Indima Eyinhloko Yegatsha Ekusebenziseni Umthetho Wase - United States

Kumthetho-zwe wase-United States, iGatya eliphethe injini yokubusa − igcwaliswe hhayi ngokuqapha imithetho kuphela kodwa futhi nangokulungisa ngokuqhubekayo isimiso nokwenza izinqumo ekhaya naphesheya. Le gatsha lisebenzisa inhlanganisela yegunya lomthetho-sisekelo, imishini yokulawula, nethonya lezombangazwe elilenza libe amandla ayinhloko ekuhleleni izwe. Ukuqonda indlela i-Guaudie Ad Breadsting esebenza ngayo, izakhi zayo zokwakha, kanye nezindlela elizisebenzisayo ukuqondisa umthetho kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda uhulumeni waseMelika namuhla.

Isakhiwo Segatsha Eliphethe

Igatsha Eliphethe lihlelwe eSiphakamiso II soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. Izingxenye zalo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa uMongameli, uMongameli, iKhabhinethi, nenhlangano enkulu yezinhlangano neminyango kahulumeni. Ndawonye, lezi zici zakha isimiso semithetho ebekwe ukuba idluliselwe i-Congress futhi ilawule imisebenzi yosuku lonke kahulumeni.

UMongameli

UMongameli usebenza njengenhloko yombuso nomphathi kahulumeni, enza isikhundla sibe esihlukile ehlanganisweni saso semikhosi negunya eliphetheyo. Njengoba uMphathi we-Amperence-isikhulu samabutho ahlomile, uMongameli uqondisa icebo lezempi. UMongameli futhi unamandla okushaya umthetho, umisa abahluleli bamazwe kuhlanganise nabahluleli beNkantolo Ephakeme, baxoxa ngezivumelwano (ezibekwe ngaphansi kweSigebengu), futhi adlulisele intethelelo. La mandla, aqoshwe eSiphaka iSiphakamiso II, akhuliswa yindima kaMongameli njengomholi weqembu labo lezombangazwe, elinikeza ithonya elengeziwe phezu kwemithetho engokomthetho.

Umongameli Ongumongameli Oyisekela

Umongameli ongumsekeli onguMongameli ophakeme kunabo bonke eGatsheni Eliphethe. Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo unikeza uMongameli oyisekela ngokuyinhloko indima yemithetho − ukuvota njengoMongameli weSigele nokukhipha amavoti okuvota ngokubopha isibopho . / Omongameli banamuhla bathatha ama-portpholios abalulekile enqubo, ngokuvamile abasebenza njengabameli abakhulu nabaxhumanisi nomphathi wombuso. UMongameli uqala emgqeni womongameli wokulandelana kwemithetho futhi angase abelwe imithwalo yemfanelo ekhethekile nguMongameli.

IKhabhinethi

IKhabhinethi inezinhloko zeminyango engu-15 ephethe (njengezwe, iNdawo yezimali, iSivikelo, uBulunga, nemfundo) nezinye izikhulu uMongameli azikhethayo. Amalungu eKhabhinethi amiswa nguMongameli futhi aqinisekiswa iSigele. Bengamele iminyango yawo, isimiso, futhi baluleka uMongameli ngezindaba ezisebuhlakani babo. IKhabhinethi iwukuxhumana okubucayi phakathi kombono kaMongameli nokwenziwa kwezinhlelo zikahulumeni.

Ihhovisi Eliphethe Lomongameli (EOP)

Ngaphandle kweKhabhinethi, uMongameli uncike eHhovisi loMongameli eliphethe, elihlanganisa iHhovisi Lendlu Emhlophe, iHhovisi Lokuphathwa Kwendawo noHlalelo, uMkhandlu Wesizwe, kanye noMkhandlu wezentengiselwano, phakathi kwezinye. Lamaqembu anikeza ukuhlaziywa, ukuhlanganiswa, nesiqondiso esingokomthetho, esiza uMongameli ukuba alawule imishini kahulumeni ebanzi.

Izinhlangano Zokulwela Uhulumeni Nemibuso YasebuBureau

Igatsha eliphethe lihlanganisa amakhulu ezinhlangano ezizimele, amakhomishane, nezinhlangano zikahulumeni − njenge-Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA), NASA, neFederal Reserve. Nakuba lezi zindikimba zisebenza ngamazinga ahlukahlukene okuzibusa, abaholi bazo bamiswa nguMongameli, futhi igunya labo lokubusa lithathwa abameleli abaphethe. Lenhlangano ilapho kuklanywa khona, kusungulwa futhi kunyanzelwa khona.

