Isimiso esingokomthetho sengozi ephindwe kabili siye sasebenza isikhathi eside njengesisekelo sezimiso zomthetho wobugebengu ezisekelwe eMthethweni wesiNgisi, ikakhulukazi e-United States lapho sibekwe khona eSichibiyelweni sesihlanu. Sivimbela umuntu ukuba avinjelwe kabili icala elifanayo ngemva kokulahlwa noma ukuqiniseka okungokomthetho. Nakuba lesivikelo siyisisekelo sokuvimbela ukuphamba nokuqinisekisa ukuphela kwezenzo zobugebengu, sidala izithiyo eziphawulekayo lapho umthetho uzama ukuphinde uhlolwe kabusha icala elide. Lezi zindaba, ngokuvamile ezingamashumi eminyaka ziveza ukungezwani okuyingqayizivele phakathi kwesithakazelo sikahulumeni sokwahlulela nokulunga ngokomthetho ukuze ukhululeke ekumangalelweni. Ukufakwa phakathi kwemiciciko ephindwe kabili yezelelweyo kanye nokulandelana kwezenkolo ewubulungisa kudinga ukucubukiswa kwecala elisobala, izinselele ezingokomthetho, izinselele, nobuchwepheshe obusobala.

Ukuqonda Umqondo Okabili: Umsuka Nokusetshenziswa Kwawo

Umqondo wengozi ephindwe kabili usekela umsuka wayo kumthetho wasendulo wesiGreki namaRoma, kodwa indlela yanamuhla e-United States ihlanganiswe eSigwegwegweni sesihlanu: "Nanoma ubani ngeke abekwe engozini efanayo yokufa noma isitho sesitho." Lesivikelo sisebenza ngesinye isikhathi lapho ingozi ikhona ikhona "ngeyokuboshwa" phakathi nomthetho owephula umthetho. Ngokuvamile, ingozi inamathela ekuqulweni kwejaji uma ijaji lifumbelwe isifungo, futhi ibopha icala lapho ufakazi wokuqala efukwa. Umthetho uvimbela uhulumeni ukuba ungamlahli ummangalelwa ngemva kokulahlwa kwecala, ngisho noma ubufakazi obusha bembulala, futhi uvimbela ukumangalelwa kwesibili ngemva kokukhohliswa okufanayo.

Nokho, kunezinqumo ezimisiwe. Uma icala liphela enkantolo engafanele ngenxa yokungadingekile (umz., ijaji elilengisiwe) noma ngemvume yommangalelwa (umz., ukunikeza isigwebo esingafanele ngephutha lobuchushi), ingozi ingase ingawanqandi amajaji. Ngaphezu kwalokho, "umbuso" wemfundiso uvumela ababusi abahlukene − abafana nohulumeni bamazwe kanye nombuso ukuba basole ukuziphatha okufanayo uma kuphula imithetho ehlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, umuntu okhululwe icala lokubulala angamelana namalungelo ombuso avela esimweni esifanayo. Le mibono iba egxekayo ezimweni ezibandayo lapho ukuqulwa komthetho wokuqala kungase kuphele ngaphandle kwesinqumo sokugcina.

Isimo Sezifo Zomshoshaphansi: Abacwaningi Abanganqunywanga Ngalé Kwamashumi Eminyaka

Amacala omshoshaphansi ayizenzo zokuphenya eziye zaxazululwa isikhathi eside, iminyaka eminingi noma amashumi eminyaka, ezingenakho ukuhola okusebenzayo noma ubufakazi obanele bokubopha. Izinhlangano zomthetho zokuphoqelela ukugcinwa kwamacala anjalo ziwavala ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezici ezibangela ukungalawuleki, kodwa zivule lapho kuvela ubufakazi obusha obusobala. Ngokusho kwe- iNhlangano yesizwe yoMahluleli [[[, amaqembu amacala abandayo aye anda kakhulu eUnited States njengendlela yokuhlola iDNA, ubuchwepheshe bomphini womphini, kanye nentuthuko ekutholeni ukwaziswa okusha.

