ISimo Esihlangene Sobulungisa: Isigebengu simelene nomphakathi

Isimiso ngasinye somthetho kumelwe siphendule umbuzo obalulekile: kufanele umphakathi uphendule kanjani uma othile ephula imithetho yawo? Impendulo ixhomeke kakhulu ekwakhiweni komthetho ophukile. Emthethoni wobugebengu, uhulumeni umangalela abantu ngamacala asongela ukuhleleka komphakathi ($murder, ukweba, ukuhlasela. Emthethweni wesizwe, amaqembu ahlaselana ngokumelene nomonakalo owenziwe ngokunganaki, ukwephulwa kwesivumelwano, noma ezinye izenzo ezingalungile. Nakuba zombili izimiso zizimisele ukulungisa ububi, amathuluzi abawasebenzisayo ahlukene kakhulu: umthetho wobugebengu uphoqelelana , izijeziso , kuyilapho umthetho wesizwe uveza amadiliva ] [FLT]]]. Ukuqonda lokhu hlelo olubalulekile kunoma yimuphi umthetho womthetho owenziwa njalo, noma ukutadisha nje ukuphila kwabantu.

Imvelaphi Nezisekelo Ezingokwefilosofi

Isisekelo sesijeziso sobugebengu sihlehlela emuva emibhalweni yasendulo enjengemithetho kaHammurabi neMiyalo Eyishumi, lapho izenzo ezingekho emthethweni zazibhekwa njengezimacala kuNkulunkulu noma emphakathini. Ukukhipha ``" kwakuyisimiso esiqondisayo. Emakhulwini eminyaka, izazi zefilosofi ezingokomthetho njengoCesare Beccaria noJeremy Bentham zayeka ukugxila ekunqandeni ukunqanda ukuvuselelwa nokubuyiselwa kobusha, ziphikisa ngokuthi isijeziso kufanele sivimbele ubugebengu besikhathi esizayo kunokuba sivimbele impindiselo. Namuhla, izimiso eziningi zemithetho yaseNtshonalanga zixube ingxube, i-reritabilitive, i-pacative, kanye nemigomo yokugweba phakathi kwemigano yazo.

Amakhambi omphakathi, ngokuphambene, avela esikweni lomthetho wamaRoma udelict [i-tol] nomthetho wesiNgisi ovamile wokuphambuka. Umgomo wawungewokujezisa kodwa ukubuyisela olimele esimweni ebebengaba kuso ukuba bekungakenzanga okungalungile. Lokhu kuqondana kusekelwe isivumelwano sanamuhla nomthetho, lapho umthathi-zincwadi efuna khona izindleko zemali ukuze ahlanganise izikweleti zemithi, iholo elilahlekileyo, noma umonakalo wempahla. Ukuhlenga kwefilosofi ekuphindiseleleni kube ukukhokhiswa okukhulu komthetho kumelela ukuphumelela komthetho.

Abaholi: Umbuso uvimbe amadili ayimfihlo

Icala lobugebengu livame ukumiswa njenge- State v. Isivikelo (noma Abantu v. Icala ). Umbuso umshushisi, ngokuvamile omelelwa ummeli wesifunda noma ummeli womphakathi. Isisulu asiyiyo ingxenye yecala, kodwa asifakazeli njengofakazi, kodwa asilawuli ukuqulwa kwecala. Ngokungafani, icala lomphakathi lilethwa ummangalelwa (iqembu elilimele) kummangalelwa. Ummeli wasolwanelwayo ukhokhela izindleko zabo, futhi igunya lokuhlala noma ukulahla icala. Njengoba lokhu kuletha imiphumela emikhulu yenqubo ngayinye.

Ukugwetshwa Kwesigebengu: Izinjongo Nezinhlobo

Isigwebo secala yinqubo inkantolo ebeka ngayo isigwebo kumuntu obekwe icala. Umahluleli (noma ngezinye izikhathi ijaji) ukhetha izigwebo ezihlukahlukene ezigunyazwe umfundisi, eziqondiswa izinjongo zokujezisa ezigunyazwe umthetho. Ukuqonda lezi zinjongo kuyasiza ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani abamangalelwa ababili ababekwe icala lobugebengu obufanayo bengase bathole izigwebo ezihlukene kakhulu.