Imishini Yethonya Ekwakhiweni Kwezimiso

I-Adminitive Breauth ithonya isimiso ngenhlanganisela yamagunya ahleliwe, amathuluzi emvelo, namasu ezombangazwe. Ikhono likaMongameli lokumisa uhlelo lomthetho, iziqondiso, nokwakheka kwezisebenzi zikahulumeni libangela ukuba igatsha libe namandla amakhulu kokubili emfundweni naseqondisweni wesimiso somphakathi.

Ukuhleleka Okuphethe

Iziqondiso ezigunyaziwe ziyiziqondiso ezibophayo ezinikezwa nguMongameli kuhulumeni. Zivumela umphathi omkhulu ukuba alawule ukusebenza kukahulumeni kahulumeni ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa okuqondile. Nakuba iziyalezo zezikhulu zingenakukwazi ukwakha imithetho emisha noma izimali ezifanele, zingaqondisa indlela imithetho ekhona esetshenziswa ngayo. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli Obama wasebenzisa iziyalo zezikhulu ukuze asungule iDefered Action for Childen Agellas (DACA), noMongameli uTrump wakhipha iziyalezo zokugcinwa kwemithetho yokufuduka nokuguqulwa kwemithetho. Iziqondiso zezeluleko zibekwe ekwahluleleni futhi zingashintshwa amongameli abalandelayo, kodwa zihlala ziyithuluzi elinamandla lokushintsha isimiso.

Iziqondiso zezikhulu zivame ukuveza impikiswano yezombangazwe ngoba zidlula inqubo yomthetho. Noma kunjalo, zisekelwe ngokomthetho emgomweni kaMongameli “wokuqaphela ukuba imithetho iqedwe ngokwethembeka.” I-Congressional Research Service iphawula ukuthi iziyalezo eziphethe ziye zasetshenziswa yiwo wonke umongameli kusukela kuGeorge Washington.

Izimfuneko Zokusebenzisa Imali

UMongameli ufaka isiphakamiso semali yaminyaka yonke kuMkhandlu, echaza ukusetshenziswa kwemali eza kuqala kanye nezilinganiso zemali. Nakuba ekugcineni uMkhandlu ulawula amandla esikhwama semali, uhlelo lwemali lukaMongameli lumisa izinhloso zengxoxo nezimpawu zenqubo. Izinhlelo zokuthi uMongameli ulwela ukusekela izimali (ezinjengemali esetshenziswayo, isivikelo, noma izinguquko zempilo zezempilo) zithola ukunakekela okungalinganiswayo phakathi nokuthethwa kwezindaba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iHhovisi Lokuphathwa Kwezigebezo kanye noHlathi (OMB) lisiza ekuqinisekiseni izinto eziza kuqala kumongameli ngokusetshenziswa kwemali, ukuvikela, noma izinguquko zempilo.

Ukumiswa Nezisebenzi

UMongameli umisa izikhundla zezombangazwe ezingaba ngu-4000, kuhlanganise nonobhala beKhabhinethi, iziphathi-manxusa, namajaji kahulumeni. Laba bamisa izinqumo zokumiswa kwezimiso iminyaka. Ngokwesibonelo, ukumiswa komphathi we-EPA ophethe i-profector kungaholela ezimisweni eziqinile zokungcola, kuyilapho umphathi wokwahlulela ongaguquki angathonya izincazelo zomthetho amashumi amaningi eminyaka. Inqubo yokuqinisekisa inikeza i-cheke, kodwa uma nje iqinisekisiwe, lezi zikhulu zikhipha umbono kaMongameli.

Igunya Elilawulayo Nelokubusa

Izinhlangano ze-Foderal zinethonya elikhulu ngokubekwa kwemithetho. Ngaphansi komthetho we-Administrative Procedure Act, izinhlangano zinikeza imithetho elawula umthetho. UMongameli angaqondisa le nqubo ngeziqondiso ezifuna ukuhlaziywa kwezindleko, ngokubukeza i-OMB, nangokumisa abaholi bezinhlangano abahlanganyela ifilosofi yokuqondisa. Imithetho emikhulu [1] Enjengemithetho yokungathathi-mfa ye-nethi noma izindinganiso zokukhipha i-project. Ngokuvamile isuka ku-OMB.

