqubo efanelekile engaphansi. Inqubo efanelekile idinga ukuba uhulumeni alandele izinqubo ezilungile ngaphambi kokuncisha othile ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ilungelo lokuqaphela, ukuzwa, nethuba lokuzwakala phambi komenzi wesinqumo ongakhethi. Lezisivikelo zisebenza kukho kokubili ukuqulwa kwecala nezenzo zomphakathi, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi amandla kahulumeni asetshenziswa ngendlela engakhethi nesobala.
Inqubo eyisici eyisici esifanelekile, eyasungulwa ngencazelo yeNkantolo Ephakeme, ivikela amalungelo athile ayisisekelo ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kusetshenziswa izinqubo ezinjani. Lemfundiso iye yasetshenziselwa ukuqaphela amalungelo angashiwo ngokuqondile kuMthetho-sisekelo, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokungena yimfihlo, ilungelo lokushada, namalungelo obuzali. Nakuba inqubo engaphansi kwenqubo edinga inqunyelwano ilokhu iphikisana, iye yafeza indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika.
Imfundiso Yokuvumelana
Ngaphambi kweSichibiyelo seshumi nane, iBill of Rights yasebenza kuhulumeni kahulumeni kuphela, futhi ayizange ibeke imingcele ezishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni. Lokhu kwasho ukuthi izigaba zingaphula amalungelo ayisisekelo njengenkululeko yokukhuluma, inkululeko yenkolo, noma isivikelo ekuphenyeni okungenangqondo ngaphandle kokucindezelwa umthetho - sisekelo.
Nge-Gatlow Process Claus, iNkantolo Ephakeme kancane kancane iye yahlanganisa "ilungiselelo" leSigqebhezana Samalungelo ukuba sisebenzise ngokumelene nohulumeni bezwe. EGitlow, iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi isiHlanzi seshumi nane seSichibiyelo sanwetshwa inkululeko yokukhuluma nezinhlelo zokunyathelisa eziseBill of Rights ukuba zisebenze ezweni ngalinye. Lenqubo yokukhetha iqhubeke amashumi eminyaka, lapho iNkanto enquma ukuthi yimaphi amalungelo abalulekile kangangokuba kumelwe avikelwe ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni.
Namuhla, cishe wonke amalungiselelo eSiphakamiso samaLungelo asebenza kohulumeni ngombuso weSichibiyelo seSimemezelo se-14's Procession Claus. Lokhu kumelela elinye lemiphumela ebaluleke kakhulu kumthetho-sisekelo waseMelika, kwakha isisekelo esiqinile sokuvikela amalungelo kuzo zonke izifunda ezingamashumi amahlanu futhi ngokuyisisekelo kushintsha ubuhlobo bezwe nohulumeni.
Isivikelo Esilinganayo SikaClaus: Isisekelo Samalungelo Omphakathi
I-Umeal Protection Claus yenqabela ukuphika noma ubani ongaphansi kwawo ukuvikelwa okufanayo kwemithetho. Lamazwi alula ngokukhohlisayo aye aba ithuluzi eliyinhloko lomthetho-sisekelo lokulwa nobandlululo nokukhuthaza ukulingana emphakathini waseMelika. Isigaba sifuna ukuba uhulumeni aphathe abantu abasendaweni efanayo, futhi noma ikuphi ukuphathwa okuhlukile kuthethelelwe ngezinjongo ezingokomthetho zikahulumeni.
Ushintsho, ikakhulukazi ingxenye yayo yokuqala, lungenye yezingxenye ezicaciswe kakhulu zoMthetho-sisekelo, lwakha isisekelo sezinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme, njengoBrown v. Board of Education (1954; ivimbela ukuhlukaniswa ngokohlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi), uLouth v. Virginia (1967; iqeda ukuvinjelwa kwezinhlanga), Roe v. Wade (1973; uqaphela uhulumeni ... lezi zimo zibonisa indima eyinhloko ye-Ecute Excial Provincial Claine ekuthuthukiseniseni amalungelo omphakathi nenkululeko yomuntu siqu.