Iminikelo Nesabelo

Isijeziso sithi isoni sifanelwe ukubhekana nesijeziso esilingana nesijeziso esibangelwa yiso. Lokhu akukona ukuziphindiselela kokuziphatha okuyisinqumo sokuthi ubukhulu besijeziso kufanele bufanelane nobukhulu bobugebengu. INkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. inqume ukuthi iSichibiyelo seSiphakamiso se-Eighth senqabela "isiphazamiso esingenakulinganiswa" izigwebo, nakuba ngokuvamile igebe liphikiswa. Ngokwesibonelo, isigwebo sokuphila ngaphandle kokukhipha icala lobugebengu obungenabudlova bezidakamizwa singabhekwa njengesingalingani nesilinganiso, kuyilapho isigwebo esifanayo sokubulala singesona.

Ukwenqabela: Okuvamile Nokuqondile

Imibono yokungalawuleki yamapossit abantu benza izinqumo ezinengqondo futhi bayogwema ubugebengu uma isijeziso esilindelekile sidlula inzuzo. Jikelele inqanda ukunqanda umphakathi ngokuwuqeda amandla ngokubeka isibonelo somoni. ] Izinhloso zokunqanda lowo muntu othile owenza isono ekususeni. Ukucwaninga ngemithetho evimbela ukubuya. Ukuqiniseka kwesijeziso kuxubana; ngokuvamile kuyenzeka ngezindaba zesijeziso kunesilinganiso esingaphezu kobukhulu, futhi ubugebengu obuningi benza ngokunganaki kakhulu.

Ukulungisa Ubulungisa Nokubuyisela

IRehabilitation ifuna ukulungisa owephule umthetho ngemfundo, ukwelapha, ukuqeqeshelwa imisebenzi, noma ukwelashwa ngezidakamizwa. Umqondo uwukuthi izigebengu eziningi zingaba izakhamuzi ezikhiqizayo uma zinikezwa amathuluzi alungile. Emashumini eminyaka amuva, inhlangano "yobulungisa" iye yathola ukuncishiswa, yaletha izisulu, izaphula-mthetho, namalungu omphakathi okulungisa umonakalo. Nakuba kuseyindlela yokulungisa izinhlelo zobulungisa eziye zabonisa isithembiso sokunciphisa ukuncitshiswa kwezenzo ezithile zobugebengu, ikakhulukazi ezezingane nezingenazonobudlova.

Ukufakwa Kwezintambo Nokuphepha Komphakathi

Ukukhipha ukudluliswa kobubi emphakathini, ngokuvamile ngokuboshwa, ukuze bavimbele ekwenzeni amacala angaphezulu. Izigwebo zokuphila, imithetho engokomthetho elawula umsebenzi (njengemithetho emithathu"), kanye nokuzibophezela komphakathi kwabahlaseli abanobudlova ngokobulili, zonke izinhlobo zokungalawuleki. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lemiyalo ngokuvamile iholela ekuncipheni ngokweqile, ngokungalindelekile ithinta imiphakathi emincane futhi igcwalise amajele iziboshwa esezikhulile ezibangela ingozi encane esikhathini esizayo.