Izivumelwano Eziqondiswe Abaqondisi Nezokudina

Nakuba izivumelwano zidinga ukuvunyelwa kweSigele, uMongameli angangena ezivumelwaneni zezikhulu ezindabeni ezinjengohwebo, ukubambisana kwendawo ezungezile, noma ukusekela impi ngaphandle kwemvume yomthetho wezwe lonke. Lezi zivumelwano zibopha umthetho wezwe lonke futhi zenza ukuba uMongameli avumelane nemithetho yakwamanye amazwe. I-Akhawunti yenuzi (JCPOA) ka-2015, nakuba yayingeyona isivumelwano, yayiyisivumelwano sokuphatha esasenza imibuso yonke ingaphili ngokomthetho wokwehlukana komthetho.

Ithonya Enqubweni Yasekhaya

Isimiso sasekhaya sihlanganisa ezinye zezindawo ezibonakala kakhulu zethonya leGatsha Eliphethe: ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, imfundo, ukufuduka, imithetho yezomnotho, nenhlalakahle yezenhlalo.

Isimiso Sokunakekelwa Kwempilo

I-Adminitive Branch iye yafeza indima echazayo enkambisweni yezokunakekela impilo, ikakhulukazi kusukela ekudluleni kwe-Affordal Care Act (ACA) ngo-2010. Umnyango wezempilo nezezinkonzo zobuntu (HHS) usebenzisa amalungiselelo e-ACA, njengezindawo zokudayisa imishuwalense yempilo ne-Medicaid. Omongameli bangahlela indlela umthetho osebenza ngayo ngokuqondisa ngokuqondisa. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuqondisa kweTrump kwandisa amacebo empilo afushathi futhi kwanciphiswayo ukuze kunciphe inzuzo ye-A, kuguqula impumelelo ye-ACAA. Isenzo se-adetiption transmistting, njengavumela iMedicarica i-ix ukuba i-injini yemali, futhi iphiselwe ngokuqondisa.

Izinkampani zeMedicare & Izedicaid Services (CMS), inhlangano ephakathi kweHHS, ikhokhela amaMelika angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu - 140. Izinguquko ekukhokheleni izimonyo, izinhlelo zokukhokha intela, nemithetho yokukhokhela iziguli, izinkampani, kanye nezinshuwalense.

Imfundo

UMnyango Wemfundo unikeza usizo lwabafundi bamazwe onke, uphoqelela imithetho yamalungelo omphakathi ezikoleni, futhi wengamela izinhlelo ezinjengesihloko I (othanda izikole ezithola imali encane). Omongameli bathonya imfundo ngeziqondiso zezikhulu [1] ngokwesibonelo, izenzo zomphathi woMongameli Obama ekukhokheleni imali ebole abafundi. Umfundi Ngamunye Wesigaba Somthetho (ESSA) ka 2015 unciphisa ukuqondisa kukahulumeni, kodwa igatsha eliphetheyo lisahlela isimiso ngokunikeza iziqondiso nencazelo ehleliwe. Izimpikiswano zamuva ngezifundo zesikole, izindinganiso zezifundo, nokuhlasela ngokobulili kubonisa inqubo eqhubekayo yegunya lempatho yezemfundo.

Umthetho Wokufuduka

Mhlawumbe ukufuduka kuyinkambiso lapho ukuthatha isinyathelo sokuqondisa bekulokhu kuyimpikiswano kakhulu futhi kulandela i-Profession. UMongameli uyakwazi ukunquma okukhulu ngokuphathelene nokugcinwa kwamandla, ukungena kwababaleki, nokusebenza kwemvume yokungena. Ngeziqondiso zezikhulu neziqondiso zezinhlangano, amongameli baye bandisa noma balinganisela i-Deference Device IFrocement for Childholptions (DACA), izinqubo zokuvikela izimoto, futhi wasungula ukuvinjelwa kokuhamba. Umnyango we Homelandsschiza (DHS) kanye nezindlela zawo ezingaphansi kokuthatha imvume yokungena emakhaya kanye ne-CICEmentationationation (IE), i-CECP), i-CFrivective and Borivel Teast provicestion (USCIS), kanye ne-U.Sminigatectionervicity Services (US) u-USCIS) udlulisesmendelstation (UR. ngenxa yokuthi i-operandmentmentmentmentmentmentmenta