INkantolo Ephakeme iye yasungula amazinga ahlukene okuhlola izivikelo ezilinganayo. Ukuhlola okuqinile kusebenza ekwahlukaniseni okusekelwe ngokohlanga, umsuka wesizwe, noma kulelolungelo elibalulekile. Ngaphansi kwalendinganisweni efuna ihaba, uhulumeni kumelwe abonise ukuthi ukuhlelwa kwayo kufeza isithakazelo sikahulumeni esiphoqelelwe futhi kuvumelana ngokuncane ukuze kufinyelele lesosithakazelo. Ukuhlola okuqinile kusebenza ekuhlukaniseni okusekelwe ebulilini noma esemthethweni, kudinga isithakazelo esibalulekile sikahulumeni kanye nobuhlobo obuqinile phakathi kwe-okwakhelwana kanye nenzalo. Isisekelo se-rationalalmmedio, isho indial indinga inzuzo enkulu kakhulu, isebenza kwezinye izigaba futhi idinga ukuba uhulumeni abonise isithakazelo esingokomthetho kanye nobuhlobo obunengqondo.
Amacala Aphakeme Enkantolo
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
Mhlawumbe akukho cala elibonisa kangcono amandla okuguqula e-Experimement Protection Claus kune-Brown Board of Education v. Kulesi sinqumo senhlangothi zonke, iNkantolo Ephakeme yathi ukuhlukaniswa ngokohlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi kwaphula iSichibiyelo seshumi nane, yagumbuqela imfundiso "yohlukene kodwa elinganayo" eyasungulwa ePneby v. Ferguson (1896). INkantolo yaqaphela ukuthi ukubukelwa phansi kwangaphandle kwanikeza umyalezo wokuzicekela phansi owenakele izingane zaseMelika futhi yazenqaba amathuba alinganayo okufunda.
Brown wahlanganisa inhlangano yanamuhla yamalungelo abantu futhi wabonisa ukuthi iSichibiyelo seshumi nane singasetshenziselwa ukuqeda ubuhlanga obuhleliwe. Ukusetshenziswa kwesinqumo kwamelana kakhulu emazweni amaningi, kodwa kwamisa isimiso somthetho-sisekelo sokuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga zikahulumeni okuncishisiwe akunakulingani ngokwemvelo futhi ngenxa yalokho akunazimiso ezingokomthetho.
Uthando Virginia (1967)
Ku-Loving v. Virginia, iNkantolo ePhakeme yalahla imithetho enqabela ukushada ngokwezinhlanga, iveza ukuthi imithetho enjalo yayiphula kokubili i-Avimetic Protection Clause ne-Curvement Claus. INkantolo yaqaphela ukuthi umshado uyilungelo eliyisisekelo nokuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga emithethweni yomshado akufeza njongo engokomthetho ngaphandle kokuqhubekisela phambili ukuphakama kwabamhlophe. Lesi sinqumo sasusa isithiyo esiyinhloko esingokomthetho esivimbela ukuhlangana kwezinhlanga futhi saqinisekisa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo uvikela ilungelo lokushada kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhlanga.
Umkhumbi i - United States u - Wong Kim (1898)
Lelicala laveza ukuthi ubuzibulo bungabuswa ngaphansi kwe-Citizenshi Claus. UWong Kim wazalwa eSan Francisco kubazali baseChina ababengakufanelekeli ukumiswa ngokwemvelo ngaphansi kwemithetho yokubuswa kwesizwe yaleyo nkathi. Lapho ebuya ohambweni lokuya eChina, uhulumeni waphika ukuthi wayengenalungelo lokuba isakhamuzi. INkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuthi iSiphendulo Sezigelekeqe seshumi Eline Nesine sanikwa bonke abantu abazalwe eUnited States, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izakhamuzi zabazali babo noma ukuthi banelungelo lokuthola imvelo. Lesi sinqumo saqinisekisa ukuthi ukuba izakhamuzi zakhona kuyilungelo lomthetho ongenakuphiwa ngenxa yesizwe noma imvelaphi yesizwe.
Ezinye Izenzakalo Eziphawulekayo
ISichibiyelo seshumi nane siye saba sisekelo solunye umehluko wezinqumo ezingenakubalwa. KuReed v. Reed (1971), iNkantolo yaqala ukusebenzisa i-Encial Protection Claus ukuze iqede ukucwasana ngokobulili. E-Obergefell v. Hodges (2015), iNkantolo yathi i-Sect Programme ne-Encilectal Provice Claus iqinisekisa ilungelo elifanayo lokushada. KuGideon. Wainwright (1963), iNkantolo yahlanganisa iSimende seSithathu sokukhipha isahlulelo sokunikeza isigwebo esingokomthetho, iqinisekisa ukuthi abamangalelwa becala bathola isiqinisekiso esingokomthetho kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bayakwazi ukukhokha.
Ezinye Izingxenye ZeSichibiyelo Seshumi Nane
Nakuba i - Gard One inakekelwa kakhulu, iSichibiyelo Se - 14 sinezingxenye ezine ezengeziwe ezikhuluma ngezinkinga ezithile zangemva kweMpi futhi zinikeza izishaya - mthetho.
