Ukuqonda Ukwakhiwa Kwesimiso Senkantolo Yase - United States

Isimiso senkantolo yaseMelika sisebenza njengesimiso esihlangene, nezinkantolo zikahulumeni nezinkantolo zikahulumeni zisebenzisa igunya elihlukile kodwa elingenayo. Lesi sakhiwo, esimiswe nguMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. nomthetho-sisekelo wezwe, siqinisekisa ukuthi izimpikiswano zomthetho zixazululwa ngesilinganiso esifanelekile. Izinkantolo ze-Federal zisingatha amacala ahilela umthetho kahulumeni, umthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, izimpikiswano phakathi kwezinkantolo, nezindaba lapho i-United States iyinhlangano. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zikhuluma ngezindaba eziningi ezingokomthetho, kuhlanganise nezimpikiswano zesivumelwano, iziphakamiso zomkhaya, ukumangalelwa komthetho womthetho womthetho, izindaba zezendlu-ndlu-ndlu. Isimiso ngasinye sinezingalo zaso eziyinhloko zezinkantolo zomthetho, izinkantolo eziphakathi, nezinkantolo zenkantolo zenkantolo eziphakathi kwenkantolo yomthetho wombuso nezikhulu.

Ukuqonda ukuthi yiliphi inkantolo elinegunya elingokomthetho lokulalela icala, kuyagxeka. Ukulawula kwendaba kunquma ukuthi inkantolo kahulumeni noma kahulumeni ingalizwa icala. Ngokwesibonelo, icala lokuwinwa kwemali kumelwe liye enkantolo yombuso elahla imali, kuyilapho isehlukaniso siqhubeka enkantolo yombuso. Ukulawula komuntu siqu kuphathelene namandla enkantolo phezu kwamaqembu, ngokuvamile kusekelwe endaweni lapho ummangalelwa ehlala khona noma enza khona ibhizinisi. Imithetho yeVenue ichaza indawo yendawo lapho isenzakalo senzeka khona noma lapho ummangalelwa ehlala khona.

Abahlanganyeli Abayinhloko Ecaleni Lenkantolo

Indaba ihamba phakathi kwesimiso ngenxa yezenzo zabathathi-mdlandla abaningana. uchaza ngokuphandle (noma umceli) uqala ukumangalela ngokufaka isikhalo. [ [[FLT]]] iphendu [ [noma impendulo] ilwisana] neqembu elimelene nowodwa ofunwayo. Zombili izinhlangothi zimelelwa [[[FLT:] [[FLT:]] izintineyingi [[FLT:] ezilungiselela amabhukwana, izintambo, ihlola ofakazi, nobufakazi obukhona. ukwahlulela [FLT] [FLT], umelu ngokomthetho, futhi umlawuli wemithetho engokomthetho, futhi umlawuli wemibuzo. [insensense, izakhamuzi, izibalo ezisekwenzile, futhi izikhulu zeze, izikhulu zikahulumeni, ezikanye nezinqini ezikanye, ezisethi, ezise.

Indlela Inkinga Yangaphakathi Edlula Ngayo Kulesi Simo

Izindaba zombango zihilela izingxabano phakathi kwamaqembu azimele − abantu abazimele, amabhizinisi, noma amahlelo kahulumeni — lapho iqembu elilodwa lifuna khona imbuyiselo, umyalo, noma isimemezelo samalungelo. Lenqubo ilandela izigaba ezinqunyiwe.

Ukuqeda Ukukhononda Nokuqagela Kwamafilimi

Icala liqala lapho ummangalelwa efaka isikhalo kunomabhalane wenkantolo. Lencwadi kumelwe isho ngokucacile amaqiniso asekela ukumangalela, isisekelo esingokomthetho sosizo, futhi ikhambi lifunwa. Inkantolo khona - ke ikhipha ummons[, okuthi kanye nekhophi yesikhalazo, kumele kusebenzelwe kummangalelwa. Umsebenzi wenqubo uqinisekisa ukuthi ummangalelwa uthola isaziso sangempela nethuba lokusabela. Imithetho iyahluka ngemvume, kodwa inkonzo yenziwa ngenkathi ethile, inqubo, noma iposi esemthethweni phakathi nesikhathi esithile esikhethekile senkathi yesikhathi. Ngokuvamile kuya kumashumi amathathu.

