Table of Contents
ISichibiyelo Sokuqala soMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States singesinye sesivikelo esinamandla kakhulu nesihlala njalo senkululeko yomuntu ngamunye eMelika ebusa ngentando yeningi. Samiswa ngo-1791 njengengxenye yeSikhathi samalungelo, lesi sisekelo siqinisekisa inkululeko eyisisekelo ehlobene nokukhuluma, inkolo, ukunyathelisa, umhlangano, nesicelo. Ukuqonda indlela iSichibiyelo sokuqala esisebenza ngayo − kanye nendawo eyinkimbinkimbi ezungezile yaso.
Umbhalo weSichibiyelo sokuqala ulula ngokukhohlisayo: "Ikhonfa ngeke yenze umthetho ngokuqondene nokumiswa kwenkolo, noma ukunqabela ukuyisebenzisa kwayo ngenkululeko; noma ukunqanda inkululeko yokukhuluma, noma yezindaba; noma ilungelo labantu lokuhlangana ngokuthula, nokunxusa uHulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo. ” Kodwa kulamazwi ambalwa awekho, kunezici eziye zaguqula umphakathi waseMelika, ezombangazwe, namasiko amashumi amabili eminyaka. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yachitha amashumi eminyaka ichaza futhi yacwenganisa indlela lezisivikelo ezisebenza ngayo ezimweni zangempela zezwe, idala indikimba ecebile yomthetho eqhubeka iguqula ubuchwepheshe nezimiso zezenhlalo.
Isisekelo Sesivikelo Sokukhuluma
Inkululeko yokukhuluma imelela isisekelo seSichibiyelo Sokuqala futhi isebenza njengesici esibalulekile sokubusa kwentando yeningi. ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sinikeza ukuthi uhulumeni akumelwe "abeke imvume yokukhuluma, noma yokunyathelisa," ngoMahluleli u-Ourvell Holmes, Jr. omemezela ukuthi "uvivinyo olungcono kakhulu lweqiniso lungamandla okucabanga ukuba ukwamukeleke ekuncintisaneni kwezentengiselwaneni." Lendathane yemibono ayaqhubeka isekela kakhulu ekuncintisaneni kweSikhawulo Sokuqala Seziphengululo.
INkantolo Ephakeme ithole ukuthi inkulumo ingadlulela ngalé kwenkulumo nencwadi eshiwoyo endaweni ewukuziphatha okungokomfanekiso, lapho izenzo zithumela khona umyalezo ongokomfanekiso. Lokhu kusho ukuthi imisebenzi enjengokufaka imigoqo yengalo, amafulegi avuthayo, noma ukuhlanganyela emibhikishweni yokuthula kungafaneleka bonke njengokusho okuvikelwe ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala.
ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela inkulumo ngisho nalapho imibono evezwayo icatshangelwa njengengaqondakali, ecasulayo, ewukuziphatha okubi noma enzondo. Lesivikelo esikhulu sibonisa isimiso esiyisisekelo sokuthi uhulumeni akufanele asebenzise njengenxusa lemibono noma imibono eyamukelekayo.
Inkulumo Yezombangazwe: ISiphazamiso Sesichibiyelo Sokuqala
Inkulumo yezombangazwe iwumnyombo weSichibiyelo Sokuqala, njengoba abaQhingi babefuna uhulumeni ozolandisa kubantu, okuyisizathu esenza ukuba banike izakhamuzi ilungelo lokubhikisha ngezimiso, ukusekela noma ukuphikisa, futhi baveze imibono yabo ngokukhululekile.
Isivikelo senkulumo yezombangazwe sidlulela emazwini angokomfanekiso athola abaningi bephikisana. ETexas Johnson (1999), iNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. yanquma ukuthi ukushisa ifulege laseMelika kuwuhlobo lwenkulumo engokomfanekiso, igcizelela ukuthi uhulumeni akanakunqanda inkulumo ngenxa nje yokuthi iphazamisa izimiso zomphakathi. Lesi sinqumo esiphawulekayo sibonisa ukuzimisela kweNkantolo ukuvikela ngisho nezindlela ezivusa inkanuko kakhulu zenkulumo yezombangazwe.
Izinqumo zamuva nje zeNkantolo Ephakeme ziye zaqinisa isivikelo senkulumo yezombangazwe enkathini yanamuhla. Uhulumeni ngeke ucindezele inkulumo yezombangazwe ngesisekelo sesazi sezezikhulumi, futhi isithakazelo sikahulumeni esanele asivumelani nemingcele yenkulumo yezombangazwe yokungazuzisi noma yezinhlangano ezikhiqizayo. Lezi zinqumo zinemiphumela emikhulu yezezimali zomkhankaso, ukusekela kwezombangazwe, nendima yezinhlangano enkulumweni yomphakathi.
Izinhlobo Zenkulumo Engavikelwanga
Nakuba iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sinikeza isivikelo esiqinile ekukhulumeni okuningi, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela izigaba ezithile zenkulumo eziwubala ngaphandle kwesivikelo somthetho - sisekelo.INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ukuthi iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sivumela imingcele equkethwe inkulumo ewohloka ezingxenyeni ezimbalwa ezimbalwa, kuhlanganise nezithombe ezingcolile, izithombe ezingcolile zabantwana, ukuhlanjalazwa, ukukhwabanisa, ukugqugquzela, amazwi okulwa, ukusongela kweqiniso, nokukhuluma kubaluleke ekuziphatheni kobugebengu.
ISichibiyelo Sokuqala simbalwa, sincane, futhi sichazwe ngokucophelela, futhi ukuze sivikele inkululeko yokukhuluma, kumelwe sihlale sinjalo, nakuba sikhona, ngamunye ngesizathu esihle. INkantolo iye yabonisa ukuthi ayithandi ukwandisa lezi zigaba futhi esikhundleni salokho iye yachaza ukungalingani okukhona ukuze ilondoloze isivikelo esikhulu sokukhuluma ngokukhululekile.
Ukushukumiseleka Esenzeni Esingenamthetho
Okunye kokulinganiselwa okubaluleke kakhulu ekukhulumeni kuhlanganisa ukuvuselelwa kobudlova noma umsebenzi ongekho emthethweni. Njengoba iNkantolo Ephakeme yabekwa eBrandenburg v.Ohio (1969), uhulumeni angase anqabele "ukukhuthaza""/_ukuguqula" ukugqugquzela noma ukuveza isenzo sokungabi namthetho esiseduze" futhi "cishe ukukhuthaza noma ukuveza isenzo esinjalo" lendinganiso imisa isithiyo esiphezulu sokuvimbela ukukhuluma, ifuna kokubili inhloso kanye nokulimala okusheshayo.
Lokhu kwancishiswa esindinganisweni esiqinile sokwephula umthetho", iNkantolo Ephakeme ihoxisa ukuvunywa kweqembu leKu Klux Klan ngokuvumelanayo "lokuguqula ubudlova ... njengendlela yokufeza izinguquko zezombangazwe" ngoba izinkulumo zabo emhlanganweni azizange ziveze ubudlova obusheshayo, noma obuseduze, ukuba zenze ubudlova. Ukuhlolwa kweBrandenburg kwathathelwa indawo izindinganiso zangaphambili, eziqine kakhulu futhi zandiswa ngokuphawulekayo ngenxa yokuvikelwa kwesenzo esingekho emthethweni, uma nje ukuqamba okunjalo kulokhu kuseyimfihlakalo kunokuba kuqondiswe ekukhiqizeni ubugebengu obuseduze.