Ingxenye Yesibili: Ukumelela nokusakaza amalungelo
Inguquko yaqala futhi indlela entsha yokumelelwa kwezindawo zobubhishobhi, ezihloselwe ukujezisa izakhamuzi zabesilisa ezidukisiwe, ngaleyondlela zikhuthaza amalungelo okuvota e-Afrika. Ingxenye Yesibili inikeza ukuthi uma uhulumeni ephika ilungelo lokuvota kunoma isiphi izakhamuzi ezineminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amabili (ngaphandle kokuhlanganyela ekuvukeleni noma kwezinye izenzo zobugebengu), lokho kumelelwa kwesizwe kuncishiswe ngokwesilinganiso.
Leli lungiselelo lalihloselwe ukukhuthaza amazwe aseNingizimu ukuba anikeze amadoda aseMelika aseAfrika amalungelo okuvota ngokusongela ukuthi azonciphisa amandla awo ezombangazwe uma enqaba. Nokho, lengxenye ayizange iphoqelelwe ngokuphumelelayo, futhi izifundazwe zaseNingizimu zathola ezinye izindlela zokulahla amaBlackché ngokukhokha izintela zokuvota, ukuhlola kokufunda nokuphatha ngobudlova. Ukubhekiselwa ngokuqondile ku-"am"agcopenti" kwaphawula okokuqala ukuthi uMthendeleko ubheka amalungelo okuvota ngobulili, okwadumaza abesifazane abasekela futhi kwanikela ekudluleni ekugcineni kweNguquko ye-Acentiyenth .
Ingxenye Yesithathu: Ukungavumelani Nehhovisi
Noma ubani owayeye "wavukela noma wavukela" i-United States" futhi ngaphambili wayefunge ukusekela uMthetho-sisekelo njengesikhulu sikahulumeni noma uhulumeni ("wanqatshelwa ukuba abe yisikhundla esikhethiwe ngaphandle kokuba sisuswe yiSishaya-mthetho. Leli lungiselelo laklanyelwe ukuvimbela ababengabaholi abaphethe ababuyisele ekubuseni futhi balulaze imizamo yokulungisa isimo.
Ingxenye Entathu isusa izikhundla ezintathu kuhulumeni noma kuhulumeni, lowo, ngemva kokuba efungile ngaphambili ukusekela uMthetho-sisekelo, kamuva wahlanganyela ekuvukeleni noma ekuvukeleni i-United States noma wanikeza usizo noma induduzo ezitheni zakhe. UKhongolo-mthetho lungasusa lokhu kukhubazeka ngokuvota okuphindwe kabili kwesithathu kwendlu ngayinye. Lengxenye yasetshenziswa ngentshiseko phakathi nokuvuselelwa kodwa yasetshenziswa esikhathini esingaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka. Izenzakalo zamuva ziye zavuselela isithakazelo kulelungiselelo kanye nokusebenza kwayo ezimweni zamanje.
Ingxenye Yesine: Isikweleti Somphakathi
Ingxenye Yesine ikhuluma ngokufaneleka kwesikweleti somphakathi futhi ilahla isikweletu esibolekisiwe. Imemezela ukuthi ukufaneleka kwesikweletu somphakathi wase-United States, kuhlanganise nezikweletu eziye zakhokhelwa ukukhokha impesheni nenkokhelo yezinkonzo zokuvimbela ukuvukela noma ukuvukela, ngeke kuphendulwe.
Lelilungiselelo laqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni kahulumeni uzoba nesibopho sokukhokha izikweletu zakhe zeMpi Yombango kuyilapho uvimbela noma yimuphi uhulumeni wesikhathi esizayo ukuba afake ababengabakhokhi bempahla yabantu noma ukukhokha izikweletu zempi. Eminyakeni yamuva, i-Folete Four iye yacashunwa ezimpini zokuphikisana ngophahla lwangaphakathi lukahulumeni nesibopho sikahulumeni sokukhokha izikweletu zayo.
Ingxenye Yesihlanu: Amandla Okuphoqelela Ibandla
Ekugcineni, yanikeza uMkhandlu amandla okuphoqelela lenguquko, ilungiselelo elaholela ekudluleni komthetho ophawulekayo ekhulwini lama-20 leminyaka, kuhlanganise noMthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1964, neSivumelwano samaLungelo ka-1965. Ingxenye 5 isho nje ukuthi "IKhonsati lizoba namandla okuphoqelela, ngomthetho ofanelekile, ngamalungiselelo alesi sihloko.”