Ukusabela Komlweli: Impendulo, Ukuhamba, Noma Isici Esiyiphutha

Uma eseyitholile, ummangalelwa kumelwe afake impendulo phakathi nomthetho omisiwe (umz. 21-30 izinsuku ezisenkantolo kahulumeni). Impendulo evame kakhulu yiyo impendulo, lapho ummangalelwa evuma noma ephika ukuthi umangalelwe ngamunye futhi angaqinisekisa ukuthi uvume ukuthi ukuzivikela okunjengomthetho wokulinganiselwa, ukunganaki, noma ukuvumelana nokwaneliseka. Esikhundleni sempendulo, ummangalelwa angafaka imvume yokuxosha [ [ngezikhathi ezithile] ukuphika noma ukumelana nokuncishwa okungokomthetho okuhambisana nokukhononda. Uma umShuphiwa wenqaba ehluleka ukuphendula konke, angacela isicelo [[FLT] [FFF:]]

3. Ukutholakala Kwayo: Ukwaziswa Okungenayo Nobufakazi

Ukuthola kuvame ukuba isigaba esithatha isikhathi futhi esibiza kakhulu. Kuvumela izinhlangothi zombili ukuba ziqoqe ukwaziswa okusekela izicelo zazo noma izivikelo. Amathuluzi okuthola avamile ahlanganisa:

  • [[IMIFUNDO:0] Imibuzo elotshiwe okumelwe iphendulwe ngaphansi kwesifungo.
  • Izicelo zokuveza amabhukwana: izicelo zama-imeyili afanele, izivumelwano, amarekhodi ezokwelapha, izitatimende zemali, noma ezinye izinto.
  • [ Izimo:[ zikhona, ubufakazi obufungelwe buyiswa phambi kwentatheli yasenkantolo, ukuvumela abameli ukuba babuze ofakazi noma amaqembu.
  • [ Iziphakamiso ze-actives: omunye ucela omunye ukuba avume noma aphike, afake izimpikiswano zovivinyo.
  • I-Subpoenas:[ inkantolo iyala abantu besithathu ukuba bakhiqize imibhalo noma bafakaze.

Isilinganiso sokuthola into sibanzi; amaqembu angathola ukwaziswa okungavunyelwe okungavumelani nokushiwo noma yimuphi umkhakha noma umvikeli. Nokho, amajaji angalinganisela ukutholakala ukuze avimbele ukuxhashazwa noma umthwalo ongafanele. Amacala amaningi ahlala phakathi nangemva kokutholwa ngoba zombili izinhlangothi zithola umbono ocacile wamandla nobuthakathaka bezikhundla zazo.

4. Ukuhamba kwangaphambi konyaka kanye nokuphatha kwecala

Ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, amaqembu angase athathe ama-hide ukuze axazulule izindaba zomthetho noma aze alahle icala ngokuphelele. Izimpawu eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • [[NTL:0]Motion for Comppe Justice Justice Justice: iphikisana ngokuthi akukho ukuphikisana kwangempela qiniso eliphathekayo, ngakho umuntu othuthayo kufanele awine njengendaba yomthetho. Uma evunyiwe, ukuqulwa kwecala kuyagwenywa.
  • Motion in Limine: Ukufuna ukukhipha ubufakazi obuthile ekunikezelweni enkantolo.
  • Motion to Compel Discovery: icela inkantolo ukuba iyale umbutho ukuba uvumelane nezicelo zokuthola.
  • [ Ukuhlelwa kweNcasa: Ukucela izijeziso ezicela ukuhluleka kweqembu ukulandela imithetho noma iziyalezo zasenkantolo.

Izinkantolo eziningi ziphethe futhi [[QT:0] izingqungquthela zokuphatha amakhompathi lapho ijaji limisa khona izikhathi ezimisiwe, lixoxa ngamathemba okuthola izigwebo, futhi lixazulula ukuhlelwa kwezimpikiswano. Umahluleli angase abhekisele icala ekwahluleleni noma ekulawulweni njengenye indlela yokuthatha icala.