Ukumangalela icala lomkhuhlane kunzima ngokwemvelo. Kungenzeka ukuthi oFakazi sebefile, izinkumbulo zifiphele, noma ubufakazi obungokomzimba behla. Ukudlula kwesikhathi kudala futhi izindaba zentambo ezilandelanayo nezincwadi ezingalahleka. Kodwa isithiyo esinzima kakhulu somthetho sivame ukuphindeka kabili. Uma icala lokuqala liphumela ekuxolelweni noma ekuvumeni icala elincane, isithiyo somthetho-mthetho esimelene nokuqulwa kwecala sizama ukumangalela ummangalelwa ofanayo ngobugebengu obufanayo. Ngisho noma icala lokuqala lingaphela ngokuxoshwa ngaphandle kokukhokhwa okugcina icala, izimo zalokho kugwetshwa zinquma ukuthi ingozi ekhona.

Izithiyo Ezingokomthetho Eziyingqayizivele Ezibangelwa Izifo Eziwumshoshaphansi

Ukuhlangana kwezingozi ezimbaxambili nezibandayo ngokuvamile kuvela ngezimo ezintathu:

  • Ukungathethelelwa e-Formant Trial Trial: Uma ummangalelwa etholakalelwa engenacala, ukwenzeka okuphindwe kabili kuvala isahlulelo somthetho ofanayo, kungakhathaliseki ubufakazi obusha. Lesisimiso saqinisekiswa yiNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. Foov. United States [1962] futhi sihlala siyisithiyo esiqinile.
  • Ukukholisa ngokulandelana kwecala elincinci: Uma ummangalelwa ekuqaleni encenga icala lokubulala kodwa kamuva, ngobufakazi beDNA, kubonakala sengathi uye wabulala kuqala, ingozi ephindwe kabili ingavimbela ukumangalelwa ngenxa yecala elikhulu ngoba livela esigabeni esifanayo sobugebengu. Nokho, amanye amazwe asebenzisa "ubufakazi obufanayo", okusho ukuthi uma icala elisha lidinga ubufakazi beqiniso elingadingekiyo ngecala langaphambili, lingase liqhubeke.
  • I-dismissal Ngaphambi kwe- Jeopardy Bopha: Uma icala lokuqala lixoshwa phambi kokuba ijaji lifungwe noma ufakazi wokuqala wafakazelwa, amaphutha amabili awaxhumeki, futhi abashushisi bangawaphinda-phinda amangalele. Ukubekwa umthetho wokulinganiselwa akuzange kusebenze. Izehlakalo ezibandayo, imithetho yokulinganisela kokubulala ngokuvamile ayinaso isikhathi, kodwa amaphutha amancane angafakwa isikhathi.

Lemibono engokomthetho idinga abashushisi ukuba babukeze ngokucophelela umlando osekelwe emlandweni wecala elibandayo. Ukuhlolwa kwamashumi amabili nanye engu-2023 [uMklamo we-Innocence] [ kwaphawula ukuthi cishe amaphesenti angu-20 ecala lomkhuhlane aphinde ahlolwe izinselele ezingase ziphinde zibe izingozi ezimbili, ukuphoqelela amaqembu ukuba afune ezinye izikhalo noma athembele ekumangalelweni kukahulumeni ngaphansi kwemfundiso ehlukene yobukhosi.

Ukuhlanganisa Izici Ezihlukile Nomsebenzi Ongokomthetho

Nakuba ingozi ephindwe kabili iwumgoqo onamandla, izimfundiso ezimbalwa ezingokomthetho zingase zivumele ukuquliswa kwamacala okungasho lutho ukuba kuqhubeke ngisho nalapho kwenzeka ukufushaniswa kusengaphambili.