Leligunya lokuqinisekisa liye laba elibalulekile ekusebenziseni izivikelo zeSichibiyelo seshumi nane. UKhomishane uye wasebenzisa leligunya ukudlulisela umthetho wezimiso zamalungelo ezakhamuzi ezibanzi okhuluma ngokucwasana emsebenzini, izindlu, izindawo zomphakathi, nokuvota. Izinga lesigaba seSigaba sesihlanu sombuso liye laba yindaba yempikiswano eqhubekayo, ngezinye izikhathi iNkantolo Ephakeme ilinganisela igunya lomthetho kuyilapho ngezinye izikhathi ibhekisela ezinqumweni zomthetho mayelana nokuthi kungcono kangakanani ukuvikela amalungelo omthetho-mthetho.
Ithonya LeSichibiyelo Seshumi Nane Kumphakathi WaseMelika
Ukuguqula iFederal-Isimo Ubuhlobo
ISichibiyelo seshumi nane sawashintsha kakhulu amandla phakathi kohulumeni bakahulumeni bakahulumeni nohulumeni. Ngaphambi kokuba ancishiswe, iBhili yamaLungelo yanqanda kuphela uhulumeni kahulumeni, futhi imibuso yayinegunya elikhulu lokulawula amalungelo abantu emingceleni yabo. ISichibiyelo seshumi nane seSichibiyelo sombuso sesizwe, sidala izindinganiso zomthetho sisekelo ezimelwe zonke izifunda.
Lokhu kuguqulwa kwakungekona okusheshayo noma okuphelele. ISichibiyelo se-14 asizange sigcine ngokuhluleka ukunwebela iBill of Rights kumazwe; futhi sahluleka ukuvikela amalungelo ezakhamuzi ezimnyama. Ifa lokuvuselela laliwumzabalazo ozimisele wezakhamuzi zabamnyama nabamhlophe wokwenza isithembiso seSichibiyelo se-14 sibe yiqiniso. Amashumi eminyaka eSichibiyelo, umthetho, nezenzo zomphakathi zazidingeka ukuze kuqashelwe ukuqedwa ngokuphelele kwaleli thuba.
Ukuthuthuka Kwamalungelo Ezakhamuzi Nokulingana
Kusukela ngo - 1868, iNkantolo Ephakeme yaseU.S. iye yasebenzisa inqubo efanele nemithetho elinganayo yeSichibiyelo seshumi nane ukuze yandise kokubili inani nobubanzi bamalungelo avikela abantu. Ngaphezu kwanoma ikuphi okunye ukuncishiswa, i - 14 liye lanikeza isisekelo sochungechunge lwamalungelo amaMelika awathatha kalula phakathi nekhulu lamashumi amabili leminyaka.
Ukulungisa kuye kwaba usizo ekuhlukaniseni ngokomthetho, ukuqeda imithetho ehlukanisayo yemishado, ukuvikela amalungelo okuvota, ukuqinisekisa amathuba emfundo alinganayo, nokulwa nobandlululo lobulili. Kuye kwanikeza isisekelo somthetho - sisekelo somkhakha wamalungelo omphakathi wanamuhla futhi kuyaqhubeka kusebenza njengethuluzi eliyinhloko lokubekela inselele ubandlululo lukahulumeni nokuvikela inkululeko yomuntu siqu.
Ukuvikela Amalungelo Abantu Ngabodwa
Ngemfundiso ehlangene, iSichibiyelo seshumi nane siye saqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo ayisisekelo avikelwe ngokufanayo kuzo zonke izifundazwe. AmaMelika namuhla angathembela ezivikelweni ezingaguquki ezingokomthetho zenkululeko yokukhuluma, inkululeko yenkolo, ilungelo lokuphatha izikhali, ukuvikeleka ekufuneni nasekuqulekeni okungenangqondo, ilungelo lokululeka, kanye nezinye inkululeko edingekayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ahlala kusiphi isimo.
I-The Batts Process Claus itolikwa futhi ukuvikela amalungelo angancishisiwe, [1] Inkululeko engokwezimo engashiwonga ngokuqondile kuMthetho-sisekelo. Lezi zihlanganisa ilungelo lokuthola amathuba ezindaba zomuntu siqu, ilungelo lokushada, ilungelo lokwenza izinqumo ngomzimba womuntu, amalungelo omzali, nelungelo lokuhamba. Nakuba izinga lamalungelo anganciphiswaniwa, ukuqaphela kwabo kubonakalisa indima yeSichibiyelo seshumi nane ekusebenziseni isivikelo somthetho ekushintsheni izimo zezenhlalo nezindinganiso.