5. Ukuqulwa Kwecala: Ukuveza icala Kumthophi Weqiniso

Uma icala lingaxazululwa ngokulungisa noma ngokunyakaza, liqhubekela ekuqulweni. Icala lingase libe ukuqulwa kwecala ukuqulwa kwecala noma ukuqulwa kwecala. Ngaphambi kokuba kuvulwe izinkulumo, umahluleli unikeza iziyalezo zokuqala kubahluleli. Uhlangothi ngalunye lunikeza izimemezelo zokuvula, lubiza ofakazi, luletha izibonakaliso, futhi lufake isiphambano. I-patff iveza ukucaza okunganqamulene. [ Umthwalo wobufakazi , ngokuvamile okuyizehlulelo lweze, futhi okuthiwa ezinhlangothini zomthetho. Izehlulele, ihlulelo zezehlulele. [FF] [F] [F] [F] [5] [ir] [ir] cishe intengight trainformationsss projectedms proit]

Uma ijaji libuyisela isinqumo kumphathi womthetho, inkantolo izongena ekwahluleleni okuchaza inani lemali elahlekileyo (ukukhokhela ukulahlekelwa ngokoqobo) kanye nokujezisa (ukujezisa ukuziphatha okubi). Uma isinqumo singesommangalelwa, icala liyaphela, futhi ummangalelwa akatholi lutho. Olahlekelwayo angafaka unyawo lwezinketho ze-postststst, ukukhipha isahlulelo njengendaba yomthetho [ noma [[FTT:]] imvume yokuqulwa okusha , kodwa lezi zinikezwa kuphela ezimweni ezilinganiselwe.

6. Ukudlulisa Isikhalo: Ukufuna Ukubukezwa YiNkantolo Ephakeme

Iqembu elilahlekelwayo ekuqulweni kwecala lingase lidlulisele isahlulelo enkantolo edlulisa icala. Ukudlulisa amacala akuyona inkantolo equlunayo; inkantolo ihlola irekhodi lokuqulwa kwecala lamaphutha angokomthetho (ngokwesibonelo, iziyalezo ezinephutha, ukuvuma okungafanele, noma amaphutha ekusebenziseni umthetho. Imicimbi ifaka izinkulumo ezibhaliwe futhi ingase inikeze izimpikiswano. I-appeltate commate short (ngokukakhulu abahluleli abathathu) bese inikeza umbono obhaliwe. Imiphumela engenzeka ihlanganisa:

  • Ukuqiniseka: Isinqumo senkantolo equlwayo siyama.
  • Isinqumo siyahlehliswa, ngokuvamile sineziyalezo zokwahlulela i-apulanethi.
  • Icala lithunyelwa enkantolo equlweni ukuze liqhubeke livumelana nombono we-appellate.
  • [[Ukwehlisa:0] Ukulungisa: Umonakalo noma olunye ukukhululeka kuyalungiswa ngaphandle kokushintsha ngokuphelele.

Kusuka enkantolo ephakathi, umkhandlu olahlekelwayo angase acele inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu kahulumeni, noma, emacaleni kahulumeni, iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. noma kunjalo, lezinkantolo zinegunya elingokomthetho futhi zamukele isilinganiso esincane sezicelo. Lenqubo yokunxusa ingathatha unyaka noma ngaphezulu, yenezele isikhathi nezindleko ezinkulu kulokhu kufaka.

Indlela Icala Lesigebengu Elihamba Ngayo Kulesi Simo

Icala lezigebengu lilandela indlela ehlukile ngoba uhulumeni umangalela abantu ngokwephula umthetho womphakathi. Umthwalo wobufakazi uphakeme kakhulu.[ ungabonisi ukungabaza okunengqondo [ .ukuveza imiphumela emibi yecala lobugebengu, kuhlanganise nokuboshwa, amafa, kanye nerekhodi elihlala njalo.

7. Ukucwaninga, Ukuboshwa Nokuhlukunyezwa

Icala lobugebengu liqala ngokuhlola okwenziwa yi-application. Uma kungenzeka ukuthi ikhona, amaphoyisa angabopha osolwayo. Khona - ke umshushisi uhlola ubufakazi abese enquma ukuthi angafaka yini i-hele lamacala angokomthetho. Emacaleni amakhulu amacala, umshushisi anganikeza ubufakazi u-grand count [, obubuyisela icala uma lithola ukuthi liyimbangela. Okanye, umahluleli angabamba ikhalo eliyinqabayo [ ukuthola ukuthi ubufakazi obanele busekela izikhalo.