Imfundiso Yobukhosi Obubodwa

Imfundiso yobukhosi obubili ivumela izikhundla ezihlukene (umz., ohulumeni bombuso nohulumeni) ukuba bamangalele ukuziphatha okufanayo namacala ahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, uma uhulumeni ekhulula umuntu osolwayo ngenxa yobufakazi obunganele, uhulumeni wamazwe angamangalela lowomuntu ngokuphula amalungelo omphakathi esisulu ngaphansi kwe 18 U.S.C. . . . . . 241 noma 76 242, uma izenzo ezihilelekile ezihilelekile esicini esikhethekile. Lokhu kwazama ngokudume kakhulu ngemva kokulahlwa kwabahlaseli beNkosi uRodney enkantolo, nakuba lawo ayengezona izigebetho ezibandayo. Emkhamweni obandayo, lemfundiso inikeza indlela elula kodwa engcono lapho umshushici wombuso wokuqala ephele ngokuvala i-rmormose.

Iziphambeko Ezihlukile

Uma ubufakazi obusha bembula ukuthi icala lomkhuhlane lihilela isenzo sobugebengu esihlukile esingakaqashelwa ngaphambili, kodwa uma sihlangene nesenzakalo esifanayo .Ngoba, kungenzeka kuqhubeke. Ngokwesibonelo, ake sithi umuntu osolwayo ukhululiwe ekugqekezeni kodwa kamuva i-DNA ihlobanisa ukuhlaselwa ngokobulili okwenzeka phakathi nesenzakalo esifanayo. Icala lokuhlasela lingase libhekwe njengecala lobugebengu elihlukile ngaphansi komthetho wezwe, ukuvimbela isithiyo esinengozi. Izinkantolo zisebenzisa ukuhlolwa "isigqebhezana" ukuthola ukuthi icala ngalinye lidinga ubufakazi besinye isici esingasidingi.

Izinguquko Ezingokomthetho Zezifo Eziwumshoshaphansi

Izifunda eziningi eziye zamisa imithetho eqondene nezingozi eziphindwe kabili emongweni wezindaba ezibandayo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Penal Code yase California 76 803 (g) ivumela inkantolo ukuba ilahle isiqinisekiso noma ibeke eceleni ukuvala uma ubufakazi obusha be-DNA bubonisa ukuthi i-almon entsha imsulwa emangalweni yangaphambili kodwa lokhu kukhulu ngokusho okungenacala kunokumangalelwa okusha. Amazwe ambalwa, kuhlanganise ne-New York no-Illinonia, aye acabangela "icala elithathelwe eceleni" izivumelwano ezivumela ukuqulwa icala uma kuphoqelelwa ubufakazi obusha be-intellics ukuba buvele futhi ukuqulwa kobufakazi bokuqala kuphele enkantolo elengahlisiwe noma ukulahlwa ngaphandle kobandlululo. Nokho, ayaqhubeka abhekene inselele futhi aviyo. Abagxeki abamelene nokuvikeli baphikisa ngokuthi ukuvikelwa kabili kwemigqoziso futhi bangaphathwa ngokugqeshelwa abashushishi.

Izifo Eziwumshoshaphansi Ezishintsha Isilinganiso Esikabili Somshoshaphansi

Izibonelo zezwe langempela zibonisa ukungezwani phakathi kokugcina ubuhlobo nobulungisa.

Umbulali I-I-5" Udaba

Randall Woodfield, owaboshwa ngokubulala abantu abaningi ephasishini le-I-5 ngo-1980, kamuva wabhekwa njengosolwayo ekubulaleni okwengeziwe okungaxazululwanga. Nokho, wayesekhululiwe kakade ekumangalelweni kokubulalana okukodwa e-Oregon. Lapho kuvela ubufakazi obusha be-DNA obumxhumanisa nalesosisulu, abashushisi bavinjelwa ukuba bangamhlolwa. Icala lilokhu liyindaba yenkulumo - mpikiswano phakathi kwezazi ezingokomthetho zokuthi umbazaza kwanamuhla yini ukuhlolwa kwezelelwe.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwe - DNA Ezivumelwaneni Ezinamaqiniso Ezi - Vacate (Ukungaphinde Uphinde Uphinde Uzame)