Izimpikiswano Nezinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo
Izikhungo Zokuba Izakhamuzi Ezinelungelo Lokuzalwa
Naphezu kolimi olucacile lwe-Citity Clausle nencazelo yekhulu leminyaka elungisiwe, ubuzibulo buye baba yindaba yempikiswano yezombangazwe eminyakeni yamuva. Abanye baye baphikisa ngokuthi lesi sisho akumelwe sibhekisele kubantwana abazalwe kubazali abazalwa ezweni ngokungemthetho noma okwesikhashana. Nokho, izazi ezingokomthetho nezinkantolo ziye zakwenqaba ngokungaguquki lokhu kuphikisa, ziphawula ukuthi umbhalo wokulungisa usekelwe esikhundleni sabazali sokufuduka nokuthi umlando ubonakalisa inhloso yabakhiphi bezindawo zokumisa isilinganiso esibanzi, sesizwe esiphelele.
Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme eUnited States v. Wong Kim Break saqinisekisa ukuthi ubuzibulo buhlanganisa nezingane ezizalwe e-United States kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zihlala kubazali bazo noma zivela kwelinye izwe. Noma isiphi isimo salesimiso esiyisisekelo singadinga ukuguqulwa komthetho-sisekelo noma ushintsho oluphawulekayo lwesibonelo seNkantolo Ephakeme esithathe isikhathi eside.
Isivikelo Esilinganayo Nokucwaswa Kwanamuhla
I-Umeal Protection Claus iyaqhubeka isetshenziswa ekulweleni amalungelo omphakathi kwamanje. Amacala amuva aye akhuluma ngobandlululo olusekelwe ekubukekeni kobulili, ubulili, ukukhubazeka, nezinye izici. Izinkantolo kumelwe zilinganisele izifiso zikahulumeni ezingokomthetho ngokumelene namalungelo abantu ukuba baphathwe ngendlela efanayo ngaphansi komthetho.
Izinhlelo zokuthatha isinyathelo eziqinisayo ziye zadala impikiswano enkulu kakhulu ngencazelo yesivikelo esilinganayo. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi izimiso ezinganakiwe zezinhlanga zidingekile ukuze kulungiswe ubandlululo lwesikhathi esidlule futhi kubhebhethekiswe izinhlobonhlobo, kuyilapho abagxeki bephikisa ngokuthi noma yikuphi ukusetshenziswa kobuhlanga kuphula isimiso sokulingana kombala okungaqondakali. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yazama ukulawula lezizinto eziphikisanayo ngokuhlola ngokuqinile ukuvuma izinhlelo kuyilapho iqaphela ukuthi ukwahlukahlukahluka kohlanga kungakha isithakazelo sikahulumeni ezimweni ezilinganiselwe.
Inqubo Efanele Namalungelo Okujezisa
Imfundiso yenqubo efanelekile yokuzifunela impikiswano ilokhu iphikisana, futhi abagxeki bathi ivumela amajaji ukuba abeke izindinganiso zawo siqu nge-plogin translate. Abasekeli baphendula ngokuthi i-Curree Procesme Claus Kumelwe ivikele amalungelo ayisisekelo ngisho noma bengachazwanga ngokuqondile, nokuthi abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo babehlose ukuba ibe yincwadi ephilayo ekwaziyo ukuvumelana nezimo ezintsha.
Izinqumo zamuva nje zeNkantolo Ephakeme ziye zandisa futhi zathola iziqondiso eziyindida zenqubo efanelekile, ziveza ukungavumelani okuqhubekayo mayelana nesilinganiso esifanelekile samalungelo angangeni. Lezizimpikiswano zithinta ezinye zezimpikiswano eziphikisana kakhulu emphakathini waseMelika, kuhlanganise namalungelo okuzala, ukuqedwa kwezinqumo zokuphila, kanye nemingcele yemithetho kahulumeni yokuziphatha komuntu siqu.
Isichibiyelo Seshumi Nane Ekuphileni Kwansuku Zonke
Imfundo Namathuba Alinganayo
Ithonya leSichibiyelo seshumi nane lezemfundo lidlulela ngalé kweBrown v. Board of Education. I-Umeal Protection Clausle iye yasetshenziselwa ukubekela inselele izimiso zemfundo ezixhasa ubuhlanga, ukuqinisekisa ukutholakala kwemfundo kubafundi abakhubazekile, ukuvikela amalungelo abafundi abafunda ulimi lwesiNgisi, kanye nokukhuluma ngocalucalucalulo lwezocansi ezimisweni zemfundo. Abafundi namuhla bayazuza ezivikelweni zomthetho ezinikeza amathuba alinganayo emfundo kungakhathaliseki uhlanga, ubulili, umsuka wesizwe, noma ukukhubazeka.