Ukusetshenziswa Kwendawo Ezungezile Namandla Amandla

Igatsha Eliphethe i-Accoup liqondisa umthetho wendawo ezungezile nge-EPA, uMnyango wezeMbali, kanye noMnyango Wezegesi. Omongameli bamisa izindinganiso zokukhishwa kwegesi ezimbonini zezimoto nakuzo zonke izakhiwo zamandla, bamisa izakhiwo zesikhumbuzo zesizwe ngaphansi koMthetho we-Antiquities Act, futhi banqume ukuncishiswa kukawoyela negesi emazweni ahlangene. i-Cec Poweral Plan (Obama), i-Afford Cable Ecree Energy (Trump), futhi bahlanganisa i-Paris Activement (Bide) zonke izibonelo zokukhetha inqubo yezempathi eziphethe ezisebenza ezinemiphumela efinyelela kude kakhulu emazweni ohulumeni.

Ithonya Enqubweni Yakwamanye Amazwe

UMthetho - sisekelo uhlukanisa imibuso yakwamanye amazwe phakathi kwamagatsha aphethe neMithetho, kodwa uMongameli uye wahola ngokomlando ekulweni nezingxoxo zezizwe zonke, ezempi, nezingxoxo zamazwe ngamazwe.

Ubuhlobo Obungalawuleki

UMongameli uyisakhamuzi esiyinhloko sezwe, umisa isimiso sangaphandle kuqala futhi umelela i-United States. NgoMnyango woMbuso, uMongameli uqondisa ama- emzanseni, izingxoxo, nokuhlela izivumelwano. Izingxoxo zokuphatha izintambo zihlanganisa imihlangano yemihlangano nabaholi bakwamanye amazwe, ukuhlanganyela ezinhlanganweni zomhlaba wonke njengeZizwe Ezihlangene, nokuqashelwa kohulumeni bakwamanye amazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, imihlangano kaMongameli uTrump nomholi wase-North Korea uKim Jong Un noma umongameli u-Biden yokubambisana no-NATO sy (izibo) e-Ukraine ibonisa indlela ukubambisana kwezinhlangano zezizwe eziphethe amazwe angaphandle kwezwe.

Amanxusa, amiswe nguMongameli futhi aqinisekiswa yiSigele, asebenzisa isimiso emazweni aphethe. Ukumiswa kwawo kungaphawula izinto eziza kuqala kubaphathi (hhayi ukuthi zigxile ekuhwebeni, ekulondekeni, noma emalungelweni abantu.

Izenzo Zezempi Nokulondeka Kwesizwe

NjengoMyaleli-iNtende, uMongameli unegunya lokuyala ukuhlasela kwempi, amabutho asebenza ngokusebenza, nokuqhuba. Nakuba i-War Powers Resolution idinga isaziso kuKhongolo futhi ilinganisela isikhathi sokuthunyelwa kwezindawo ezingagunyaziwe, omongameli ngokuvamile baye bathatha isinyathelo sezempi ngaphandle kwemvume yemithetho engokomthetho .N Libya (2017, 2018), kanye namaqembu amaphekula eSomalia nase Yemen. I-National Security Council Council (NC) ihlanganisa ukuzivikela nesimiso sokuhlakanipha, iluleka umongameli ngemigqomo yempi, ukuthengisa izikhali, nokusebenza kwe-intellivessss.

Izivumelwano Nesimiso Sezohwebo Emhlabeni Wonke

Nakuba izivumelwano ezincane zidinga ukuvunyelwa iSigele, uMongameli angaxoxa futhi asayine izivumelwano eziphetheyo ezihlanganisa yonke into kusukela ekuhwebeni kuya ekubopheni umthetho. Isivumelwano se-United States-Mexico-Canada (USMCA) sagunyazwa njengesivumelwano, kodwa izivumelwano eziningi ezincane zinegunya elingokwemvelo. UMongameli futhi unegunya lokuphoqelela ukunqanda ukunqatshelwa kwemithetho enjenge Tradential Expression Power Act (IEPA). Umongameli u-Trump ukusebenzisa kwemiyadiyu yensimbi ne-Aluminiyamu, kanye noMongameli uBiden izijenali ze-Bdensi eRussia, kubonisa indlela izenzo zezentengiselwano nezimiso zezentengiselwano ezomnotho ezilawulayo ngo-197464.