Usongo Lweqiniso
Nakuba ukusongela kobudlova kwangempela kungeyona imingcele yeSichibiyelo Sokuqala, iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sisadinga ubufakazi bokuthi ummangalelwa wayenokuqonda okuthile okuwusongo lwamazwi abo, nakuba uhulumeni kudingeka nje ubonise ukunganaki, okusho ukuthi ummangalelwa ngokungazinaki ingozi enkulu yokuthi ukuxhumana kwabo kwakuzobhekwa njengobudlova obusongelayo. Lendinganiso idinga ukuvikela abantu ezinsongweni zangempela kuyilapho ulondoloza isivikelo esikhulu sokukhuluma.
Ukuphica
Ukulahla kuyisisho esingamanga esishiwo engxenyeni yesithathu, senziwa ngesimo esidingekile secala engqondweni, futhi kulimaza idumela lomuntu, futhi ukuze kuhlanekezelwe, inkulumo kumelwe ibe ukusho iqiniso (kunokusho nje umbono noma ihaba elingenampendulo) futhi ikwazi ukubonakala ingeyilona iqiniso. Umthetho uhlukanisa phakathi kwamazwi eqiniso nombono, kuphela ngalabo abakwaziyo ukuwachaza njengehlazisa.
Ezimweni lapho inkulumo ithinta isikhulu somphakathi noma isibalo, umkhakha okhuluma ngokunyundela kumelwe abonise ukuthi isikhulumi sasebenzisa "izenzo zonya," okungukuthi, ulwazi lokuthi leyonkulumo yayingamanga noma yayinganakwa mayelana neqiniso layo noma ukukhohlisa. Lendinganiso ekhudlwanayo ngezibalo zomphakathi ibonisa ukuqaphela kweNkantolo ukuthi impikiswano eqinile ngezindaba zomphakathi idinga ukuphefumula indawo yephutha futhi ivikele izikhulumi ezenza amaphutha amaqiniso angokwenkolo.
Ububi Nezithombe Ezingcolile Zezingane
I-flacene imelela olunye uhlobo lwenkulumo engavikelekile, nakuba ichaza lokho okufanelekele njengechilo kuye kwabonakala kuyinselele. Izinkantolo zisebenzisa ukuhlolwa okunezingxenye eziningi okucabangela ukuthi izinto ezikhanga izinto ezithandwayo yini, kubonisa ukuziphatha kobulili ngendlela enyanyekayo, futhi ayinakho ukuqamba, ubuciko, izombangazwe, noma inzuzo engokwesayensi. Izingane azitholi sivikelo seSichibiyelo sokuqala kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ziyahlangabezana yini nencazelo yokungcoliswa kwento engcolile, ibonisa isithakazelo sikahulumeni esishukumisayo ekuvikeleni izingane ekuxhashazweni.
Ukukhohlisa Namazwi Amanga
Ngokuvamile, amanga avikelwa, ngaphandle kokuhlambalaza, ukukhwabanisa, ukukhangisa okungamanga, ukuqamba amanga phakathi nohulumeni ongokomthetho oqhubekayo, ngisho nokuqamba amanga ngamabomu kuvikelwe ngokugcwele. Lokhu kuvikelwa okukhulu kwenkulumo engamanga kubonisa ukukhathazeka kweNkantolo okuvumela uhulumeni ukuba ajezise amanga kungathulisa inkulumo yeqiniso futhi kunikeze izikhulu amandla ayingozi okunquma ukuthi yini eyiqiniso.
"Isenzo sokukhohlisa esihlelwe kahle" singadinga ubufakazi "bokumelela okungamanga kweqiniso," ulwazi "lokuthi umfanekiso wawungamanga," "uhlose ukudukisa olalele," nokuncika noma ukulimaza isilaleli, futhi uhulumeni angase anqabe inkulumo yezentengiselwano ekhohlisayo noma ekhohlisayo. Lezi zimfuneko zingaqinisekisa ukuthi ukukhohlisa ngokukhohlisa kulimaza ngempela kunokuba kumane kubangele ihaba noma umbono.
Isimo Sokukhuluma Ngenzondo
Akukho okuhlukile ngenkulumo ebizwa ngokuthi eyobuhlanga, nakuba ukusongela kobuhlanga kungavinjelwe iSichibiyelo Sokuqala kanye nezinye izinsongo, futhi ukukhulumela komuntu siqu ukuchapha kobuhlanga kungase kujeziswe kanye namanye amazwi okulwa, kodwa inkulumo enjalo ingase ingajeziswa ngokukhethekile ngoba iwubandlululo, isocande, noma imelene nenkolo ethile. Lokhu kusho ukuthi nakuba inkulumo yenzondo ingase icasule kakhulu futhi ibangele umonakalo, ngokuvamile ithola isivikelo ngaphandle kokuba iwele kwesinye isigebengu esingalondekile.
EUnited States, inkulumo yenzondo ithola isivikelo esiqinile ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala, esisekelwe embonweni wokuthi akuyona indima efanele kahulumeni ukuzama ukuvikela abantu emibonweni nasemibonweni abayithola ingamukeleki, ingathandeki, noma icasula ngisho nangokwedlulele, futhi esikhundleni salokho, indima kahulumeni iwukuvikela inkululeko yabantu yokukhuluma ngomzamo wokuvumela ukubonakaliswa kombono ongathandeki nophikisanayo futhi kukhuthaze impikiswano eshubile ezindabeni zomphakathi ngisho nalapho leyo mpikiswano iphenduka inkulumo ecasulayo noma yenzondo.
Inkululeko Yezindaba
ISichibiyelo sokuQokelela Inkululeko yokunyathelisa sisebenza njengesehlo esinzima embusweni kahulumeni futhi siqinisekisa ukuthi umphakathi wamukela ukwaziswa okudingekile ekuzilawuleni kwentando yeningi. I-pager ayisivikeli nje amaphephandaba angokwesiko kuphela, kodwa futhi abathathi-zincwadi, izintatheli ezizimele, nanoma ubani ohlanganyela ekuqoqeni nasekusakazeni izindaba nokwaziswa emphakathini.
I-Profession ifaka isibopho sesibopho sokuphendula i-athom yamajaji amakhulu futhi iphendula imibuzo ehlobene nophenyo lwezigebengu, ngakho ayinikezi intatheli ilungelo lokunikeza imvume yokufihla amaqiniso ahlobene nokuhlola kwejaji elikhulu. Lokhu kulinganiselwa kwenkululeko yephephandaba akuwunikezi umbiko wenkululeko yokuphendula i-commentalpoena, futhi kuphendula imibuzo ehlobene nopheno lwezelele, futhi ngenxa yalokho akunikezi intatheli ilungelo lokunikeza imvume esemthethweni lokufihla amaqiniso ahlobene nokuphenywa kwejaji elikhulu.