Ngokuvamile, imingcele ephindwe kabili yezingozi ivimbela ukuphinde kushunyayelwe abamangalelwa abakhululwa kodwa kamuva abaxhunyelelwa ebugebengwini be-DNA. EMassachusetts, indoda egama layo linguGeorge Perrot yakhululwa ekubulaleni ngo-1992. Eminyakeni eyishumi kamuva, i-DNA yahlolwa ebufakazi obugciniwe yayifana naye, kodwa ihhovisi lommeli lesigodi laqinisekisa ukuthi izingozi eziphindwe kabili zazinqabela ukuqulwa kwecala elisha. Kunalokho, bagxila esuthwini elingafanele lokubulala abantu, elibhekene nomthwalo ophansi wobufakazi.

Ngokuphambene, ezinye izimo zigwema izinkinga eziphindwe kabili ngenxa yokuthi icala lokuqala laqulwa ngecala elingalungile noma icala elilengiswe kanjalo elibizwa ngokuthi "Golden State Kist" icala, nakuba lingahambisani necala lomkhuhlane elivamile (osolwayo akakaze azame ukuqulwa ngenxa yobugebengu bangaphambili), lalihilela ukumangalelwa kokubulala okwase kuphele amashumi eminyaka. Ngaleyondlela, akukho ukulahlwa okwakukhona, ngakho ingozi ephindwe kabili yayingekho.

Ukulinganisela Ukugcina, Ubulungisa Nentuthuko Yobuchwepheshe

Impikiswano ngezingozi eziphindwe kabili nezibandayo ekugcineni isekelwe embuzweni obalulekile: uma isifundazwe singavunyelwa ukuba sivule futhi icala uma ubufakazi obusha, obunokwethenjelwa bufakazela icala, ngisho nangemva kokulahlwa? Abasekeli benguquko baphikisa ukuthi intuthuko eDNA nase-fonsic journe. Njengelabo abasetshenziselwa ukuveza abasolwayo emkhakheni weGolden State Killings ocation orelement jamps. baphawula ukuthi izinga lokuqiniseka okungatholakali ekulingweni kwakuqala. Baphikisa ngokuthi injongo yengozi ephindwe kabili iwukuvimbela ukuhlukunyezwa nokuxhashazwa, ukungavikele abanecala kwezobuchwepheshe banamuhla. [[FLT:] FI's Umbano Lommetal , izinga elicacile lobugebengu obunobudlova buye bancitshiswa kakhulu ngemva kwamahora amane okuqala, kodwa izikhali ezintsha zingasetshenziswa ezimweni ezingekho.

Abaphikisi bagomela ngokuthi ukuphela kokulahlwa kudingekile ukuze kusekelwe ebuqothweni besimiso somthetho. Ukuvumela uhulumeni ukuba uzame umuntu ngokuphindaphindiwe kuze kube yilapho ethola ukuqiniseka kungalulaza ukucatshangelwa kobumsulwa futhi kwakhe imithwalo emikhulu engokwengqondo nengokwezimali kubamangalelwa. INkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. iye yaphikelela njalo ikholelwa ukuthi ngisho nephutha eliyiqiniso lokulahlwa ngeke libekwe indivinywe, njengoba kushiwo ku- SABRA v. United States

Indima Yokulinganiselwa Kwemithetho

Kumacala abandayo angabekwanga icala noma aphumela ekuxoshweni ngaphambi kokuba kubekwe izingozi, imithetho yokulinganisela inquma ukuthi ukuquliswa umshuwalense kungenzeka yini. Izindawo eziningi aziwubekeli umthetho wokulinganiselwa kokubulala, zivumela ukuba kubekwe amacala abekwe emashumini eminyaka kamuva. Ezinye izigebengu ezingathi ziyingozi njengokuhlaselwa ngokobulili, zihlukene kakhulu. Ezinye ziye zasusa imingcele yesikhathi lapho ubufakazi beDNA bukhona, kuyilapho ezinye zigcina imigoqo eqinile. Ukungakhonjwa kwanoma yiziphi iziphazamiso kuyindlela eyingozi ephindwe kabili, kodwa abashushisi kumelwe baphikisane nobufakazi obungenawo.