Ubulungisa Bobugebengu Buvikela
Ukufakwa kweSigqizo seSiphendulo samashumi amane eSiphakamiso sezephulamthetho se-Dimension siye saguqula ukwahlulela kwezelele eMelika. Abalweli manje banelungelo lokunikeza iseluleko, ukuvikela ekuzichayeleni, ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi, ukuvikelwa ekuhlolweni okungenangqondo nokuqubuka, kanye nezinye izivikelo eziningi ezisemthethweni ekumangalelweni kobugebengu obusemthethweni.
I-The System Claus Claus idinga futhi ukuba imithetho yobugebengu icace futhi inikeze isaziso esanele sokuziphatha okunqatshelwe. Imithetho yamaVague ehluleka ukuxwayisa abantu ngokungenaphutha ngokuthi yikuphi ukuziphatha okungekho emthethweni ingalahlwa njengengagunyaziwe.
Umsebenzi Namalungelo Ezomnotho
Nakuba iSichibiyelo seshumi nane singalenzi ilungelo elivamile lomsebenzi noma ukulondeka kwezomnotho, siye sasetshenziselwa ukubekela inselele imisebenzi yokukhipha ubandlululo yabaqashi bakahulumeni. I-Umeal Protection Claus enqabela uhulumeni ukuba enze izinqumo zemisebenzi ezisekelwe ohlangeni, ebulilini, noma kwezinye izigaba ezisolwayo ngaphandle kokulunga okuphelele. Zihlangene nemithetho yamalungelo omphakathi edluliswa ngaphansi komthetho kaHulumeni weSigaba sanu womthetho, lezisivikelo ziqinisekisa ithuba elifanayo emsebenzini.
Amalungelo Omkhaya Nokuzisebenzela Komuntu Siqu
I-System Claus Claus ivikela amalungelo abalulekile ahlobene nomkhaya kanye nokuzibusa komuntu siqu. Abazali banelungelo lomthetho-mthetho lokwenza izinqumo ngokuphathelene nemfundo nemfundo kanye nokuqeqeshwa kwezenkolo. Abantu ngabanye banelungelo lokushada nomuntu abathandayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungowaluphi uhlanga noma ubulili. Lezi sivikelo zibonisa isimiso sokuthi izinqumo ezithile zomuntu siqu zibaluleke kakhulu kangangokuba uhulumeni akanakuphazamisa ngaphandle kokuzithethelela.
Ukuqhathanisa Isichibiyelo Seshumi Nane Nezinye Izilungiselelo Zomthetho - sisekelo
Ubuhlobo Nemvume Yamalungelo Abantu
ISichibiyelo seshumi nane sisebenza njengebhuloho phakathi kweBill of Rights nohulumeni bakahulumeni bakahulumeni. Nakuba ukulungisa kokuqala okuyishumi kwasebenza kuphela esinyatheloni sikahulumeni, iSichibiyelo se 14 seSinqumo se-Created Procesting Claus sitolikwa ukuba sihlanganise eziningi zalezi zisivikelo esimelene nesenzo sikahulumeni. Lokhu kwakha isimiso esibanzi sokuvikelwa kwamalungelo esisebenza kuyo yonke imikhakha kahulumeni.
Nokho, akuwona wonke amalungiselelo eSiphakamiso samalungelo abantu ahlanganisiwe. ISichibiyelo sesithathu asinqatshelwa amasosha athatha ikota, imfuneko enkulu yamajaji yeSichibiyelo sesihlanu, icala leSichibiyelo seSihla seNgoma, icala lejaji leSimemezelo soMsebenzi, kanye nendinganiso weSichibiyelo seNguquko seNkathi Yesishiyagalo seNkathi Yesishiyagalo Amashumi Amasishiyagalombili akuzange kufakwe ngokugcwele ngokumelene nezifundazwe. Izinkantolo ziye zanquma ukuthi la malungiselelo, nakuba kubalulekile, awabalulekile kangako ukuba agunyazwe ukuba agunyazwe ohulumeni ngeSiphendulo se - 14.