Intuthuko yamuva nje iqokomise ukungezwani phakathi kwenkululeko yezindaba nezinye izithakazelo. Ukuxhumana kwezikhulu zikahulumeni nama-computer aphathelene nokulinganisela komphakathi ngokuhlangene kuye kwaphakamisa imibuzo ephathelene nokucusumbula okungaqondile nemingcele kahulumeni evunyelwe ezindaweni ezizimele eziqukethe iziteshi. Lezindaba ziyaqhubeka ziguqula njengoba izinkantolo ziphikisana nokusebenzisa izimiso ezingokwesiko zeSichibiyelo sokuqala ezintweni ezintsha zezobuchwepheshe.
Inkululeko Engokwenkolo: Ukumiswa Nokuzivivinya Okukhululekile KukaClaus
ISichibiyelo Sokuqala siqukethe izivikelo ezimbili ezihlukene zenkululeko engokwenkolo: i-Premimeodia, enqabela ukumiswa kukahulumeni wenkolo, ne-Free Execrect Claus, evikela amalungelo abantu okusebenzisa ukholo lwabo olukhethiwe. Ngezinye izikhathi la magama amabili akhona ngobunzima, njengoba imizamo yokuvumelanisa umkhuba ongokwenkolo ingase iphakamise izinkathazo zokumiswa, kuyilapho ukwehlukaniswa okuqinile kwesonto nombuso kungase kube umthwalo onzima wokusebenzisa inkululeko.
Ukumiswa KukaClaus
Ukumiswa kuka-Claus kuvimbela uhulumeni ukuba uthande inkolo eyodwa phezu kwenye noma inkolo phezu kwenye ngaphandle kwenkolo. Lokhu kwenqatshelwa kuhlanganisa nezindlela ezihlukahlukene zesenzo sikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nemithandazo engokomthetho, ukubonakaliswa kwezenkolo empahleni yomphakathi, nokuxhaswa kwezinhlangano zenkolo. Izinkantolo zihlola ukumiswa kwezakhiwo ngokuhlola ukuthi izenzo zikahulumeni zinenjongo yezwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zithuthukisa noma zivimbela inkolo, futhi ukuthi zibangela ukuphambana okukhulu phakathi kukahulumeni nenkolo.
Izinqumo zamuva nje zeNkantolo Ephakeme ziye zathatha indlela evumelana ngokwengeziwe nenkolo ekuphileni komphakathi, zavumela izinkulumo ezithile ezingokwenkolo nezimpawu ezisemiqondweni kahulumeni okungenzeka ukuthi izinkantolo zangaphambili zazisezinkiyankiya.
Ukuzivivinya Ngokukhululeka KukaClaus
I-Free Execree Claus ivikela amalungelo abantu okubambelela ezinkolelweni ezingokwenkolo nokuthatha isinyathelo kulezo zinkolelo, nakuba isivikelo sokuziphatha okungokwenkolo singesiphelele. INkantolo ePhakeme yase-U. egama layo lika-202424-25 yaqhubeka ngokunamandla ivikela inkululeko engokwenkolo ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sokuqala. Amacala amuva aye akhuluma ngezingxabano phakathi kokuzivivinya kwenkolo nokumelana nemithetho yokulahla imingcele, ukuphikisa okungokwenkolo emithethweni kahulumeni, kanye namalungelo ezinhlangano zenkolo okusebenza ngokuvumelana nezinkolelo zazo.
INkantolo Ephakeme yaveza ukuthi izikole zomphakathi eMontgomery County, eMaryland, cishe zaphula umthetho weSichibiyelo sokuqala wamahhala ngokufuna abafundi abaqalayo ukuba bafunde izincwadi eziphathelene nobulili nobulili obubodwa, bavume ukushada ngongqingili, kungqubuzana nezinkolelo zabazali babo ezingokwenkolo — ngaphandle kokunikeza abazali isaziso sezifundo noma ukukhetha izingane zabo. Lesi sinqumo sibonisa indlela yamanje yeNkantolo yokuvikela amalungelo enkolo, ikakhulukazi emongweni wemfundo lapho izinkolelo ezingokwenkolo zabazali zingangqubuzana khona nezifundo zesikole.
Ukulinganisela phakathi kwenkululeko engokwenkolo nezinye izithakazelo zomphakathi kusaphikiswana. Izinkantolo kumelwe zihlole ukuphikisa okuqotho okungokwenkolo mayelana nezithakazelo zikahulumeni eziphoqelelayo, njengokuvimbela ukucwaswa kwemibono, ukuvikela impilo yomphakathi, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi abantu bayakwazi ukufinyelela izinkonzo ezifanayo. Lamacala ngokuvamile ahilela ukuhlukanisa ngokungemthetho phakathi kokungavunyelwe kwenkululeko engokwenkolo nokungakholeki okungalulaza izimiso ezibalulekile zomphakathi.
Ilungelo Lokuhlangana Nesicelo
ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela inkululeko yokuhlangana ngokuthula noma ukuhlangana ndawonye noma nokuhlangana neqembu labantu ngezinjongo zezenhlalo, zezomnotho, zezombangazwe noma zenkolo, kanye nelungelo lokuphikisa uhulumeni. Lamalungelo enza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukuveza imibono yazo zonke, zihlelelwe ukuthatha isinyathelo sezombangazwe, futhi zifuna ukuba uhulumeni athathe icala.
Ilungelo lokuhlangana lihlanganisa kokubili inkululeko yokubuthana ezindaweni zomphakathi nenkululeko yokuhlangana () ilungelo lokuhlanganyela nabanye emaqenjini nasezinhlanganoni. ENAACP v. Alabama (1958), iNkantolo Ephakeme yaqaphela ilungelo lokuhlangana phakathi kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala namalungu avikelwe amelene nophenyo lukahulumeni. Lesivikelo senkululeko yokuhlangana sisemqoka eqenjini elihileleke ekumangazweni okuphikisanayo.
Nakuba ilungelo lokuhlanganisa libalulekile, alilinganiselwe. Uhulumeni ngokuvamile angalinganisela isikhathi, indawo, noma indlela yokukhuluma, uma imingcele ihlangene nalokho inkulumo ekushoyo futhi ishiye abantu benezindlela ezanele zokuveza imibono yabo. Kulokhu isikhathi, indawo, nezindlela zokuvimbela uhulumeni ukuba alawule izikhala zomphakathi futhi avimbele ukuphazamisa kuyilapho elondoloza amathuba okukhuluma.
Ilungelo lokunxusa uhulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo lihlanganisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuxhumana nezikhulu zikahulumeni, kusukela kwenye kwenye yezincwadi kuya kwemikhankaso ehleliwe yokukhuthaza abantu. Leli lungelo liqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zingafuna isinyathelo sikahulumeni sokusingatha izinkathazo zazo futhi zihlanganyele enqubweni yokwenza isimiso. Ukuphindisela kukahulumeni kulabo abasebenzisa amalungelo abo okucela kuphula iSichibiyelo Sokuqala.
Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme evumelanayo esiyamukelayo siyondisa isivikelo kungekuphela nje iSichibiyelo sokuqala, kodwa zonke izinhlangano ezingazuzisi - kanye nezinhlangano ezingenisa inzuzo nabantu – ukumelana nokuphindisela kwezikhulu zikahulumeni. ISichibiyelo sokuqala senqabela izikhulu zikahulumeni ukuba zisebenzise amandla azo ngokukhetha ukujezisa noma ukuvimbela inkulumo, kuhlanganise nezimemezelo zangasese. Lezi zivikelo ziqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni akanakusebenzisa ukucindezela okungaqondile noma izinsongo zokuzijezisa ukuze kuthule abagxeki noma zijezise imibono engamukeleki.
ISichibiyelo Sokuqala Sivikela Ezimweni Ezingafani
Izindawo Zomphakathi Nempahla Kahulumeni
Inkulumo ezindaweni ezizinzile zikahulumeni nasepaki (ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi "izindawo zomphakathi ezingokwesiko") ivikelekile ekucindezelweni kwenkulumo kahulumeni njengasendaweni yesikhulumi, futhi okufanayo kuyiqiniso ngenkulumo yabafundi bomphakathi, okungenani uma inkulumo ingeyona ingxenye yezingxoxo zekilasi noma izabelo zekilasi. Lemidanti engokwesiko iye yasebenza ngokomlando njengezindawo zokufaka inkulumo yasobala futhi kumelwe ihlale ivulekile ngenxa yomsebenzi oyimfihlo.
Ukukhuluma ezweni likahulumeni noma ezakhiweni zikahulumeni ngokuvamile kungase kulinganiselwe, uma uhulumeni engacaluli ngesisekelo sombono wenkulumo. Uhulumeni ungabeka imingcele enengqondo ekukhulumeni ezinqikaneni ezingekho emphakathini, njengezakhiwo zamahhovisi kahulumeni, uma nje leyomingcele ingekho ngokomthetho futhi ifeza izinjongo zokuphatha ezingokomthetho.
Izilungiselelo zokufundisa
Abafundi ezikoleni zomphakathi banelungelo lokuthola iSichibiyelo Sokuqala, nakuba lawomalungelo angase alinganiselwe ezimweni ezithile. Abafundi abawachithi amalungelo abo omthetho-sisekelo esangweni lesikole, njengoba kwamiswa eTinker v.Des Moines. Lelicala elivelele lihilela abafundi abagqoke izibambo ezimnyama ukuze babhikishe iMpi yaseVietnam futhi baveza ukuthi inkulumo yabafundi ivikelwe ngaphandle kokuba iphazamise kakhulu imisebenzi yesikole noma iphula amalungelo abanye.
Nokho, izikole zinegunya elikhulu lokuvimbela izinhlobo ezithile zenkulumo yabafundi. Abafundi abaphezulu, abaphezulu, nabafundi basesikoleni esiphakeme bangase balahlwe ngokusho izinto eziyingozi kakhulu ekuphazamiseni inqubo yemfundo noma ukusebenzisa inkohlakalo esikoleni. Izinkantolo ziye zavumela izikole ukuba zivimbele izikole ukuba zisebenzise izinkulumo ezingekho emthethweni noma ezisezikoleni ezihambisana nezindaba ezinjengemihlangano noma amaphephandaba esikole.
Amayunivesithi omphakathi kumelwe anikeze isivikelo esikhulu ezikoleni zabafundi kune-K-12. Abafundi basekholiji bajabulela amalungelo avunyelayo eSichibiyelo Sokuqala emakolishi, futhi amayunivesithi abhekene nokulinganiselwa okuqinile ekhonweni lawo lokulinganisela ukuchaza okusekelwe ekutholweni noma embonweni. Nokho, amayunivesithi angaphoqelela isikhathi esilinganiselwe, indawo, nezimiso zokulawula inkulumo engena ezigabeni ezingalondekile.
Umsebenzi Kahulumeni
Ngokwesibonelo, izisebenzi zikahulumeni zingadunyiswa ngenxa yokusho izinto eziphazamisa ukusebenza kahle komqashi. Izinkantolo zisebenzisa ukuhlolwa kokulinganisela emacaleni ezisebenzi zomphakathi, zilinganisele isithakazelo sesisebenzi ekukhulumeni ezindabeni zomphakathi ngokumelene nesithakazelo sikahulumeni ekuthuthukiseni ukuphumelela emsebenzini kanye nokulondoloza ubuhlobo obufanele bezisebenzi.
Ubufakazi bomphakathi obufungelwe ngaphandle kwengxenye yemisebenzi yabo evamile bufanele ukuvikelwa iSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Lesisivikelo siqinisekisa ukuthi izisebenzi zikahulumeni zingahlanganyela ekumangalelweni okungokomthetho futhi zinikeze ubufakazi obuyiqiniso ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuziphindiselela, ngisho noma lowo bufakazi bungase buhlazise noma bugxeke umqashi wazo.
Ibutho Lezempi Nejele
Ngokuqondene nezempi wase-United States, uhulumeni unamandla amakhulu kakhulu okuvimbela ukukhuluma kwezikhulu zempi, ngisho noma umngcele onjalo ungangasebenzi kumuntu ongewona neze empini, njengoba iNkantolo Ephakeme yaqinisekisa kuParker v. Levy (1974), lapho iNkantolo yaba nempi ngokuyisisekelo yayiwumphakathi okhethekile osususuntumile emphakathini wesizwe, owawufuna iziqondiso eziqinile. Lokhu kuthobela igunya lezempi kubonisa izidingo eziyingqayizivele zenkonzo yezempi nesidingo sesiyalo nesigaba sebutho eliphethe izikhali.
Uma uhulumeni esebenza njengomqondisi wamajele, unamandla amakhulu okulinganisela ukukhuluma ngokukhululekile kweziboshwa, futhi ngokuyinhloko noma yimuphi umngcele "ohlobene ngokunengqondo nezithakazelo ezingokomthetho" uyasebenza. Lendinganiso ehloniphekile kakhulu ivumela izikhulu zasejele ukuba zibeke imingcele yokukhuluma ngesibopho ukuze zilondoloze ukulondeka, ukuhleleka, nezinhloso zokulungisa isimo.
Izindawo Zangasese Nabenzi Bemithetho Yangasese
Nakuba izindawo zomphakathi zivikelekile ukuze zikhulume ngokukhululekile, izindawo zomuntu siqu, njengezindawo zomsebenzi, amakolishi angasese, noma ikhaya lakho, zihlukile, njengoba umqashi angaxosha othile ngento ayisho ezindabeni zezenhlalo, futhi iyunivesithi yomuntu siqu ingayala abafundi ngenxa yokwephula izimiso zokuziphatha. ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivimbela kuphela izenzo zikahulumeni, hhayi izenzo zabantu ngabanye noma zezinhlangano.
Uma inhlangano ezimele isebenzisa iziteshi zomphakathi ezisebenza esimisweni sentambo, ayiwenzi umsebenzi womphakathi ongokwesiko, okhethekile, futhi ayiguqulwa ibe umkhandi wezomdlalo ngokuvula impahla yayo ukuze ikhulume nabanye, futhi kanjalo ayilawulwa yiziphakamiso zokuqala zeSichibiyelo ngokuqondisisa kwayo. Lesi simiso sisho ukuthi amapulatifomu abantu, kuhlanganise nezinkampani zezokuxhumana, ngokuvamile ayakwazi ukulinganisela futhi asebenzise izimiso zawo zokukhuluma ngaphandle kokwephula iSimemezelo Sokuqala.