Ukucatshangelwa Kwemithetho Nekusasa Lokumangalelwa Kwamacala Anomswakama

Njengoba isayensi yesayensi yezobuhlanya iqhubeka iguquka, isimiso somthetho sibhekene nokucindezela kokuba sivumelane nezimo.

  • Ehlukanisiwe ukuze kubekwe ubufakazi obuyi-Acendic: Ezinye izazi zomthetho zisikisela ukuthi umthetho owenziwe ngokuphindiwe wengozi ophinde wahlongozwa kabili ukuvumela kuphela uma (1) ubufakazi obusha buyiDNA noma obunye ubufakazi obuqinisekile obungokwesayensi, (2) babungekho ngesikhathi sokuqulwa kokuqala, futhi (3) ukutholwa komthetho kubonisa ukuthi kungenzeka kuholele ekukholelweni. Lezibuko zingaphandle kwe-United Kingdom kanye namanye amazwe amaningana avamile.
  • Ukusetshenziswa koBubusi obubodwa: Abashushisi bamaFederal bangasingatha amacala omcabango amaningi athi ukuvala amacala kuvimbele imibandela yemali kanye nemfuneko yento ekhethekile kahulumeni elinganisela lendlela.
  • I-Civil Remedies njenge-Alternative: Imikhaya yezisulu ezimakhaza ngezinye izikhathi iphishekela izisu zentambo zokufa ezingekho emthethweni ngokumelene nokusola okungakhokhwa. Nakuba lokhu kungaphumela ekujezisweni kobugebengu, kunganikeza isilinganiso sokulandisa nokubuyisela ngokwezimali. Umthwalo ophansi wobufakazi . . .ukungangangangangatshazwa kobufakazi kanye nokungangangangatshazwa okunengqondo kwenza izenzakalo zomphakathi ziphumelele ngisho nalapho kunezigwebo eziyingozi ezika-parhwe.

Izindikimba ezisemthethweni kuwo womabili amazinga ombuso nohulumeni ziyaqaphela ukuncishiswa kwamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo, kodwa ukufunwa komphakathi ngobulungisa ezimweni ezidume kabi kubangela ukuphikisana okuqhubekayo. Uhlelo lokuqulwa kwecala lokuqulwa kwecala [[FLT: 0] olusetshenziswa yi-Dimension of Justice org lunikeza izimali nokusekela izinhlangano zendawo, lugcizelela ukubaluleka kokubukeza ngokunakekela komthetho phambi kokuletha izikhalo.

Isiphetho

Ingozi ephindwe kabili ihlala iyisivikelo esibalulekile ekucinezelweni uhulumeni, kodwa ukusebenza kwayo ezimweni ezibandayo kudala isithiyo esikhulu sokungalungisi kwezisulu nemikhaya yazo. Isimiso sokuthi akekho umuntu okufanele ahlolwe kabili ngenxa yecala elifanayo sifakwe kakhulu emthetho waseMelika, futhi ngisho nobufakazi obusha obunamandla kakhulu abukwazi ukuqeda ukuvikela. Nokho, ngezimfundiso ezifana nezici ezimbili ezihlukene, ukuhlukanisa ngokucophelela amaphutha, nezinguquko zomthetho ezihlonipha imingcele yomthetho, ngezinye izikhathi abashushisi bangagwema lezi zithiyo. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe besayensi besayensi buqhubeka bethuthukisa iDNA emashumini eminyaka ubudala, futhi ukushukuma kwento enzima phakathi kokugcina isikhathi neqiniso kuzakuqina. Ukuxazulula lokhu kudinga ukulinganisela okuqinile: ukuvikela okuvimbela ukuvinjelwa okungathandeki lapho amathuluzi esetshenziswa kakhulu amathuluzi esayensi ekugcineni engenza ukuba iqhubeke ngokunye ukuxoxisana. Kodwa ukuxoxisana okunga okungaphezulu kusobala kusobala kokuhle kokuhle kokubusa kobulungisa.