Izinhlobo Zesigwebo Sesigebengu

  • Ukufakwa kwecala: Ukuvalelwa ejele (imisho emifushane, ngokuvamile engaphansi konyaka) noma ijele (imisho emide). Iziqondiso zokugweba zivame ukunikeza ude olusekelwe ekwahluleleni nasemlandweni wecala wommangalelwa.
  • [ Isijeziso sezentengiselwano esikhokhwayo esifundazweni. Amahle avamile emacala amancane afana nokwephulwa komgwaqo. Icala elingathi sína lingahlanganiswa nezinye izijeziso.
  • Isivumelwano:[[FLT: 1] Isigwebo esilekiwe lapho owoni ehlala khona emphakathini oqondiswa, ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjengokuhlola imilaliso, ukufika ngesikhathi, noma ukubuyiselwa. Ukuphulwa kwesigwebo kungaphumela ekususweni nasekuboshweni.
  • Inkonzo ye-community:[ Owenzela i-athom umsebenzi ongakhokhelwayo we-athom noma i-athom kahulumeni. Lokhu kuvame ukusetshenziswa njengesimo sokuzingisa noma isijeziso somthetho ophansi.
  • Isigwebo sokufa: isijeziso senhlokomo sihlala singokomthetho ezifundazweni ezingu 27 zase-U.S. nasesilinganisweni sikahulumeni, nakuba ukusetshenziswa kwaso kuye kwehla kakhulu. Izimpikiswano ngezinkolelo ezingalungile, ubandlululo lobuhlanga, nezindlela zokubulala ziyaqhubeka ziphehla impikiswano.
  • [ I-Actern Sectes:[ izinkantolo zezidakamizwa, izinkantolo zempilo yengqondo, kanye nezinkantolo zochwepheshe bamacala ezezobuchwepheshe banikeza izinhlelo zokwelapha ezikhethekile ngokufaka ijele. Ukuhlola kogesi, ukubopha indlu, kanye nezikhungo zokubika usuku nakho kuyasetshenziswa.

Inqubo Yesigwebo Sesigebengu

Izici Abahluleli Abazicabangelayo

Ngaphambi kokumisa isigwebo, ijaji libukeza umbiko wokuhlola osuwugunyaziwe ngaphambi kokuba uvunyelwe. Lombiko uhlanganisa isizinda somenzi wobubi, umlando wemisebenzi, umlando wangaphambili, nezinkulumo ezithinta izisulu. Umahluleli ucabangela futhi izici eziphazamisayo (umz., ukusebenzisa isikhali, ukuchayeka kwesisulu) kanye nezici eziqinisekisayo (umz., ukudabuka, ukubambisana neziphathimandla, ukuswela umbhalo wangaphambili). Ezindabeni eziningi, umahluleli kumelwe achaze izizathu zomgwebo wombhalo, okusiza ukuqinisekisa ukuba sobala nokubukeza.

Iziqondiso Nengqondo Yokwahlulela Ejezisayo

Ukuze kuncishiswe umehluko, imibuso eminingi iye yamukela iziqondiso zokugweba ukukhohlakala nomlando wobugebengu oveza umehluko otunyiwe wezinyanga. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Federal Sentensig Guidelines (manje i-divisory ngemva ] United States v. Incwadir) inikeza uhlelo oluhlelwe kahle. Izimiso zikahulumeni ziyahlukahluka; ezinye zinikeza abahluleli iziqondiso ezibanzi, kuyilapho ezinye zinemigwebo epheleleni esemthethweni yezenzo ezithile zobugebengu, njengokushushumbisa izidakamizwa noma ukubulala izibhamu. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi imfuneko yokususa ukwahlulela okuqinile futhi iholele emigwebeni enzima kakhulu, ikakhulukazi yezezenzwe eziphansi.

Izindlela Zokwelapha Zangaphakathi: Ukusekela Okulimalayo

Ezindabeni zomphakathi, injongo akukhona ukujezisa kodwa ukwenza iqembu elilimele liphelele. Ikhambi liyindlela engokomthetho egunyaza ngayo inkantolo ilungelo noma ikhokhela ukuphulwa kwalo. Amakhambi omphakathi angena ezingxenyeni ezimbili ezibanzi: amakhambi angokomthetho (inciphiso yemali) namakhambi alinganayo (incithakalo, ukusebenza okukhethekile, kanye nezinye izikhala ezingekhona i-antelligence).

Izingozi Zokulungisa

Ikhambi elivamile lesizwe ukukhokha umonakalo, ohlose ukubuyisela intethelelo yemali elahlekile ngempela. Lokhu kungaba izindleko zezomnotho .