8. Ukujezisa Nokuphathwa Ngecala

Kulempikiswano, ummangalelwa ululekwa ngokomthetho ngamacala futhi acelwa ukuba angene esicelweni esingokomthetho, /guil, noma angabi nacala, noma angabikho umncintiswano. Inkantolo futhi ikheli ibail[ noma izimo zokukhululwa. Umahluleli ucabangela ubuqatha becala, umlando wobugebengu wommangalelwa, ingozi yokubaleka, nengozi emphakathini. Ummangalelwa angakhululwa ngesibopho somuntu siqu, isibopho sokuphoqelelwa, noma ukugcinwa ekuqulweni kwelungelo lokugcina ifa.

9. Ukutholakala Kwangaphambi Kwezigebengu Nokuhamba Kwazo Ezicabeni Zobugebengu

Kokubili ukuqulwa kwecala nokuzivikela kunezibopho zokuthola. Ukuqulwa kwecala kumelwe kudalule ubufakazi bokukhipha izikhalazo (izinto ezibhaliwe) kanye nezinhlu zofakazi. Ukuvikela kungathatha amafayela ukuze kuvinjelwe ubufakazi obutholakele ngokwephula iSichibiyelo Sesine (ukuseshwa nokuthatheka kwemithetho), ukuthatha isinyathelo sokulahla ubufakazi obunganele, noma ukuthatha isinyathelo sokukhipha izikhalo. UPlea uvame ukuthengisa phakathi nale nkathi, futhi amacala amaningi axazululwa ngokuxoxisana ngezicelo ezinecala zokunciphisa amacala noma ukuvuma isigwebo.

10. Ukuqulwa Kwecala Nesigwebo

Uma ummangalelwa enxusa engenacala futhi engalamukeli icala, icala liyaqulwa. Icala elifanayo eliyisisekelo lisebenza . Izinkulumo ezivulayo, ubufakazi, ubufakazi, izimpikiswano zokuphetha, kodwa ngokuphikisana okukhulu. Ummangalelwa ubhekwa njengongenacala, futhi ummangalelwa kumelwe abonise zonke izici zobugebengu ngokungenakungabaza. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokuhlala ethule futhi angaphoqelelwa ukuba afakaze. Ngemva kwesinqumo, uma ummangalelwa ethola ukuthi unecala, inkantolo iphethe ithatha ukuzwa kwecala. Uma ijaji liyiwe iziqondiso zomthetho. Uma uveza iziqondiso zamanje, izinkulumo zesulu, nezimpikiswano ezikhona. Izinkulumo zecala zingasezinhlandla futhi zithathe izigwebo ezika kahle, noma izigwebo ezikakhulu, noma ezigwebweni zezeko.

11. Ukudlulisa Amacala Ezelelesi

Ummangalelwa obekwe icala angase adlulisele icala noma isigwebo. Izikhalo zingagxila emasondweni angokomthetho athinte umphumela. Umshushisi ngokuvamile akanakudlulisela isinqumo sokuba necala ngenxa yezivikelo eziphindwe kabili zengozi, kodwa uhulumeni ungadlulisa izimemo ezithile zangaphambi komthetho ezilinganiselwe. Uma inkantolo edlulisa icala ithola iphutha elingalungiseki, ukuquliswa kungagumbuqelwa noma icala liphinde liqulwe ukuqulwa kwecala elisha. Emacala lapho isigwebo siphula khona isiqinisekiso somthetho somthetho (umz., unya nesijeziso esingavamile), inqubo yokudluliswa kwecala ingashintshwa.

Izinkantolo Ezikhethekile Nesinqumo Esihlukile

Ngaphezu kwezinkantolo ezivamile, amagunya amaningi alawula izinkantolo ezikhethekile eziklanyelwe ukusingatha izinhlobo ezithile zamacala ngempumelelo nangokwelapha. Izibonelo zihlanganisa izinkantolo zezidakamizwa, izinkantolo zempilo yengqondo, amavaleji angomakad ’ ebona, nezinkantolo zokuphatha ngokuxhomekeka emikhayeni. Lezi zinkantolo zivame ukugcizelela ukuphathwa, ukuqondiswa, nokubuyiselwa esijezisweni. Amacala angaphambukiswa phambi kokumangalelwa okungokomthetho, ngokuvumelana nokulahlwa kwecala.