ISichibiyelo Sokuqala Enkathini Yezinombolo
Ukuvela kwe - Internet nemithombo yezindaba kuye kwabangela izinselele ezintsha zemfundiso yesiHlaziyo Sokuqala ethuthukisiwe enkathini yamaphephandaba anyathelisiwe nakuyithelevishini.Izinkantolo manje kumelwe zisebenzise izimiso ezingokwesiko ezimweni ezintsha ezihilela amapulatifomu, inkulumo yobuchwepheshe, nezindlela ezintsha zokukhuluma nokuxhumana.
Imithombo Yezindaba Nezinhlayiya Ze - Internet
ISichibiyelo sokuqala sinikeza isivikelo lapho inhlangano ehlanganyela emsebenzini ovezayo, kuhlanganise nokuhlanganisa nokuhlanganisa nokuhlanganisa inkulumo yabanye, iqondiswe ukuba ikwazi ukuvala imiyalezo efuna ukuyikhipha, futhi umbuso ungase ungaphazamisani nenkulumo yabadlali bomuntu siqu ukuze uthuthukise umbono wayo wokulinganisela kwemibono. Lesimiso sinemiphumela emikhulu yemithetho kahulumeni ezama ukulawula ukulinganisela kwezokuxhumana.
Uma izikhulu zikahulumeni zisebenza ngezihloko ezihlobene nomsebenzi ezisemthonjeni wezokuxhumana, lenkulumo ibhekiswa kuhulumeni kuphela uma isikhulu sinegunya langempela lokukhuluma ngohulumeni futhi sibizwa ngokuthi sisebenzisa lelogunya lapho sikhuluma ngezokuxhumana. Lendinganiso isiza ekunqumeni lapho umsebenzi wezenhlalo zezokuxhumana uhlanganisa ukunqandwa kweSiphendulo Sokuqala, kuhlanganise nokuvinjelwa kwemibono kuhulumeni.
Ukuvuzwa Kweminyaka Nenkulumo Yasezingosini Zokuxhumana
Okokuqala, iNkantolo Ephakeme yasebenzisa ukucubungula okuphakathi, kunokuba ibhekise imingcele evimbela ukutholakala kwezithombe ezingcolile zobulili zezingane kuyi-inthanethi. Umthetho ofuna abantu abadala ukuba bahlole ubudala babo ngaphambi kokuba bakwazi ukufinyelela inkulumo eyichilo engathandeki ezinganeni uhlolwa kuphela ngokucubungula okuphakathi ngoba inemiphumela esheshayo enkulu enkulu enkulu enkulu enkulumweni evikelwe, futhi umthetho okhona kulendaba uhlangabezana naleyondinganiso. Lesi sinqumo simelela intuthuko ebalulekile endleleni izinkantolo ezibheka ngayo imingcele yenkulumo eklanyelwe ukuvikela izingane kuyi-webhusayithi.
Ubufakazi benkathi bubonisa ukushuba okuqhubekayo phakathi kokuvikela izingane kuyi-website nokugcina abantu abadala bekwazi ukuxhumana nezinto ezivikelwe ngokomthetho-mthetho. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukuqiniseka ngeminyaka kubangela ukuba kube nzima ukukhuluma okungaziwa futhi kubangele izinkathazo zomuntu siqu, kuyilapho abasekeli bephikisa ngokuthi izinyathelo ezinjalo ziyadingeka ukuze zivikele izingane ekuhlonishweni kokulimaza. Njengoba amazwe amaningi ethatha imithetho yobudala, izinkantolo ziyoqhubeka zilungisa izindinganiso zomthetho-sisekelo ezisebenza kule mithetho.
Ithonya Likahulumeni Lokulinganisela
Izenzakalo zamuva nje ziye zahlola ukuthi izikhulu zikahulumeni ziyawephula yini uMphetho Okuqala weSichibiyelo lapho zicindezela izinkampani zezezenhlalo ukuba zisuse noma zicindezele okuthile okuqukethwe. Kungaba nomehluko omuhle phakathi kwemizamo kahulumeni yokuvikela impilo yomphakathi nezombangazwe nokuphoqelelwa, ikakhulukazi lapho ukusikisela okubonakala kuyizicelo ze - glavet glove kungase kube nesisusa esiqinile sokuphindisela kukahulumeni ngemva kwazo. Izinkantolo kumelwe zihlukanise phakathi kokuphoqelela okuvumelekile kukahulumeni nokungagunyazi ukulinganisela okungadingekile okuguqula okungaphakathi kube ukucusumbula okungokombuso.
Iziteshi zezokuxhumana azizona izinhlangano zikahulumeni futhi azikho ngaphansi komthetho weSichibiyelo Sokuqala, futhi manje zivikelekile ngaphansi koMthetho Wokuxhumana oBanga icala lomphakathi, nakuba zinelungelo lokubeka amaphoyisa angenalo nje kuphela lokuvimbela ukulimala kodwa futhi zivikela ukuthembeka kwazo, futhi zingase zithambekele ekulaleleni ukukhathazeka kukahulumeni ngenxa yokwesaba ukuthi ukungavumelani nemithetho kungaholela ezenzweni zokulwa nemithetho. Lobu buhlobo obuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kohulumeni, amapulatifomu, nabasebenzisi bayaqhubeka beveza ukukholeka nokuphikisana.
Izinga Lokuhlolwa Kwezigwegwe Zokuqala
Izinkantolo zisebenzisa amazinga ahlukahlukene okuhlola lapho zihlaziya imingcele kahulumeni ngokuphathelene nokukhuluma, kuye ngokuthi imingcele injani nokuthi ikhuluma kanjani. Ukuqonda lezi zindinganiso kubalulekile ekubikezeleni ukuthi izinkantolo ziyozixazulula kanjani izinselele zeSichibiyelo Sokuqala.
Ukucwaninga Okuqinile
Imithetho esekelwe ekuqukethe ikhuluma ngokusekelwe ekukhulumeni kwayo okungaqondakali futhi ingalunga kuphela uma uhulumeni efakazela ukuthi ihlonyiselwe ukufeza izithakazelo zikahulumeni eziphoqelelayo, njengoba umthetho wenkulumo usekelwe ekukhulumeni uma usebenza enkulumweni ethile ngenxa yesihloko esixoxwe noma umqondo noma umyalezo oshiwoyo. Lokhu kudinga ukukholwa okujulile kwemizamo kahulumeni yokulawula inkulumo esekelwe ekutheni isekelwe kuleyo noma embonweni.
Ukuze uqhubeke uhlola ngokunemba, uhulumeni kumelwe abonise ukuthi imingcele yawo ifeza isithakazelo esishukumisayo nokuthi imingcele ilinganiselwe ukuze kutholakale isithakazelo ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezingekho eziqinile. Imithetho embalwa iyasinda kulendlela yokubukeza enzima, okuyiphuzu eliqondile, eliwukuhlola okuyisisekelo (ukuhlola okusekelwe engxenyeni ephelele emazwini ayivamile futhi ithethelelwa kuphela ngezidingo zikahulumeni ezicindezela kakhulu.