Umonakalo Oyisijeziso: Ibhuloho Eliphakathi Komphakathi Nesigebengu

Nakuba amakhambi avamile asetshenziswa, ngezinye izikhathi izinkantolo zinikeza isijeziso sesijeziso [ lapho ukuziphatha kommangalelwa kunyanzelekile", kubangelwa unya, ukukhohlisa, noma ukungakhathaleli amalungelo abanye. Isijeziso siklanyelwe ukujezisa umenzi wobubi nokuvimbela ukuziphatha okufanayo, ukubonakalisa imigomo yesijeziso sobugebengu. Inkantolo ephakeme inqande isijeziso ngaphansi kwe-Claus Claus, ifuna ukuba balinganisele futhi balinganisele. Iziqondiso zemithetho ziklanyelwe ukujezisa umenzi wobubi futhi banqande isimilo obufanayo. Impoqo zivame ukusetshenziswa. Ukulimaza kwe-ultractiveat; abaxhasi bezenziwa yize i-''intelliast, kuyilapho befuna ukuba basebenzise impost propectivesssssssss (umz.g.

Ukuhlangana Nezindlela Zokwelapha Ezilinganayo

Uma ukulimala kwemali kungenakuyilungisa ngokugcwele izingozi, izinkantolo zingakhipha isivumelwano sokungahlangani ] `umyalo odinga ukuba umbambiswa enze noma agweme ukwenza isenzo esithile. Ngokwesibonelo, inkantolo ingayala ifektri ukuba ingabe ikhiphe izinto ezingcolisayo emfuleni, noma ihlele ukuba isisebenzi sangaphambili siyeke ukuphula isivumelwano. I-Injnctions zingaba isikhashana (isiqalo) noma imvume ehlala njalo. Inikezwa kuphela uma umthathi-parftiff ebonisa ukulimala okungalungiseki futhi ukuthi umklezeli wemali ingaba enganele. Imithi ingahlanganisa [[FLT:] [FLT:] [FLT] [2] umsebenzi owenziwayo] [FLT] [FFFFF]) futhi i-ectivestionstions][5]

Izahlulelo Zokumemezela

Inkantolo ingakhipha isahlulelo esihlasimulisayo ukuze icacise amalungelo angokomthetho nezibopho zamaqembu ngaphandle kokukhokhwa noma ukukhishwa kwemithetho. Lelikhambi livame ukusetshenziswa ezimpikiswaneni zomshuwalense, ekuchazeni izivumelwano, nasemthethweni wemithetho.

Inqubo Yokuxosha Izindaba Ezinabantu Bonke

Umthwalo Wobufakazi Nezindinganiso

Kumthetho, umkhangisi kumelwe afakazele icala lakhe ngokufakaza ngobufakazi , okusho ukuthi kungenzeka kakhulu ukuba amaqiniso ashiwo ayiqiniso (impela, 50.1% anokwenzeka). Lokhu kuyindinganiso ephansi kuneyomthetho wobugebengu "ukungaqiniseki okunengqondo" futhi kubonise izigxobo ezinzima kakhulu − izikhala ezibhekene nesibopho semali, hhayi ukulahlekelwa yinkululeko. Abanye abantu bathi, njengembubhiso noma isijeziso, bangadinga "i-close kanye nobufakazi obukholisayo," indinga indinganiso ephakathi.

Izinhlobo Zamacala Angaphakathi

Izehlakalo zomphakathi ezivame kakhulu zihlanganisa [ izinqamu (ukulimala komuntu siqu, ukuhlambalaza, ukunganaki), ama-contract[[ (ukunciphisana kwesivumelwano, ukuphikisana ngemibandela), okungathandeki[[FLT:]] [[FLT]]] [[FLT]] [impikiswano yezwe, izimpikiswano zomninindlu), ukuphatha izimpikiswano zezendlu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izenzo zomphakathi zihlanganisa umthetho wemindebe yomkhaya [[[[FLT:] [[5] [noma imvume, isihlalo sezingane] ne[FLT:] [FLT] [9] [FLT] [9] [ixP] (ixmagestst]) izinhlangano ezithile zomthetho zezembubhishosholo]