Inqubo yokuphikisana ephakathi ne-acternic commentation (ADR) izinqubo, njenge-mediation kanye noku-arbitration, ziya ngokuya zivame kakhulu ezicabeni zomphakathi. Izinkantolo zivame ukucela amaqembu ukuba azame ukuzwana ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala. E-mediation, iqembu lesithathu elingathathi hlangothi livumela ukubuyisana ukuze lifinyelele indawo yokuzithandela. E-arctiptor, i-avractivator izwa ubufakazi futhi ikhipha isibopho noma isinqumo esingabopheki. I-ADR ingabiza ngokushesha futhi ingabizi kakhulu kune-lifici, futhi inciphisa umthwalo enkantolo.

Indima Yezandulela Nezincazelo Ezingokomthetho

Izinqumo zenkantolo azikho nhlobo. Ngaphansi kwemfundiso ye stare decis, izinkantolo zilandela izimpawu ezimiswe izinkantolo eziphakeme ngokomthetho ofanayo. Lesi simiso sikhuthaza ukungaguquguquki, ukubikezela, nokulunga. Uma icala liphakamisa umbuzo omusha, inkantolo ichaza imithetho, imithetho, nezimiso zomthetho-mthetho, isebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene ```umbhalo,','umbhalo wokuqala,' noma ukuhlaziya okungokoqobo. INkanto ephakeme yeNkantolo yomthetho-Constitution ingaba nemiphumela enzima, ilungise umthetho amashumi eminyaka. Ukuqonda izinkantolo kubaluleke kangakanani kunoma ubani ofunda inqubo yokwahlulela.

Ukubaluleka Okuwusizo Kubafundi Nakothisha

Ukuqonda indlela amacala ahamba ngayo phakathi kwesimiso senkantolo akuyona nje indlela yokufunda. Kubafundi, kwakha ulwazi oluyisisekelo lwezifundo zomlando, uhulumeni, i-metailism, ibhizinisi, neminye imikhakha eminingi. Kulola amakhono okuhlola: ukuhlola ubufakazi, ukwakha izimpikiswano, nokuqonda ngokulunga. Kubafundisi, kunikeza ulwazi olucebile lwezifundo zomlando, uhulumeni, izimiso, nokucabanga okugxekayo. Iklamomes − njengenkantolo noma iziviviwo zokugcona. [=i-"ivumela abafundi abaningi ukuba babone izinqubo zomthetho. [[FLT:]], njengangendlela engoko kunikezwa iziteshishi yemfundo [FLT:], iziphaka, kuhlanganise nezifundo, amavidiyo, amasuba achaza kakhulu, ama-ikhilomu, [Foctive][2]

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqonda isimiso senkantolo kukhuthaza ukuganana kwezakhamuzi. Izakhamuzi eziyazi indlela imithetho echazwa ngayo futhi ephoqelelwa ngayo zihlonyiselwa kangcono ukusekela ushintsho, ukungenela inkonzo yamajaji, futhi zibheka uhulumeni njengonecala.

Isiphetho

Isimiso senkantolo siyindlela eklanywe ngamabomu yokuxazulula izingxabano ngendlela elungile, esobala, nehlelekile. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi icala liyicala lomphakathi noma elesigebengu, isifundazwe noma isifundazwe, izigaba zokulichashaza zilandela ukuqhubekeka okunengqondo: ukuqalwa, ukusabela, ukutholwa, ukuthatha izinyathelo zomthetho, ukuqulwa kwecala, nokukhanga. Isinyathelo ngasinye sifeza injongo . Ukuvikela amalungelo amaqembu, ukuqinisekisa inqubo efanele, futhi wenze isinqumo sokugcina. Ngokufunda indlela amacala ahamba ngayo ngenqubo engokomthetho, abafundi nabafundisi bazuza ukuqonda okujule ngokwengeziwe umthetho, indima yezinkantolo emphakathini wentando yentando yeningi, namaqiniso asebenzayo okufuna ubulungisa. Lokhu akuzuzi ukutadisha kuphela ulwazi lwezemfundo kodwa futhi kunika abantu ukuba bahambe ngezinselele ezingokomthetho ngolwazi nangesahlulelo.