Ukuhlolwa Okuphakathi
Ukuhlolwa kweminye imingcele ephakathi kwe-metainte nezindawo ezithile zenkulumo engavikelwe kahle, njengentengiselwano yezentengiselwano. Ngaphansi kwalendinganiso, uhulumeni kumelwe abonise ukuthi ukuvimbela kwakhe kufeza isithakazelo esibalulekile sikahulumeni futhi kuhlobene kakhulu nokufinyelela leso sithakazelo. Lemingcele akudingeki ukuba ibe indlela encane kakhulu evimbelayo ekhona, kodwa kumelwe ihlotshaniswe ngokunengqondo ngenjongo kahulumeni.
Inkulumo yezentengiselwano inendima eyingqayizivele njengenkululeko yokukhuluma, futhi nakuba kungekho ukukhipha okuphelele, abasekeli bomthetho bayiqaphela njenge "nesivikelo esinciphile". Lokhu kusinciphisa isivikelo kubonisa umbono wokuthi ukukhangisa kwezentengiselwano, nakuba kuyigugu, akusesona isici esiyinhloko sokuzilawula kwentando yeningi kunokusho kwezombangazwe noma kwezobuciko.
Ukubukeza Okuyisisekelo Kwe - lapnal
Indinganiso ehlonipheke kakhulu yokubukeza, ukuhlola okunengqondo, isebenza ekuvinjelweni kwenkulumo engavikelekile nasezimisweni ezithile zikahulumeni ezikhulumayo ezisemongweni okhethekile njengasemajele noma kwezempi. Ngaphansi kwalendinganisweni, uhulumeni udinga ukubonisa ukuthi imingcele yawo ihlobene ngokunengqondo nesithakazelo esingokomthetho sikahulumeni, qha ukuhlolwa kwemithetho eminingi eyanelisa kalula.
Ukucwasana Ngokombono Nokungathathi - hlangothi
Umehluko phakathi kwemingcele esekelwe embonweni nasemqoka we-oyile-neutral ufeza indima ebalulekile ekuhlaziyweni kweSichibiyelo sokuqala. Ukubheka izinto ngokuphambene . Ukubheka izinto ngeso lengqondo − ukuphatha inkulumo esekelwe kumbono okhona, kumelela uhlobo oluvumelana kakhulu lomthetho wokuzihlela futhi cishe akuvunyelwe.
"Ukubheka ubandlululo," njengoba iNkantolo ikubeka, imelela "isimo esihlukile" somthetho wokwanelisa, futhi ohulumeni kulelizwe kumelwe njalo bacishe basuke kulokhu "bededa" kulo. Lokhu kwenqabela kuqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni akanakukwazi ukukholisa imibono ethile phezu kwabanye enkulumweni yeningi, ngisho nalapho umbono ongathandeki ungathandeki kakhulu noma ucasula abaningi.
Imingcele esekelwe ekuboneni okungasekelwe embonweni ithola ukwelashwa okulula kakhulu, nakuba kusabhekene nokucubungula okuqinile. Umthetho ovimbela yonke ingxoxo ngendaba ethile, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imuphi umbono, usekelwe ngokwaneliswa kodwa awukhuliswanga ukunikeza imibono. Nakuba imithetho enjalo ibhekene nokufuna ukubukezwa, ingasekelwa uma ifeza izithakazelo eziphoqelelayo futhi ihlotshiswe kancane.
Imingcele yokuqukethwe okungathathi hlangothi − labo abasebenzisa noma ikuphi okushiwo yinkulumo − bamukela ukubukezwa okuthatha isikhathi kakhulu ngaphansi kokuhlolwa okuphakathi. Isikhathi, indawo, nendlela kuvame ukwehlela kulesigaba, njengoba belawula izimo zenkulumo kunokuba ingaphakathi layo. Ukungathathi hlangothi ngempela, nokho, imingcele kumelwe ithethelwe ngaphandle kokubhekisele ekukhulumeni futhi akumelwe inikeze izikhulu zikahulumeni ngokuqonda okuphakeme okungasiza ukuba zikwazi ukuqinisa imibandela esekelwe ekuqukethe.
Indima Yesichibiyelo Sokuqala Emizamweni Yomphakathi
ISichibiyelo Sokuqala safeza indima ebalulekile emzamweni Wamalungelo Abantu, njengoba lenhlangano yayisakhela inkululeko ehlukahlukene yeSichibiyelo Sokuqala — ngokuyinhloko inkulumo, ukuhlangana nokunxusa — ukuze igxeke ukungabi nabulungisa kwezinhlanga futhi ikhuthaze ukulingana kwezinhlanga, futhi iNkantolo Ephakeme yase - United States yaqinisa lenkululeko Yokulungisa Izimiso Zokuqala ngemithetho yayo ezinkantolo ephakamayo ngenxa yenhlangano yamalungelo omphakathi.
Ku-Edwades v. South Carolina (1963), iNkantolo Ephakeme yaqeda ukudilizwa kwemibono yokuthula yabafundi abangaphezu kwekhulu ababehambe baya e-South Carolina House, bebhikisha ukucwasa nokuphatha izimpawu ngemiyalezo enjengokuthi "Iphansi Ne-Secornia,"" futhi iNkantolo yasho ukuthi uhulumeni waseNingizimu Carolina akanakuphazamisa "inkulumo yokuthula yemibono engathandeki." lesi sinqumo sagcizelela isimiso sokuthi ukuphikisa okunokuthula, ngisho nalapho kubekela inselele imikhuba yezenhlalo egxile kakhulu, ithola isivikelo esiphelele.
ISichibiyelo sokuqala siyaqhubeka sivikela izinhlangano zezenhlalo zanamuhla phakathi kwesigaba sezombangazwe. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zisekela ukwahlulela kohlanga, ukuvikela indawo ezungezile, amalungelo ezibhamu, inkululeko engokwenkolo, noma yiziphi ezinye izisusa, abashisekeli bathembela ezivikelweni zeSichibiyelo sokuqala ukuze bahlele, babonise, futhi banxuse ukuguqula. Lezi sivikelo ziqinisekisa ukuthi intuthuko yezenhlalo ingakwenzeka ngokuthula kwezentando yeningi nokuhlanganyela ngobudlova noma ngenguquko.
Ukukhuluma Ngokushukumisa Nelungelo Lokungakhulumi
ISichibiyelo Sokuqala asivikeli ilungelo lokukhuluma kuphela kodwa futhi nelungelo lokuyeka ukukhuluma. ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sihlanganisa ilungelo lokungakhulumi (ngokuqondile, ilungelo lokungalishayeli ifulege indesheni), njengoba kusungulwe eWest Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette. Lesivikelo ekukhulumeni okuphoqelelwe siqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni ngeke aphoqelele abantu ukuba bakhiphe imiyalezo abayilahlayo noma bazihlanganise nemibono abayiphikisayo.
ISichibiyelo sokuqala senqabela isimo ekuphoqeleni umklami wewebhusayithi ukuba adale imiklamo eveza amazwi umklami angavumelani. Lesi simiso sidlulela ngalé kokushayela ifulege indesheni emongweni ohlukene lapho uhulumeni engase azame ukuphoqelela ukusho, kusukela ekwambulweni okuphoqelelwe kuya ezidingweni zabadlali abazimele noma ukudlulisa imiyalezo yabanye.