Isihluthulelo Sokuhluka Ngokombono Nokucabanga

Umthwalo Wobufakazi: Ukungabaza Okunengqondo kunezici ezihambisana nokukhathazeka

Mhlawumbe umehluko onzima kakhulu obangelwa ukuveza umehluko uwukuthi umuntu unecala. Ezicaleni zobugebengu, umshushisi kumelwe abonise icala ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo [] indinganiso ephakeme kakhulu kangangokuba kuthiwa kungcono ukuba abantu abayishumi abanecala bakhululeke kunabo bonke abangenacala bagwetshwe. Emacalani omphakathi, ababoshelweyo badinga nje kuphela ukuboniswa kobufakazi. Lendinganiso ephansi ibonisa ukudilizwa kwezigxobo: ukulahlekelwa yilungelo lemali, kuyilapho ukulahlekelwa icala lobugebengu kungalahlekisa inkululeko noma ngisho nokuphila. Lomehluko uchaza futhi ukuthi kungani isenzo esifanayo singaphumela kokubili ekwahluleleni nokwahlulela komphakathi. Json wakhululwa ekubulaleni kodwa kamuva ngenxa yokubulala abantu.

Imicimbi Nokuhlanganyela

Amacala obugebengu aqalwa uhulumeni ngokumangalelwa, ukwaziswa, noma ukukhononda. Isisulu singabika ubugebengu kodwa singabangelwa. Amacala omphakathi aqalwa yilungu (noma ummeli wabo) ekhipha isikhalo. Ummangalelwa ukhetha ukuthi angamangalela yini, angahlala nganoma isiphi isikhathi, futhi angayeka ukumangalela. Lokhu kulawula komuntu siqu kuthinta yonke into kusukela ekutholeni izinto ezikhona kuya entweni ezinamandla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, emthethweni wobugebengu, ummangalelwa unelungelo lokululeka (nanoma yizindleko zomphakathi uma kungena enqabeni yomphakathi), kuyilapho izikhalingo zomphakathi ngokuvamile kumelwe zikhokhele abameli bazo siqu (ngaphandle kwezinye izintela ezikhokhelwayo zomthetho).

Imiphumela Nokuphoqelelwa

Izinkolelo zobugebengu ziphumela esigwebweni okumelwe ummangalelwa asebenzise sona ("isigwebo sokuqashelwa, ukuhlawuliswa, amafa, ifa ekhokhwa kuhulumeni. Umbuso uphoqelela isigwebo ngesimiso sokuqondisa. Izahlulelo zombango ziphumela esibophoni esingokomthetho sokukhokha umonakalo noma sokuvumelana nesiyalo. Izehlulelo zomthetho kumelwe ziqoqe ngokwazo, ngokuvamile ngenkokhelo yommangalelwa, ukubeka amasheke empahleni, noma ukuthatha izinto. Uma ummangalelwa engenayo impahla noma ememezela ukulahlekelwa, isahlulelo singaba naleyo ngokomthetho. Lokhu kuveza ukuthi amakhambiso omphakathi asebenza njengekhono lommangalelwa lokukhokha.

Indima Yokungaqondi Neyokuphambuka

Umthetho wesigebengu ngokuvamile udinga [[QUT:0] amadoda athatha .Ubugebengu obuningi budinga ubufakazi bokuthi ummangalelwa wenza ngamabomu, ngokunganaki, noma okungenani ngokunganaki (ngokusekelwe ebugebengwini). Ubugebengu obuqinile (umk., ukudlwengula ngecala, amanye amacala angokomthetho) abukho ngaphandle komthetho womphakathi. Indinganiso yephutha ihluka ngembangela yesenzo. Izembeka yetorts (astault, ibhethri) idinga inhloso. U-Negliglece udinga ukuhluleka ukukhathalela okunengqondo. Ukushaya indiva okuqinile (umz., imikhinothi) ibangela ukungaqondisi okungalungile. Indivayo, isilinganiso esibangelwa yimpova, impova yezenzo ezingokokuziphatha.