Ubuhlobo NeziNkambiso Zeshumi Nantathu Neshumi Nanhlanu
ISichibiyelo seshumi nane singenye yeziHlanzo ezintathu zokuVuselelwa kwezwe ezashintsha uMthetho-sisekelo ngokuyinhloko ngemva kweMpi Yombango. ISichibiyelo seshumi nantathu saqeda ubugqila nokugqilazwa ngokuzithandela, sanikeza isisekelo senkululeko. ISichibiyelo seshumi nane seSichibiyelo sachaza ubuzwe namalungelo omphakathi. ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesihlanu, esagunyazwa ngo - 1870, sanqabela ukuncishwa kwamalungelo okuvota ngenxa yohlanga, ibala, noma isimo sangaphambili sobugqila.
Zizonke, lezi zinguquko zafuna ukumisa uhlelo olusha lomthetho - sisekelo olusekelwe ekulinganani namalungelo omhlaba wonke.
Indlela Isichibiyelo Seshumi Nane Esikuvikela Ngayo
Isivikelo Ekucwaseni Uhulumeni
I-Umeal Protection Claus iqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni ngeke ukwazi ukukuphatha ngendlela ehlukile ngenxa yobuzwe, ubulili, imvelaphi yobuzwe, noma ezinye izici ezivikelwe ngaphandle kokuzithethelela okwanele. Uma ukholelwa ukuthi uye wacwaswa yinhlangano kahulumeni (‘emsebenzini, imfundo, ukugcinwa komthetho, noma ilungiselelo lezinkonzo). ISichibiyelo seshumi nane seSiphendu sezeshumi nane sinikeza isisekelo sokubekela inselele lolobandlululo enkantolo.
Ukuqinisekisa Izinqubo Eziqotho Zezomthetho
I-System Process Claus iqinisekisa ukuthi ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni ukwenze uphuce ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, kumelwe ulandele izinqubo ezilungile. Lokhu kusho ukuthi unelungelo lokuqaphela noma iziphi izikhalo noma izinsolo ozibeka kuwe, ithuba lokuzwakala, nesinqumo somenzi wesinqumo ongakhethi. Lezi zivikelo ziyasebenza emacalani obugebengu, emacaleni omphakathi, ekulawuleni, nakwezinye izimo eziningi lapho isenzo sikahulumeni sithinta amalungelo akho noma izithakazelo.
Ukulondoloza Amalungelo Ayisisekelo
Ngokuhlanganisa nenqubo efanelekile, iSichibiyelo seshumi nane sivikela amalungelo akho ayisisekelo ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni. Unelungelo lokukhuluma ngokukhululekile, ukuqhuba inkolo, ukukhululeka ekufuneni okungenangqondo, ilungelo lokuphatha izikhali, kanye nezinye inkululeko eziningi ezidingekayo. Lamalungelo awaphelele. .[1] Uhulumeni angawalawula uma kudingeka ufeze izithakazelo zomphakathi ezibalulekile kodwa awanakuvinjelwa ngaphandle kokulunga okuqinile.
Ukwakha Ukuba Izakhamuzi Zakho
Uma uzalelwa e-United States, i-Citity Holy Faice iqinisekisa ubukho bakho kungakhathaliseki ukuthi abazali bakho bangabaphi. Lokhu kunikeza ukulondeka nokuba yilungu, kuqinisekisa ukuthi awunakuncishwa amalungelo nelungelo lobuzwe elisekelwe okhokho bakho noma esimweni sabazali bakho sokufuduka. Ukuba umfowenu kuyisimo esiyisisekelo esihambisana namalungelo nesivikelo esingokomthetho.
Ikusasa LeSichibiyelo Seshumi Nane
Ukuchazwa Okuqhubekayo Nokuziphendukela Kwemvelo
ISichibiyelo seshumi nane siseyingxenye ephilayo yoMthetho-sisekelo wethu, echazwa futhi isetshenziswa njalo ezimweni ezintsha. Njengoba kuvela izinguquko zomphakathi nezimpikiswano ezintsha, izinkantolo kumelwe zinqume ukuthi izimiso zokulungisa zisebenza kanjani ezinkingeni zanamuhla. Imibuzo ephathelene nezindaba zobuchwepheshe, ulwazi lwezakhi zofuzo, ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, nezinye izenzakalo zanamuhla ziyodinga ukuba izinkantolo zicabangele ukuthi isivikelo seSichibiyelo seshumi Nesine sidlulela kanjani ebuchwephesheni elisha nasemalungiselelweni ezenhlalo.