Imfundiso ephoqelelwe yenkulumo inemiphumela emikhulu yemithetho yezentengiselwano, yokugunyaza ochwepheshe, nemithetho emelene nokucwasa. Uma uhulumeni ufuna amabhizinisi noma ochwepheshe ukuba badlulisele imiyalezo ethile, izinkantolo kumelwe zinqume ukuthi lezo zimfuneko zihlanganisa inkulumo ephoqelelwe noma imithetho yokuziphatha evunyelwe. Umngcele phakathi kwalezizinto ezimbili awucacile futhi awuqhubeki uveza ukudluliswa kwemiyalo.
Imali Nemali Esetshenziswa Ezombangazwe
Izishaya - mthetho zingase ziqondise iminikelo yomkhankaso wokuvikela inkohlakalo noma ukubonakala kokonakala, kodwa zingase zingayilawuli iminikelo yokunciphisa nje imali kwezombangazwe, noma ukuvimbela ukuhileleka kwezombangazwe kwabanye ukuze bathuthukise ithonya elilinganiselwe labanye.
INkantolo iphethe ukuthi imingcele yezindleko ibeka imingcele enzima kakhulu engxoxweni yezombangazwe kunemingcele yeminikelo futhi ngenxa yalokho ibhekene nokucusumbula okunzima. Izindleko zenkululeko .(*) ezingahlangene nabazohlolwa − ukwamukela isivikelo esigcwele seSichibiyelo Sokuqala, kuyilapho iminikelo ingalinganiselwa ukuvimbela inkohlakalo noma ukubonakala kwayo. Lo mehluko uveza umbono weNkantolo wokuthi ukusebenzisa imali ukuze kukhulise izwi lomuntu siqu kuhlukile ngokomthetho ekunikezeni imali kulabo abangase bazizwe bebophekile ekunikeleni.
Inkampano isaphikiswa kakhulu, futhi abagxeki bethi indlela yeNkantolo yenza abantu abacebile nezinkampani balawule izinkulumo zezombangazwe kuyilapho abasekeli bephikisa ngokuthi imingcele yokusetshenziswa kwemali okungavumelani nemithetho yezombangazwe ilinganisela inkululeko eyisisekelo yeSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Lezimpikiswano cishe ziyoqhubeka njengoba ezobuchwepheshe ziveza izindlela ezintsha zokuxhumana kwezombangazwe nokuchitha imali.
Izicelo Ezingokoqobo: Ukusebenzisa Amalungelo Akho Okuqala
Ukuqonda izimiso zeSichibiyelo Sokuqala kubalulekile ekusebenziseni lamalungelo ngokuphumelelayo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uya ekuphikiseni, ufaka imithombo yezindaba, uqhuba inkolo yakho, noma ugxeka izikhulu zikahulumeni, ukwazi izinga nemingcele yesivikelo somthetho - sisekelo kukusiza ukuba uhlanganyele ngokugcwele emphakathini obusa ngentando yeningi kuyilapho ugwema izingibe ezingokomthetho.
Ukuqhayisa Nokubonisa Ngokuthula
Lapho uhlanganyela ekubhikisheni noma emibhikishweni, khumbula ukuthi unelungelo lokuhlangana ngokuthula emphakathini ovamile njengezindawo zomgwaqo, amapaki, nezindawo zokuhlala. Nokho, uhulumeni ungabeka isikhathi esilinganiselwe, indawo, nezimiso, njengokufuna imvume yokubuthana okukhulu noma imiboniso evimbela ukuvinjelwa kwezimoto noma ukungena kwezakhiwo. Lemigoqo kumelwe igcinwe ngokungangeni hlangothi futhi ishiye eminye imikhondo emikhulu yokuxhumana.
Amaphoyisa awanakusakaza ukubhikisha okunokuthula ngenxa nje yokuthi awavumelani nomyalezo noma ngenxa yokuthi abaphikisi basongela ubudlova. Nokho, uma umbukiso uba ubudlova noma isithiyo sokungenela komphakathi, iziphathimandla zingathatha isinyathelo sokubuyisela ukuhleleka. Abagaxeli abangenele ukungalaleli kwezakhamuzi ngokwephula imithetho [1] noma imithetho engenabulungisa ingabhekana nokuboshwa nokuqunjelwa, nakuba belondoloza ilungelo lokubekela leyomithetho inselele njengengekho ngokwezifebe.
Ukusabela Ekukhulumeni Okucasulayo
Ukusabela okungcono kakhulu enkulumweni eyisilaleli okuthola isicasulo umlomo we-computer ophikisayo, futhi ukumemeza isikhulumi phansi noma ngenye indlela kuzama ukuphazamisa noma ukuphazamisa ilungelo lesikhulumi lokukhuluma nelungelo lezilaleli lokuzwa (okubizwa ngokuthi "i-heckler’s voto") akuvumelekile. Lesi simiso siyaqaphela ukuthi ikhambi lenkulumo ecasulayo likhulumisa kakhulu, aliphoqeleli ukuthulisa ukuthula.
Uma ubhekene nenkulumo elimazayo, uthola ukuthi unezinketho eziningana: ungahlehlisa impikiswano, uhlele izinkulumo eziphikisanayo, ufundise abanye ukuthi kungani inkulumo ingalungile, noma umane uyishaye indiva. Ongeke ukwenze kuwukusebenzisa amandla noma izinsongo ukuze uthule izikhulumi noma uvimbele izilaleli ezizimisele ukuzwa isigijimi sazo. ISichibiyelo sokuqala sivikela impikiswano eqinile, ngisho noma leyo mpikiswano iba nendelelo noma icasula.
Ukuzivivinya Okungokwenkolo Ekuphileni Komphakathi
IFree Exenice Claus ivikela ilungelo lakho lokuqhuba inkolo yakho, ukuya ezinkonzweni zenkolo, ukugqoka izingubo ezingokwenkolo, futhi uveza imibono engokwenkolo. Uhulumeni awunakukhetha ukuqhuba inkolo noma uthathe ukuziphatha okungokwenkolo ukuze uphathwe kabi. Nokho, imithetho engathathi hlangothi esebenza kuwo wonke umuntu kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uyiphi inkolo, ingaba umthwalo onzima wokuqhuba inkolo ngaphandle kokuphula iSichibiyelo Sokuqala, nakuba eminye imithetho inikeza isivikelo esengeziwe esingaphezu kwesilinganiswa nomthetho.
Emsebenzini, abaqashi kumelwe bavumelane nemikhuba yenkolo yezisebenzi ngaphandle kokuba ukwenza kanjalo kungabangela ubunzima obungafanele. Ezikoleni, abafundi banelungelo lokuthandaza ngabanye, ukwakha amaqenjana angokwenkolo, futhi baveze imibono engokwenkolo, nakuba izikole zingadingi ukuvumela umsebenzi ongokwenkolo ophazamisa imfundo noma ocindezela abanye abafundi. Ukuqonda lezisivikelo kusiza ukuba abantu abangokwenkolo bahlanganyele ngokugcwele ekuphileni komphakathi ngaphandle kokudela izibopho zabo zokholo.