Imikhuba Yanamuhla

Ukuzitika Ngokweqile Nokujeziswa Kwenguquko

Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, i-United States iye yabona ukudlondlobala kwemithetho emisha yobugebengu, isikisela ukuthi manje kunamacala kahulumeni angaphezu kuka-4000. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukubekwa kwecala ngokweqile kuholela ekuthatheni izikweletu ngokweqile, ikakhulukazi zezinhlanga ezincane nezimpofu. Ukugwema imizamo yokuguqula inhloso yokunciphisa isilinganiso esiyimfuneko, ukwandisa ezinye izindlela zobubhadane ukuze ubhajwe, futhi ukuqeda "ukuphanga ubumpofu" ngenkokhelo nangenkokhelo ebamba abantu ezikweletini. I-Fost Step Act of 2018 imelela inguquko eyodwa engokomthetho, nakuba izinguquko zezwe zingalingani.

Ukuhlala Ngobunye Nokushintsha Kwezinguquko

Isimiso somthetho sibhekene nokugxeka kwaso siqu. Umzabalazo "wokuguqula" uphikisa ngokuthi izinqumo zejaji ezibalekayo kanye nokumangalelwa okungenangqondo kubangela izindleko zomshuwalense nokulimaza amabhizinisi. Iziphakamiso zezinguquko zihlanganisa izikhonkwane ezingezizo ezingokomnotho nezesijeziso, imingcele eqinile ezifunwayo zezezokwelapha, "opholi" nemithetho yentela yabameli. Abaphikisi baphikisa ngokuthi izinguquko ezinjalo zikwenza kube nzima kakhulu kubantu abavamile ukuba izinhlangano zibeke izaba zemikhiqizo engalungile, ukungcola, noma ukucwasana. Ingxoxo iyaqhubeka ezindlini zomthetho nemithetho yesifundazwe.

Enye Impi Engaxazululwa

Kokubili izigebengu nezimiso zomphakathi ziye zaphendukela engxabanweni ehlukile [i-ADR] yokunciphisa ukuminyana kwenkantolo kanye nezindleko. Emacala omphakathi, ukukhipha nokukhipha izivumelwano kusetshenziswa kabanzi; izivumelwano eziningi zidinga ukugunyazwa nganoma yiziphi izimpikiswano. Ezicabeni zobugebengu, ukuncenga ukuveza izinqumo eziningi kakhulu zecala, okungaphezulu kuka-95% zezinkolelo zikahulumeni kuvela ekuceleni icala. Ukulungisa izinhlelo zobulungisa, kuxoxiwa futhi kunikezwa ngesimo se-ADR ngenxa yezenzo ezithile zobugebengu. Nakuba kuphumelela, i-ADR iphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngamandla okungalinganiyo, ukungabi sobala, nokukhukhulwa kwezentethelelo engokomthetho.

Isiphetho

Umehluko phakathi kwesijeziso sobugebengu namakhambi omphakathi awukona nje ukuhlelwa kwemfundo noma indlela yokuthola iziqondiso zomthetho. Umthetho wesigebengu uthatha inhloso yokuziphatha okusongela umphakathi, usebenzisa amandla ahlangeneyo kahulumeni ukuze ajezise futhi anqande. Umthetho womphakathi ugxila kumuntu olimele, uzama ukulungisa ukulimala ngokukhokha noma ngemithetho elinganayo. Isimiso ngasinye sinokuqonda kwaso, izinqubo, nesivikelo, futhi ngasinye siveza izimpikiswano ezihlala njalo ngobulungisa, isilinganiso, nendima efanele yezwe. Ukuqonda lokhu kusiza izakhamuzi, abafundi, futhi kwenza izahlulelo ezifundile ngendlela yokusabela lapho imithetho iphulwa. Ngoba, sihlola [[FOct: 0] i-Exf] i-ftiontion Institute ofgement, [FFFoct] nezinst.[3]