Ukulinganisela Amalungelo Nezithakazelo Zikahulumeni
ISichibiyelo seshumi nane sesikhathi esizayo sizoqhubeka silwa nokungezwani phakathi kwamalungelo abantu nezithakazelo ezingokomthetho zikahulumeni. Kungakanani uhulumeni ongalawula inkulumo egameni lokuphepha komphakathi? Uma uhulumeni engasebenzisa izinhlanga ukuze alungise ukucwasana? Yiziphi izinqubo ezidingekayo ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni aphuce othile impahla noma inkululeko? Lemibuzo ayinazo izimpendulo ezilula, futhi lezi zinkantolo kumelwe zilinganisele ngokucophelela izindinganiso nezithakazelo eziphikisanayo.
Ukuvikela Ukulingana Emphakathini Ohlukene
Njengoba i-Melika ihluka kakhulu, i-Uncincible Protection Claus iqhubeke ifeza indima ebalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi bonke abantu baphathwa kahle kungakhathaliseki isizinda sabo. Izinhlobo ezintsha zobandlululo zingavela, futhi kudinga ukuba izinkantolo zinqume ukuthi ziyazephula izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo. Isithembiso se-amendiment sesivikelo esilinganayo sisabalulekile namuhla njengoba sasibalulekile ngo-1868, njengoba nje nezicelo eziqondile zaleso simiso ziqhubeka zikhona.
Imithombo Yemfundo Ethé Xaxa
Kulabo abanesithakazelo sokufunda okwengeziwe ngeSichibiyelo seshumi nane, kunemithombo eminingi ekhona. Izinqolobane zezinqolobane zinikeza ukutholakala kombhalo wokuqala olungisiwe nemibhalo engokomlando. Consitution Annoted [, ekhishwa yi-Library of Congress, inikeza ukuhlaziywa okuningiliselwe kwencazelo yeNkathili yelungiselelo ngalinye lomthetho-mthetho-mthetho. ISikhungo somthetho-mthetho-mthetho wezwe sinikeza izinto zokufundisa nezokusebenza ukuze kuqondane umthetho.
Izincwadi zezenkantolo zesikole nezincwadi zomthetho-mthetho zinikeza ngokucubungula okujulile kwemfundiso yeSichibiyelo seshumi nane. Imibono ngokwayo ikhona obala futhi inikeza izimemezelo ezinegunya kakhulu zencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo. Kulabo abafuna isethulo esifinyelelekayo, izincwadi eziningi ezibhalelwe izilaleli ezivamile zichaza umlando wesilungisi nokubaluleka kwaso, zifaka ulimi.
Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Njalo KweSichibiyelo Seshumi Nane
Isichibiyelo seshumi nane simelela okunye kokufezwa okuphawuleka kakhulu emlandweni womthetho - sisekelo waseMelika.
Isithembiso sokulungisa isithembiso sobuzwe obulinganayo, inqubo efanelekile, nesivikelo esilinganayo ngaphansi komthetho sihlala sibalulekile eMelika ekuzisweni nasezindinganisweni. Nakuba ukulwa ukufezeka ngokugcwele kwalezi zithembiso kuqhubeka, iSichibiyelo seshumi nane sinikeza isisekelo somthetho-sisekelo semizamo eqhubekayo yokwakha ubunye obuphelele ngokwengeziwe. Amalungiselelo aso avikela ngamunye wethu ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke, aqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni usiphatha ngokulinganayo, uhlonipha amalungelo ethu ayisisekelo, futhi unikeza isivikelo esilinganayo ngaphansi komthetho.
Ukuqonda iSichibiyelo seshumi nane akuyona nje indlela yemfundo kuphela, kodwa ulwazi olubalulekile kusona sonke isakhamuzi saseMelika. Ukulungisa kuthinta amalungelo ethu, amathuba ethu, nobuhlobo bethu nohulumeni. Ngokufunda ngomlando waso, amalungiselelo, nencazelo, singazazisa kangcono isivikelo esisijabulelayo futhi sihlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo kumsebenzi oqhubekayo wentando yeningi yaseMelika.
Njengoba sibhekene nezinselele ezintsha namathuba ekhulwini lama-20 lokuqala, iSichibiyelo seshumi nane siyoqhubeka sisebenza njengethuluzi elibalulekile lokuvikela amalungelo abantu nokukhuthaza ukulingana. Izimiso zaso ezibanzi zivumelana ngokwaneleyo ukuze zivumelane nezimo ezishintshayo kuyilapho zigxile ezindinganisweni eziyisisekelo zesithunzi somuntu, ukungalungisi, nobulungisa obulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho. Ifa lokulungisa alikho nje emlandweni [1] Linamandla aphilayo aqhubeka ebumba umthetho nezenhlalo yaseMelika nsuku zonke.