Ukukhuluma Ngezinombolo Nemithombo Yezindaba
Lapho ukhuluma nge - Internet, khumbula ukuthi iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sikuvikela ekucushweni kukahulumeni kodwa hhayi emiphumeleni ebangelwa amapulatifomu. Izinkampani zezokuxhumana zingasusa okuqukethwe yikho, ama-akhawunti, noma izindinganiso zomphakathi eziphoqelelwe ngaphandle kokwephula amalungelo akho omthetho. Nokho, izikhulu zikahulumeni azinakukukuvimbela emithonjeni yezokuxhumana noma zikhiphe izinkulumo zakho ezisekelwe ekusebenziseni izinjongo ezingokomthetho.
Qaphela ukuthi inkulumo ewulayini ingaba nemiphumela engokoqobo. Abaqashi bangase baxoshe izisebenzi zabo ngezindawo zomphakathi, izikole zingajezisa abafundi ukuze bakhulume nge-intanethi, futhi abantu bangase babhekane necala lokuhlambalaza izinkulumo zabo.
Ukubheka Phambili: Ikusasa LeSichibiyelo Sokuqala
ISichibiyelo sokuqala sibhekene nezinselele ezintsha njengoba ubuchwepheshe, izimiso zezenhlalo, kanye nezici zezombangazwe zishintsha. Ukuhlelwa kobuciko, ukujula kwemidwebo, nokuhlanganisa i-algorithism kuphakamisa imibuzo emisha ngokuphathelene nenkulumo, ukuxhashazwa, kanye nezindawo zokudayisa. Ukwanda kokungaqondi nokungaqondi okungavumelani nombono ongokwesiko wokuthi ikhambi lenkulumo embi liyinkulumo elula. Ukwanda kokuzibophezela ekuvikeleni inkulumo engcolile nenenzondo.
Izinkantolo ziyoqhubeka zilwa nendlela yokusebenzisa izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ezinamakhulu eminyaka ezikhona. Izindinganiso eziyisisekelo ezisekela iSichibiyelo Sokuqala . Ukukhuthaza ukuzilawula kwentando yeningi, ukuthuthukisa ukufuna iqiniso, ukwenza umuntu abe nenkululeko, nokuhlola amandla kahulumeni ahlala ebaluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili. Nokho, ukusebenzisa lezozindinganiso ezisemongweni entsha kudinga ukucabangisisa ngendlela izimfundiso ezingokwesiko ezizozivumelanisa ngayo nezimo ezishintshile.
Amandla eSichibiyelo Sokuqala axhomeke ekuvikelweni kuphela ezinqumweni zokwahlulela kodwa nasekuzinikeleni komphakathi ekukhulumeni ngenkululeko. Uma izakhamuzi ziqonda futhi ziyazisa lenkululeko, zithambekele kakhulu ekuyisebenziseni ngokunenzuzo futhi ziyivikele ekukhukhulekeni. Imfundo ngeSichibiyelo Sokuqala (isilinganiso saso), imikhawulo yaso, nezinjongo zaso, kuxhomeke ekulondolozeni umphakathi okhululekile nokhululekile.
Imithombo Yemfundo Eqhubekayo
Kulabo abanesithakazelo ekufundeni okwengeziwe ngamalungelo eSichibiyelo Sokuqala nendlela asebenza ngayo ezimweni ezithile, kunemithombo eminingi ekhona. Inkululeko Forum inikeza izinto zokufundisa futhi ilandele imibandela yeSichibiyelo sokuqala. iMelika Civil Liberties Union [[ inikeza iziqondiso kumalungelo omthetho-mthetho kanye nelithi facessssssss ezingokomthetho-Impraption. [[FLT:]] I-FLT] isekela imibandela yenkululeko yenkululeko ne-Genetic mediction
Izikhungo zezokuhlanganisa njenge ISichibiyelo sokuqala eMennessee State University inikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi ngomlando weSichibiyelo Sokuqala, imfundiso, nezimpikiswano zamanje. i-Cunitution Ancomedition, eshicilelwe yi-Library of Congress, inikeza ukuhlaziywa okuningiliselwe kwezimiso zeNkantolo echaza iSichibiyelo sokuqala.
Ukuhlala zinolwazi ngentuthuko yeSichibiyelo Sokuqala kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde amalungelo azo futhi zihlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo ezimpikiswaneni eziqhubekayo eziphathelene nokukhuluma ngokukhululekile.
Isiphetho
ISichibiyelo Sokuqala siyisisekelo sentando yeningi yaseMelika, sivikela inkululeko yokukhuluma, yokunyathelisa, yenkolo, yemihlangano, nesicelo esenza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukuhlanganyela ngokugcwele ekuzilawuleni. Nakuba lezi zivikelo zibanzi, azinabo aphelele, futhi ukuqonda kokubili izinga nemingcele yamalungelo okuQonda iSichibiyelo sokuqala kubalulekile ekuwasebenziseni ngokuphumelelayo nangokongakholeki.
Kusukela ekuvukeleni kwezombangazwe kuya ekukhulekelweni okungokwenkolo, kusukela ekufuneni izimemezelo zezindaba kuya ezikhungweni zezenhlalo, iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sithinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila komphakathi. Izinqumo zamuva zeNkantolo Ephakeme ziyaqhubeka zicwengisisa indlela lezi sivikelo ezisebenza ngayo ezimweni ezintsha, ikakhulukazi ezihilela ezobuchwepheshe nezokuxhumana nge-inthanethi. Njengoba umphakathi ushintsha, kanjalo nokuchazwa kwalenkululeko eyisisekelo, okudinga ukuqapha okuqhubekayo ukuze kulondolozwe izindinganiso eziphila ngazo.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi, umshisekeli wezombangazwe, umlobeli wephephandaba, udokotela ofundisayo, noma nje isakhamuzi esifuna ukuqonda amalungelo akho, iSichibiyelo Sokuqala siyisivikelo esinamandla ukuze inkululeko yakho iveze imibono yakho, isebenzise ukholo lwakho futhi ihlanganyele ezinqubweni zentando yeningi.
Umsebenzi oqhubekayo wokuvikela nokuchaza inkululeko yokuHlaziya kokuqala awukho nje ezinkantolo nasemadolobheni kuphela kodwa yizo zonke izakhamuzi eziyazisa inkululeko nokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi. Njengoba kuvela izinselele ezintsha zenzakele kukuhlakanipha kokuzenzela kusuka ekuqondiseni kwezenhlalo zezokuxhumana kuya ezimpikiswaneni phakathi kwenkululeko engokwenkolo namalungelo omphakathi, izimiso ezibekwe eSichibiyelweni sokuqala zizoqhubeka ziqondisa izimpikiswano zokulinganisela okufanele phakathi kwenkululeko nomthwalo wemfanelo, amalungelo nezithakazelo zomphakathi, ukukhulumela nokuhleleka. Ukuqonda lezi zimiso kuhlomisela izakhamuzi ukuba zihlanganyele ngokunenjongo kulezi mpikiswano futhi zilondoloze inkululeko ebangela ukuba kube nokwenzeka.