Amasende Nokulinganisela Egunyeni Eliphethe

Isimiso sokuhlolwa nokulinganisela soMthetho - sisekelo siqinisekisa ukuthi iGatsha Eliphetheyo, naphezu kwethonya lalo, alinakubusa uhulumeni. Amagatsha agunyaza ukubusa nokuqulisa amagatsha acindezela ngenkuthalo.

Ukuphatha Okungokomthetho

UKhomishane ulawula uhlelo lwemali, ukumisa izivumelwano, futhi ungadlula ama-vetoe aphethe ama-presidential ngenani eliyisithathu. AmaKomiti aphatha ukuthethwa kwamacala, amaphepha epesenti, futhi ahlole ukuziphatha kokuphatha. Amandla okungagunyazi (asetshenziswa ngokumelene noMongameli Andrew Johnson, uBill Clinton, noDonald Trump jusi i-sehlo lokugcina ekuziphatheni okubi kwezikhulu. UKhomishana ungamisa imithetho evimbela igunya lesikhulu, njenge-War Powerss Resolution noma i-Congralionement Act, evumela i- Convectorssionss ukuba igumbust ment.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni, eziholwa yiNkantolo Ephakeme, zinegunya lokubukeza izenzo zobuphathi zomthetho-sisekelo. Amacala ezwe elinophawu olufana no intsha ye-WStown Sheep & Tube Co. Sayer (1952) amandla alinganiselwe kamongameli, kuyilapho United States v. Nixon[FLT] [19764]) yaphoqa umongameli ukuba avumelane neziphathi ezingaphansi kwezahlulelo. Izinkantolo ziye zahlasela iziyalezo zesikhulu zezokufuduka, zokuvinjelwa, ukuhamba, nezimiso zendawo lapho zidlula imingcele engokomthetho. Ukumiswa kwe-mthetho kumiswa umongameli. `omahluleli ifilosofi [iprofealthrease] [iose-aced procease, njengoba ziphethe amajajiji abamele izikhulu.

Ukucwaninga Komphakathi Nokusakaza Izindaba

Ngaphandle kokuhlola okungokomthetho, iGatya-mthetho lihlolwa kakhulu umphakathi nemithombo yezindaba. I-Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) ivumela izakhamuzi nezintatheli ukuba zicele amarekhodi kahulumeni. Abacuphi be-Whistutensi phakathi kwezinhlangano bangadalula ukuziphatha okubi. I-Ecostation ngokwayo iyi-sheke yokugcina: abavoti bangazenqaba izinqubo zikamongameli ngokukhetha i-Procession entsha noma umongameli omusha. Lenqubo yokulandisa iqinisa ukulawulwa kwentando yentando yeningi phezu kwegunya lesikhundla.

Isiphetho

Igatsha Eliphethe liyilungu elilawulayo elisebenza ngokusemthethweni; liyindawo yokulawula umthetho; liyimiyalo yokuhlela imithetho. Ngeziphakamiso zokuhlela, iziphakamiso, ukumisa, igunya lokuqondisa, ukuqondisa kwezikhulu zezwe, abaphathi nokuphathwa kwabo kulawula ukuphila kwabantu base-Melika kanye nokuziphatha kwembulunga yonke. Ithonya legatsha lisemthethweni futhi liyikhomba ngokwethukela, lisuselwa eMthethweni wezomthetho nasemikhankapheni yezombangazwe yenkathi ngayinye. Abafundi nabafundi bakahulumeni, ukuqonda izimiso nemingcele yegatsha eliphetheyo kubalulekile ukuqonda indlela okumelwe ngayo ukuba kungenelwe ngayo kwezembutho zezwe. Njengoba izwe libhekene izinselele zempilo eguqulweni ukuze lishintshe isimo sezulu ukuze lishintshe ingxabano, igatsha liyohlala esikhundleni sesinqumo sokwenza isigaba sombuso, ukusebenza kwenye isilinganiso seliso sezwe namanye amagatsha.

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